2.1 Ordinary $\Lambda $ -adic forms

Fix a prime $p>2$ . Let $\mathbb {I}$ be a normal domain finite flat over , where $\mathcal O$ is the ring of integers of a finite extension $L/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . We say that a point $x\in \text {Spec}\;\mathbb {I}(\overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ is locally algebraic if its restriction to $1+p\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ is given by $x(\gamma )=\gamma ^{k_{x}}\epsilon _{x}(\gamma )$ for some integer $k_{x}$ , called the weight of x and some finite-order character $\epsilon _{x}:1+p\mathbf {Z}_{p}\rightarrow \mu _{p^{\infty }}$ ; we say that x is arithmetic if it has weight $k_{x}\geqslant 2$ . Let $\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}}^{+}$ be the set of arithmetic points.

Fix a positive integer N prime to p and let $\chi :(\mathbf {Z}/Np\mathbf {Z})^{\times }\rightarrow \mathcal O^{\times }$ be a Dirichlet character modulo $Np$ . Let $S^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ be the space of ordinary $\mathbb {I}$ -adic cusp forms of tame level N and branch character $\chi $ , consisting of formal power series

such that for every $x\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}}^{+}$ the specialisation $\boldsymbol {f}_{x}(q)$ is the q-expansion of a p-ordinary cusp form $\boldsymbol {f}_{x}\in S_{k_{x}}(Np^{r_{x}+1},\chi \omega ^{2-k_{x}}\epsilon _{x})$ . Here $r_{x}$ is such that $\epsilon _{x}(1+p)$ has exact order $p^{r_{x}}$ and $\omega :(\mathbf {Z}/p\mathbf {Z})^{\times }\rightarrow \mu _{p-1}$ is the Teichmüller character.

We say that $\boldsymbol {f}\in S^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ is a primitive Hida family if for every $x\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}}^{+}$ we have that $\boldsymbol {f}_{x}$ is an ordinary p-stabilised newform (in the sense of [Reference Hsieh28, Def. 2.4]) of tame level N. Given a primitive Hida family ${\boldsymbol {f}}\in S^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ and writing $\chi =\chi ^{\prime }\chi _{p}$ with $\chi ^{\prime }$ (respectively $\chi _{p}$ ) a Dirichlet modulo N (respectively p), there is a primitive Hida family ${{\boldsymbol {f}}}^{\iota }\in S^{o}(N,\chi _{p}\overline {\chi }^{\prime },\mathbb {I})$ with Fourier coefficients

$$ \begin{align*} a_{\ell}({{\boldsymbol{f}}}^{\iota})= \begin{cases} \overline{\chi}^{\prime}(\ell)a_{\ell}({\boldsymbol{f}})&\mbox{if }\ell \nmid N{,}\\ a_{\ell}({\boldsymbol{f}})^{-1}\chi_{p}\omega^{2}(\ell)\langle\ell\rangle_{\mathbb{I}}\ell^{-1}& \mbox{if }\ell\mid N{,} \end{cases} \\[-15pt]\end{align*} $$

having the property that for every $x\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}}^{+}$ the specialisation ${{\boldsymbol {f}}}^{\iota }_{x}$ is the p-stabilised newform attached to the character twist ${\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}\otimes \overline {\chi }^{\prime }$ .

By [Reference Hida24] (cf. [Reference Wiles50, Thm. 2.2.1]), attached to every primitive Hida family ${\boldsymbol {f}}\in S^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ there is a continuous $\mathbb {I}$ -adic representation $\rho _{\boldsymbol {f}}:G_{\mathbf {Q}}\rightarrow \text {GL}_{2}(\text {Frac}\,\mathbb {I})$ which is unramified outside $Np$ and such that for every prime $\ell \nmid Np$ ,

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{tr}\;\rho_{\boldsymbol{f}}(\textrm{Frob}_{\ell})=a_{\ell}({\boldsymbol{f}}), \quad \textrm{det}\;\rho_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}(\textrm{Frob}_{\ell})=\chi\omega^{2}(\ell)\langle\ell\rangle_{\mathbb{I}}\ell^{-1}, \\[-15pt]\end{align*} $$

where $\langle \ell \rangle _{\mathbb {I}}\in \mathbb {I}^{\times }$ is the image of $\langle \ell \rangle :=\ell \omega ^{-1}(\ell )\in 1+p\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ under the natural map

In particular, letting $\langle \varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}\rangle _{\mathbb {I}}:G_{\mathbf {Q}}\rightarrow \mathbb {I}^{\times }$ be defined by $\langle \varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}\rangle _{\mathbb {I}}(\sigma )=\langle \varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}(\sigma )\rangle _{\mathbb {I}}$ , it follows that $\rho _{\boldsymbol {f}}$ has determinant $\chi _{\mathbb {I}}^{-1}\varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}^{-1}$ , where $\chi _{\mathbb {I}}:G_{\mathbf {Q}}\rightarrow \mathbb {I}^{\times }$ is given by $\chi _{\mathbb {I}}:=\sigma _{\chi }\langle \varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}\rangle ^{-2}\langle \varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}\rangle _{\mathbb {I}}$ , with $\sigma _{\chi }$ the Galois character sending $\text {Frob}_{\ell }\mapsto \chi (\ell )^{-1}$ . Moreover, by [Reference Wiles50, Thm. 2.2.2], the restriction of $\rho _{\boldsymbol {f}}$ to $G_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}$ is given by

(2.1) $$ \begin{align} \rho_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}\vert_{G_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}}\sim\left(\begin{array}{cc}\psi_{\boldsymbol{f}}&*\\ 0&\psi_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}^{-1}\chi_{\mathbb{I}}^{-1}\varepsilon_{\textrm{cyc}}^{-1}\end{array}\right),\\[-15pt]\nonumber \end{align} $$

where $\psi _{{\boldsymbol {f}}}:G_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}\rightarrow \mathbb {I}^{\times }$ is the unramified character with $\psi _{\boldsymbol {f}}(\text {Frob}_{p})=a_{p}({\boldsymbol {f}})$ .

Let $T^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ be the $\mathbb {I}$ -algebra generated by Hecke operators acting on $S^{0}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})$ , and let $\lambda _{\boldsymbol f}:T^{o}(N,\chi ,\mathbb {I})\to \mathbb {I}$ be the $\mathbb {I}$ -algebra homomorphism induced by ${\boldsymbol f}$ . Let $C(\lambda _{\boldsymbol {f}})$ be the congruence module associated with $\lambda _{\boldsymbol f}$ (see [Reference Hida25]). Under the following hypothesis:

(CR) $$ \begin{align} \mbox{the residual representation }\bar{\rho}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}\mbox{ is absolutely irreducible and }\textit{p}\textrm{-distinguished},\\[-15pt]\nonumber \end{align} $$

it follows from results of Hida and Wiles that $C(\lambda _{\boldsymbol {f}})$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb {I}/(\eta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}})$ for some nonzero $\eta _{\boldsymbol {f}}\in \mathbb {I}$ .

2.2 Triple product p-adic L-function

Let

$$ \begin{align*} ({\boldsymbol{f}},{\boldsymbol{g}},{\boldsymbol{h}})\in S^{o}(N_{\boldsymbol{f}},\chi_{{\boldsymbol{f}}},\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{f}})\times S^{o}(N_{\boldsymbol{g}},\chi_{{\boldsymbol{g}}},\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{g}})\times S^{o}(N_{\boldsymbol{h}},\chi_{{\boldsymbol{h}}},\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{h}}) \end{align*} $$

be a triple of primitive Hida families. Set

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{R}:=\mathbb{I}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}}\hat{\otimes}_{\mathcal O}\mathbb{I}_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\hat{\otimes}_{\mathcal O}\mathbb{I}_{{\boldsymbol{h}}}, \end{align*} $$

which is a finite extension of the three-variable Iwasawa algebra $\mathcal {R}_{0}:=\Lambda \hat {\otimes }_{\mathcal O}\Lambda \hat {\otimes }_{\mathcal O} \Lambda $ , and define the weight space $\mathfrak {X}_{\mathcal {R}}^{\boldsymbol {f}}$ for the triple $({\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {h}})$ in the ${\boldsymbol {f}}$ -dominated unbalanced range by

(2.2) $$ \begin{align} \mathfrak{X}_{\mathcal{R}}^{\boldsymbol{f}}:=\left\{ (x,y,z)\in\mathfrak{X}_{\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{f}}}^{+}\times\mathfrak{X}_{\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{\textrm{cls}}\times\mathfrak{X}_{\mathbb{I}_{\boldsymbol{h}}}^{\textrm{cls}}\;\colon\;k_{x}\geqslant k_{y}+k_{z}\;\textrm{and}\;k_{x}\equiv k_{y}+k_{z}\;(\textrm{mod}\;2)\right\}, \end{align} $$

where $\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}_{{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{\text {cls}}\supseteq \mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}_{{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{+}$ (and, similarly, $\mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}_{{\boldsymbol {h}}}}^{\text {cls}}$ ) is the set of locally algebraic points in $\text {Spec}\,{\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {g}}}(\overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ for which ${\boldsymbol {g}}_{x}(q)$ is the q-expansion of a classical modular form.

For $\boldsymbol {\phi }\in \{{\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {h}}\}$ and a positive integer N prime to p and divisible by $N_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ , define the space of $\Lambda $ -adic test vectors $S^{o}(N,\chi _{\boldsymbol {\phi }},\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {\phi }})[\boldsymbol {\phi }]$ of level N to be the $\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ -submodule of $S^{o}(N,\chi _{\boldsymbol {\phi }},\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {\phi }})$ generated by $\{\boldsymbol {\phi }(q^{d})\}$ as d ranges over the positive divisors of $N/N_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ .

For the next result, set $N:=\text {lcm}(N_{\boldsymbol {f}},N_{\boldsymbol {g}},N_{\boldsymbol {h}})$ and consider the following hypothesis:

(Σ−=∅) $$\begin{align*}\mbox{for some }(x,y,z)\in\mathfrak{X}_{\mathcal{R}}^{\boldsymbol{f}}\mbox{, we have }\varepsilon_{q}({\boldsymbol{f}}_{x}^{\circ},{\boldsymbol{g}}_{y}^{\circ},{\boldsymbol{h}}_{z}^{\circ})=+1\mbox{ for all }q\vert N\textrm{,} \end{align*}$$

where $\varepsilon _{q}({\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}^{\circ },{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}^{\circ },{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}^{\circ })$ is the local root number at q of the Kummer self-dual twist of the tensor product of the p-adic Galois representations attached to the newforms ${\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}^{\circ }$ , ${\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}^{\circ }$ and ${\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}^{\circ }$ corresponding to ${\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}$ , ${\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}$ and ${\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}$ . We shall say that a point $(x,y,z)\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathcal {R}}^{{\boldsymbol {f}}}$ is crystalline if the conductors of ${\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}^{\circ }$ , ${\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}^{\circ }$ and ${\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}^{\circ }$ are all prime-to-p.

Theorem 2.1. Assume that ${\boldsymbol {f}}$ satisfies hypothesis (CR) and that, in addition to hypothesis $(\Sigma ^{-}=\emptyset )$ , the triple $({\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {h}})$ satisfies

1. (ev) $\chi _{{\boldsymbol {f}}}\chi _{{\boldsymbol {g}}}\chi _{{\boldsymbol {h}}}=\omega ^{2a}$ for some $a\in \mathbf {Z}$ ,

2. (sq) $\mathrm{gcd}(N_{\boldsymbol {f}},N_{\boldsymbol {g}},N_{\boldsymbol {h}})$ is squarefree.

Fix a generator $\eta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}}$ of the congruence module of ${\boldsymbol {f}}$ . Then there exist $\Lambda $ -adic test vectors $(\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {f}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {h}}}})$ and an element $\mathscr {L}_{p}^{f}(\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {f}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {h}}}})\in \mathcal {R}$ such that for all crystalline $(x,y,z)\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathcal {R}}^{\boldsymbol {f}}$ of weight $(k,\ell ,m)$ , we have

$$ \begin{align*} \mathscr{L}_{p}^{f}(\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{f}}}},\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}},\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{h}}}})(x,y,z)^{2}=\Gamma(k,\ell,m)\cdot\mathcal{E}_{p}({\boldsymbol{f}}_{x},{\boldsymbol{g}}_{y},{\boldsymbol{h}}_{z})^{2}\cdot\prod_{q\mid N}\tau_{q}^{2}\cdot\frac{L({\boldsymbol{f}}_{x}^{\circ}\otimes {\boldsymbol{g}}_{y}^{\circ}\otimes {\boldsymbol{h}}_{z}^{\circ},c)}{(\sqrt{-1})^{2k}\cdot\Omega_{{\boldsymbol{f}}_{x}}^{2}}, \end{align*} $$

where

• • $c=(k+\ell +m-2)/2$ ,

• • $\Gamma (k,\ell ,m)=(c-1)!\cdot (c-m)!\cdot (c-\ell )!\cdot (c+1-\ell -m)!\cdot 2^4 (2\pi)^{-2k}$ ,

• • $\mathcal {E}_{p}({\boldsymbol {f}}_{x},{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y},{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z})=(1-\frac {\beta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}}\alpha _{{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}}\alpha _{{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}}}{p^{c}})(1-\frac {\beta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}}\beta _{{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}}\alpha _{{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}}}{p^{c}})(1-\frac {\beta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}}\alpha _{{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}}\beta _{{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}}}{p^{c}})(1-\frac {\beta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}}\beta _{{\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}}\beta _{{\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}}}{p^{c}})$ ,

• • $\tau _{q}$ is a nonzero constant (equal to either $1$ or $1+q^{-1}$ ),

• • $\Omega _{{\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}}\in \mathbf {C}^{\times }$ is the canonical period in [Reference Hsieh28, Def. 3.12] computed with respect to $\eta _{{\boldsymbol {f}}}$ ,

and $L({\boldsymbol {f}}_{x}^{\circ }\otimes {\boldsymbol {g}}_{y}^{\circ }\otimes {\boldsymbol {h}}_{z}^{\circ },c)$ is the central value of the triple product L-function.

2.3 Triple tensor product of big Galois representations

Let $({\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {h}})$ be a triple of primitive Hida families with $\chi _{{\boldsymbol {f}}}\chi _{{\boldsymbol {g}}}\chi _{{\boldsymbol {h}}}=\omega ^{2a}$ for some $a\in \mathbf {Z}$ . For $\boldsymbol {\phi }\in \{{\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {h}}\}$ , let $V_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ be the natural lattice in $(\text {Frac}\;\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {\phi }})^{2}$ realising the Galois representation $\rho _{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ in the étale cohomology of modular curves (see [Reference Ohta34]) and set

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb{V}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{h}}}:=V_{\boldsymbol{f}}\hat\otimes_{\mathcal O}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\hat\otimes_{\mathcal O}V_{{\boldsymbol{h}}}. \end{align*} $$

This has rank $8$ over $\mathcal {R}$ , and by hypothesis its determinant can be written as $\det \mathbb {V}_{{\boldsymbol {f}}{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}=\mathcal {X}^{2}\varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}$ for a p-ramified Galois character $\mathcal {X}$ taking the value $(-1)^{a}$ at complex conjugation. Similar to [Reference Howard27, Def. 2.1.3], we define the critical twist

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb{V}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{h}}}^{\dagger}:=\mathbb{V}_{{\boldsymbol{f}}{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{h}}}\otimes\mathcal{X}^{-1}.\nonumber \end{align*} $$

More generally, for any multiple N of $N_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ , one can define Galois modules $V_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}(N)$ by working in tame level N; these split noncanonically into a finite direct sum of the $\mathbb {I}_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ -adic representations $V_{\boldsymbol {\phi }}$ (see [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, §1.5.3]), and they define $\mathbb {V}_{{\boldsymbol {f}}{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}^{\dagger }(N)$ for any N divisible by $\text {lcm}(N_{{\boldsymbol {f}}},N_{{\boldsymbol {g}}},N_{{\boldsymbol {h}}})$ .

If f is a classical specialisation of ${\boldsymbol {f}}$ with associated p-adic Galois representation $V_{f}$ , we let $\mathbb {V}_{f,{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}$ be the quotient of $\mathbb {V}_{{\boldsymbol {f}}{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}$ given by

$$ \begin{align*} \mathbb{V}_{f,{{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{h}}}}:=V_{f}\otimes_{\mathcal O}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\hat{\otimes}_{\mathbb{I}}V_{{\boldsymbol{h}}} \end{align*} $$

and denote by $\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}}$ the corresponding quotient of $\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{{\boldsymbol {f}}{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}$ and by $\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {h}}}}(N)$ its level N counterpart.

2.4 Theta elements and factorisation

We recall the factorisation proven in [Reference Hsieh28, §8]. Let $f\in S_{2}(pN_{f})$ be a p-stabilised newform of tame level $N_{f}$ defined over $\mathcal O$ , let $f^{\circ }\in S_{2}(N_{f})$ be the associated newform and let $\alpha _{p}=\alpha _{p}(f)\in \mathcal O^{\times }$ be the $U_{p}$ -eigenvalue of f. Let K be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant $D_{K}$ prime to $N_{f}$ . Write

$$ \begin{align*} N_{f}=N^{+} N^{-} \end{align*} $$

with $N^{+}$ (respectively $N^{-}$ ) divisible only by primes which are split (respectively inert) in K and choose an ideal $\mathfrak {N}^{+}\subset \mathcal O_{K}$ with $\mathcal O_{K}/\mathfrak {N}^{+}\simeq \mathbf {Z}/N^{+}\mathbf {Z}$ .

Assume that $(p)=\mathfrak {p}\overline {\mathfrak {p}}$ splits in K, with our fixed embedding $\iota _{p}:\overline {\mathbf {Q}}\hookrightarrow \mathbf {C}_{p}$ inducing the prime $\mathfrak {p}$ . Let $\Gamma _{\infty }$ be the Galois group of the anticyclotomic $\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ -extension $K_{\infty }/K$ and fix a topological generator ${\boldsymbol \gamma }\in \Gamma _{\infty }$ and identity with the power series ring via ${\boldsymbol \gamma }\mapsto 1+T$ . For any prime-to-p ideal $\mathfrak a$ of K, let $\sigma _{\mathfrak a}$ be the image of $\mathfrak a$ in the Galois group of the ray class field $K(p^{\infty })/K$ of conductor $p^{\infty }$ under the geometrically normalised reciprocity law map.

Theorem 2.3. Let $\chi $ be a ring class character of K of conductor $c\mathcal O_{K}$ with values in $\mathcal O$ and assume that

1. (i) $(pN_{f},cD_{K})=1$ ,

2. (ii) $N^{-}$ is the squarefree product of an odd number of primes,

3. (iii) if $q\vert N^{-}$ is a prime with $q\equiv 1\pmod {p}$ , then $\bar {\rho }_{f}$ is ramified at q.

Then there exists a unique such that for every p-power root of unity $\zeta $ ,

$$ \begin{align*} \Theta^{}_{f/K,\chi}(\zeta-1)^{2}=\frac{p^{n}}{\alpha_{p}^{2n}}\cdot\mathcal{E}_{p}(f,\chi,\zeta)^{2}\cdot\frac{L(f^{\circ}/K\otimes\chi\epsilon_{\zeta},1)}{(2\pi)^{2}\cdot \Omega_{f^{\circ},N^{-}}}\cdot u_{K}^{2}\sqrt{D_{K}}\chi\epsilon_{\zeta}(\sigma_{\mathfrak{N}^{+}})\cdot\varepsilon_{p},\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

where

• • $n\geqslant 0$ is such that $\zeta $ has exact order $p^{n}$ ,

• • $\epsilon _{\zeta }:\Gamma _{\infty }\rightarrow \mu _{p^{\infty }}$ be the character defined by $\epsilon _{\zeta }({\boldsymbol \gamma })=\zeta $ ,

• • $\mathcal {E}_{p}(f,\chi ,\zeta )= \begin {cases} (1-\alpha _{p}^{-1}\chi (\mathfrak {p}))(1-\alpha _{p}\chi (\overline {\mathfrak {p}}))& \mbox {if }n=0\textrm {,}\\ 1&\mbox {if }n>0\textrm {,} \end {cases}$

• • $\Omega _{f^{\circ },N^{-}}=4\Vert f^{\circ }\Vert _{\Gamma _{0}(N_{f})}^{2}\cdot \eta _{f,N^{-}}^{-1}$ is the Gross period of $f^{\circ }$ (see [Reference Hsieh28, p. 524]),

• • $\sigma _{\mathfrak {N}^{+}}\in \Gamma _{\infty }$ is the image of $\mathfrak {N}^{+}$ under the geometrically normalised Artin’s reciprocity map,

• • $u_{K}=\vert \mathcal O_{K}^{\times }\vert /2$ and $\varepsilon _{p}\in \{\pm 1\}$ is the local root number of $f^{\circ }$ at p.

When $\chi $ is the trivial character, we write $\Theta _{f/K,\chi }(T)$ simply as $\Theta _{f/K}(T)$ . Suppose now that the p-stabilised newform f as in Theorem 2.3 is the specialisation of a primitive Hida family ${\boldsymbol {f}}\in S^{o}(N_{f},\mathbb {I})$ with branch character

at an arithmetic point $x_{1}\in \mathfrak {X}_{\mathbb {I}}^{+}$ of weight $2$ . Let $\ell \nmid pN_{f}$ be a prime split in K and let $\chi $ be a ring class character of K of conductor $\ell ^{m}\mathcal O_{K}$ for some $m>0$ . Denoting by the superscript $\tau $ the action of the nontrivial automorphism of $K/\mathbf {Q}$ , write $\chi =\psi ^{1-\tau }$ with $\psi $ a ray class character modulo $\ell ^{m}\mathcal O_{K}$ . Set $C=D_{K}\ell ^{2m}$ and let

be the primitive CM Hida families of level C constructed in [Reference Hsieh28, §8.3].

The p-adic L-function $\mathscr {L}_{p}^{f}(\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {f}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{*})$ of Theorem 2.1 attached to the triple $({\boldsymbol {f}},{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*})$ (taking $a=-1$ in (ev)) is an element in

; in the following, we let

denote the restriction to the ‘line’ $S=S_{2}=S_{3}$ of the image of $\mathscr {L}_{p}^{f}(\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {f}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{*})$ under the specialisation map at $x_{1}$ .

Let $\mathbb {K}_{\infty }$ be the $\mathbf {Z}_{p}^{2}$ -extension of K and let $K_{\mathfrak {p}^{\infty }}$ denote the $\mathfrak {p}$ -ramified $\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ -extension in $\mathbb {K}_{\infty }$ , with Galois group $\Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}^{\infty }}=\text {Gal}(K_{\mathfrak {p}^{\infty }}/K)$ . Let $\gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}\in \Gamma _{\mathfrak {p}^{\infty }}$ be a topological generator and for the formal variable T let be the universal character defined by

(2.3) $$ \begin{align} \Psi_{T}(\sigma)=(1+T)^{l(\sigma)},\quad\mbox{where }\sigma\vert_{K_{\mathfrak{p}^{\infty}}}=\gamma_{\mathfrak{p}}^{l(\sigma)}.\\[-15pt]\nonumber \end{align} $$

The character $\Psi _{T}^{1-\tau }$ factors through $\Gamma _{\infty }$ and yields an identification corresponding to the topological generator $\gamma _{\mathfrak {p}}^{1-\tau }\in \Gamma _{\infty }$ . Let $p^{b}$ be the order of the p-part of the class number of K. Hereafter, we shall fix $\mathbf v\in \overline {\mathbf {Z}}_{p}^{\times }$ such that $\mathbf v^{p^{b}}=\varepsilon _{\text {cyc}}(\gamma _{\mathfrak p}^{p^{b}})\in 1+p\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ . Let $K(\chi ,\alpha _{p})/K$ (respectively $K(\chi )/K$ ) be the finite extension obtained by adjoining to K the values of $\chi $ and $\alpha _{p}$ (respectively the values of $\chi $ ).

Proposition 2.5. Assume that

1. (i) $N^{-}$ is the squarefree product of an odd number of primes,

2. (ii) $\bar {\rho }_{f}$ is ramified at every prime $q\vert N^{-}$ with $q\equiv 1\pmod {p}$ .

Set $T=\mathbf {v}^{-1}(1+S)-1$ . Then

$$ \begin{align*} \mathscr{L}_{p}^{f}(\underline{\breve{f}},\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}}\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}}^{*})= \pm\mathbf{w}^{-1}\cdot\Theta_{f/K}(T)\cdot C_{f,\chi}\cdot \sqrt{L^{\mathrm{alg}}(f/K\otimes\chi,1)}\cdot\frac{\eta_{f^{\circ}}}{\eta_{f^{\circ},N^{-}}}, \end{align*} $$

where $\mathbf {w}$ is a unit in , $C_{f,\chi }\in K(\chi ,\alpha _{p})^{\times }$ and

$$ \begin{align*} L^{\mathrm{alg}}(f/K\otimes\chi,1):=\frac{L(f/K\otimes\chi,1)}{4\pi^{2}\lVert f^{\circ}\rVert_{\Gamma_{0}(N_{f})}^{2}}\in K(\chi). \end{align*} $$

Remark 2.6. The factorisation of Proposition 2.5 reflects the decomposition of Galois representations

(2.4) $$ \begin{align} \mathbb{V}_{f,{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger}=\big(V_{f}(1)\otimes\textrm{Ind}_{K}^{\mathbf{Q}}\Psi_{T}^{1-\tau}\big)\oplus \big(V_{f}(1)\otimes\textrm{Ind}_{K}^{\mathbf{Q}}\chi\big). \end{align} $$

Note that the first summand in (2.4) is the anticyclotomic deformation of $V_{f}(1)$ , while the second is a fixed character twist of $V_{f}(1)$ .

3.1 Preliminaries

Fix a complete algebraic closure $\mathbf {C}_{p}$ of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . Let ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}\subset \mathbf {C}_{p}$ be the maximal unramified extension of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ and let $\mathrm {Fr}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ be the absolute Frobenius. Let $F\subset {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}$ be a finite unramified extension of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ with valuation ring $\mathscr {O}$ and set

Let ${\mathcal F}=\operatorname {\mathrm {Spf}} R$ be a relative Lubin–Tate formal group of height 1 defined over $\mathscr O$ , and for each $n\in \mathbf {Z}$ set

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathcal F}^{(n)}:={\mathcal F}\times_{\mathrm{Spec}\,\mathscr O,\mathrm{Fr}^{-n}}\mathrm{Spec}\,\mathscr O. \end{align*} $$

The Frobenius morphism $\varphi _{\mathcal F}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}({\mathcal F},{\mathcal F}^{(-1)})$ induces a homomorphism $\varphi _{\mathcal F}\colon R\to R$ defined by

$$ \begin{align*}\varphi_{\mathcal F}(f):=f^{\mathrm{Fr}}\circ\varphi_{\mathcal F},\end{align*} $$

where $f^{\mathrm {Fr}}$ is the conjugate of f by $\mathrm {Fr}$ . Let $\psi _{\mathcal F}$ be the left inverse of $\varphi _{\mathcal F}$ satisfying

(3.1) $$ \begin{align} \varphi_{\mathcal F}\circ\psi_{\mathcal F} (f)=p^{-1}\sum_{x\in {\mathcal F}[p]}f(X\oplus_{\mathcal F} x). \end{align} $$

Let $F_{\infty }/F$ be the Lubin–Tate $\mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ -extension of F associated with ${\mathcal F}$ – that is, $F_{\infty }=\bigcup _{n=1}^{\infty } F({\mathcal F}[p^{n}])$ – and for every $n\geqslant -1$ let $F_{n}$ be the subfield of $F_{\infty }$ with $\operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{n}/F)\simeq (\mathbf {Z}/p^{n+1}\mathbf {Z})^{\times }$ . (Hence, $F_{-1}=F$ .) Letting $G_{\infty }=\operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{\infty }/F)$ , there is a canonical decomposition

$$ \begin{align*} G_{\infty}\simeq\Delta\times \Gamma^{\mathcal F}_{\infty},\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

with $\Delta $ the torsion subgroup of $G_{\infty }$ and $\Gamma ^{\mathcal F}_{\infty }\simeq \mathbf {Z}_{p}$ the maximal torsion-free quotient of $G_{\infty }$ .

For every $a\in \mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ , there is a unique formal power series $[a]\in R$ such that

$$ \begin{align*} [a]^{\mathrm{Fr}}\circ\varphi_{\mathcal F} =\varphi_{\mathcal F}\circ [a]\quad\textrm{and}\quad [a](X)\equiv aX\;(\textrm{mod}\;{X^{2}}).\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

Letting $\varepsilon _{\mathcal F}\colon G_{\infty }\stackrel {\sim }{\to }\mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ be the Lubin–Tate character, we let $\sigma \in G_{\infty }$ act on $f\in R$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma.f(X):=f([\varepsilon_{\mathcal F}(\sigma)](X)),\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

thus making R into an -module.

Let V be a crystalline $G_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}$ -representation defined over a finite extension L of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ with ring of integers $\mathcal O_{L}$ . Let ${\mathbf D}(V)={\mathbf D}_{\text {cris},{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}(V)$ be the filtered $\varphi $ -module associated with V and set

$$ \begin{align*}{\mathscr D}_{\infty}(V):={\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{\mathbf{Z}_{p}}R^{\psi_{\mathcal F}=0}.\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

Fix an invariant differential $\omega _{\mathcal F}\in \Omega _{R}$ and let $\log _{\mathcal F}\in R\widehat \otimes {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ be the logarithm map satisfying

$$ \begin{align*} \log_{\mathcal F}(0)=0\quad\textrm{and}\quad d\log_{\mathcal F}=\omega_{\mathcal F},\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

where $d:R\to \Omega _{R}$ is the standard derivation.

Let $\epsilon =(\epsilon _{n})\in T_{p}{\mathcal F}=\varprojlim {\mathcal F}^{(n)}[p^{n}]$ be a basis of the Tate module of ${\mathcal F}$ , where the limit is with respect to the transition maps

$$ \begin{align*} \varphi^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-(n+1)}}\colon {\mathcal F}^{(n+1)}[p^{n+1}]\to {\mathcal F}^{(n)}[p^{n}].\\[-15pt]\end{align*} $$

One can associate to $\epsilon $ and $\omega _{\mathcal F}$ a p-adic period $t_{\epsilon }\in B_{\text {cris}}^{+}$ such that

(3.2) $$ \begin{align}{\mathbf D}_{\textrm{cris},F}(\varepsilon_{\mathcal F})=Ft_{\epsilon}^{-1} \quad\textrm{and}\quad\varphi t_{\epsilon}=\varpi t_{\epsilon},\\[-15pt]\nonumber\end{align} $$

where $\varpi $ is the uniformiser in F such that $\varphi _{\mathcal F}^{*}(\omega _{\mathcal F}^{\mathrm {Fr}})=\varpi \cdot \omega _{\mathcal F}$ (see [Reference Kobayashi30, §9.2]). For $j\in \mathbf {Z}$ , the Lubin–Tate twist $V\langle j\rangle :=V\otimes _{L}\varepsilon _{\mathcal F}^{j}$ then satisfies

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathbf D}_{\textrm{cris},F}(V\langle j\rangle)={\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} Ft_{\epsilon}^{-j}.\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

There is a derivation $\text {d}_{\epsilon }:{\mathscr D}_{\infty }(V\langle j\rangle )={\mathbf D}_{\text {cris},F}(V\langle j\rangle )\otimes _{\mathscr O}R^{\psi _{{\mathcal F}}=0}\to {\mathscr D}_{\infty }(V\langle j-1\rangle )$ given by

$$ \begin{align*} d_{\epsilon}:f=\eta\otimes g\mapsto \eta t_{\epsilon}\otimes\partial g,\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

where $\partial \colon R\to R$ is defined by $df=\partial f\cdot \omega _{\mathcal F}$ . These give rise to the map

(3.3) $$ \begin{align} \widetilde{\Delta}\colon{\mathscr D}_{\infty}(V)\to \bigoplus_{j\in\mathbf{Z}}\frac{{\mathbf D}_{\textrm{cris},F}(V\langle -j\rangle)}{1-\varphi} \end{align} $$

sending $f\mapsto (\partial ^{j}f(0)t_{\epsilon }^{j}\pmod {1-\varphi })_{j}$ .

3.2 Perrin-Riou’s big exponential map

For a finite extension K over ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ , let

$$ \begin{align*}\exp_{K,V}\colon {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} K\to \textrm{H}^{1}(K,V)\end{align*} $$

be Bloch–Kato’s exponential map [Reference Bloch and Kato7, §3]. In this subsection, we recall the main properties of Perrin-Riou’s map $\Omega _{V,h}$ interpolating $\exp _{K,V\langle j\rangle }$ over nonnegative $j\in \mathbf {Z}$ .

Let $V^{*}:=\operatorname {\mathrm {Hom}}_{L}(V,L(1))$ be the Kummer dual of V and denote by

$$ \begin{align*}[-,-]_{V}:{\mathbf D}(V^{*})\otimes K\times {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes K\to L\otimes_{} K\end{align*} $$

the K-linear extension of the de Rham pairing

$$ \begin{align*} \langle \,, \,\rangle_{\textrm{dR}}\colon{\mathbf D}(V^{*})\times {\mathbf D}(V)\to L. \end{align*} $$

Let $\exp ^{*}_{K,V}:\text {H}^{1}(K,V)\to {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes K$ be the Bloch–Kato dual exponential map, which is characterised uniquely by

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{Tr}}_{K/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}([x,\exp^{*}_{K,V}(y)]_{V})=\langle \exp_{K,V^{*}}(x), y\rangle_{\textrm{dR}}, \end{align*} $$

for all $x\in {\mathbf D}(V^{*})\otimes K$ and $y\in \text {H}^{1}(K,V)$ .

Choose a $\mathcal O_{L}$ -lattice $T\subset V$ stable under the Galois action and set $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },T)=\varprojlim _{n} \text {H}^{1}(F_{n},T)$ and

$$ \begin{align*} \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V)=\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},T)\otimes_{\mathbf{Z}_{p}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}, \end{align*} $$

which does not depend on the choice of T. Denote by

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Tw}^{j}:\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V)\simeq \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V\langle j\rangle) \end{align*} $$

the twisting map by $\varepsilon _{\mathcal F}^{j}$ . For a nonnegative real number r, put

where $\left \vert \cdot \right \vert {}_{p}$ is the normalised valuation of K with $\left \vert p\right \vert {}_{p}=p^{-1}$ . Let ${\boldsymbol \gamma }$ be a topological generator of $\Gamma ^{\mathcal F}_{\infty }$ and denote by ${\mathscr H}_{r,K}(G_{\infty })$ the ring of elements $\{f({\boldsymbol \gamma }-1)\colon f\in {\mathscr H}_{r,K}(X)\}$ , so, in particular,

. Put

$$ \begin{align*}{\mathscr H}_{\infty,K}(G_{\infty})=\bigcup_{r\geqslant 0}{\mathscr H}_{r,K}(G_{\infty}).\end{align*} $$

Define the map

$$ \begin{align*}\Xi_{n,V}\colon {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}{\mathscr H}_{\infty,F}(X)\to {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} F_{n}\end{align*} $$

by

(3.4) $$ \begin{align} \Xi_{n,V}(G):=\begin{cases}p^{-(n+1)}\varphi^{-(n+1)}(G^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-(n+1)}}(\epsilon_{n}))&\text{ if }n\geqslant 0,\\[0.1cm] (1-p^{-1}\varphi^{-1})(G(0))&\text{ if }n=-1,\end{cases} \end{align} $$

and let .

Theorem 3.2. Let $\epsilon =(\epsilon _{n})$ be a basis of $T_{p}\mathcal {F}$ , let $h>0$ be such that ${\mathbf D}(V)=\operatorname {\mathrm {Fil}}^{-h}{\mathbf D}(V)$ and assume that $\text {H}^{0}(F_{\infty },V)=0$ . There exists $\widetilde \Lambda $ -linear ‘big exponential map’

$$ \begin{align*}\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,h}: {\mathscr D}_{\infty}(V)^{\widetilde{\Delta}=0}\to \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},T)\otimes_{\widetilde\Lambda} {\mathscr H}_{\infty,F}(G_{\infty})\end{align*} $$

such that for every $g\in {\mathscr D}_{\infty }(V)^{\widetilde {\Delta }=0}$ and $j\geqslant 1-h$ satisfies the interpolation property

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{pr}_{F_{n}}(\textrm{Tw}^{j}\circ\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,h}(g))=(-1)^{h+j-1}(h+j-1)!\cdot \exp_{F_{n},V\langle j\rangle}(\Xi_{n,V\langle j\rangle}(\textrm{d}_{\epsilon}^{-j}G))\in \textrm{H}^{1}(F_{n},V\langle j\rangle), \end{align*} $$

where $G\in {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes _{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}} {\mathscr H}_{h,F}(X)$ is a solution of the equation

$$ \begin{align*} (1-\varphi\otimes\varphi_{\mathcal F})G=g. \end{align*} $$

Moreover, these maps satisfy

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Tw}^{j}\circ\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,h}\circ \textrm{d}_{\epsilon}^{j}=\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V\langle j\rangle,h+j}, \end{align*} $$

and if $j\leqslant -h$ , then

$$ \begin{align*}\exp^{*}_{F_{n},V\langle j\rangle}(\textrm{pr}_{F_{n}}(\textrm{Tw}_{j}\circ\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,h}(g)))=\frac{1}{(-h-j)!}\cdot \Xi_{n,V\langle j\rangle}(\textrm{d}_{\epsilon}^{-j}G))\in {\mathbf D}(V\langle j\rangle)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} F_{n},\end{align*} $$

and if $D_{[s]}\subset {\mathbf D}(V)$ is a $\varphi $ -invariant subspace in which all $\varphi $ -eigenvalues have p-adic valuation at most s, then $\Omega _{V,h}^{\epsilon }$ maps $(D_{[s]}\otimes _{\mathbf {Z}_{p}} R^{\psi _{{\mathcal F}}=0})^{\widetilde \Delta =0}$ into $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },T)\otimes _{\widetilde \Lambda }{\mathscr H}_{s+h,F}(G_{\infty })$ .

3.3 The Coleman map

From now on, we assume that

(3.5) $$ \begin{align}{\mathscr D}_{\infty}(V)^{\widetilde\Delta=0}={\mathscr D}_{\infty}(V);\end{align} $$

that is, $\widetilde \Delta =0$ (note that by (3.3), this is a condition on the $\varphi $ -eigenvalues on ${\mathbf D}_{\text {cris},F}(V)$ ), and for simplicity, for any field extension $M/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ we write ${\mathscr H}_{M}$ for ${\mathscr H}_{0,M}(G_{\infty })$ . Let

$$ \begin{align*} \left[ -, -\right]_{V}\colon {\mathbf D}(V^{*})\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} {\mathscr H}_{F}\times {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} {\mathscr H}_{F}\to L\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}{\mathscr H}_{F} \end{align*} $$

be the pairing defined by

$$ \begin{align*} \left[ \eta_{1}\otimes \lambda_{1}, \eta_{2}\otimes \lambda_{2}\right]_{V}=\langle \eta_{1}, \eta_{2}\rangle {}_{\textrm{dR}}\otimes \lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}^{\iota} \end{align*} $$

for all $\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2}\in {\mathscr H}_{F}$ .

Recall that $F_{\infty }=\bigcup _{n}F_{n}$ , and let $\langle -,-\rangle _{F_{n}}$ be the local Tate pairing $\text {H}^{1}(F_{n},T^{*})\times \text {H}^{1}(F_{n},T)\rightarrow \mathcal {O}_{L}$ . Letting $x=(x_{n})_{n}$ and $y=(y_{n})_{n}$ be sequences in $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },T^{*})$ and $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },T)$ , define the

-linear pairing

by letting $\langle x,y\rangle _{F_{\infty }}$ be the limit of the elements

$$ \begin{align*} \sum_{\sigma\in\textrm{Gal}(F_{n}/F)}\langle x_{n}^{\sigma^{-1}},y_{n}\rangle_{F_{n}}[\sigma]\in\mathcal O_{L}[\textrm{Gal}(F_{n}/F)], \end{align*} $$

which are compatible under the natural projection maps $\mathcal O_{L}[\text {Gal}(F_{n+1}/F)]\rightarrow \mathcal O_{L}[\text {Gal}(F_{n}/F)]$ . After inverting p, this extends to a pairing

(3.6) $$ \begin{align} \langle-,-\rangle_{F_{\infty}}:\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V^{*})\times \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V)\rightarrow L\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}{\mathscr H}_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}. \end{align} $$

Definition 3.3. Let $\boldsymbol {e}\in R^{\psi _{\mathcal F}=0}$ be a -module generator, and let $\epsilon $ be a generator of $T_{p}{\mathcal F}$ . The Coleman map

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Col}_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon}\colon \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V^{*})\to {\mathbf D}(V^{*})\otimes_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}} {\mathscr H}_{F} \end{align*} $$

is the $L\otimes _{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}{\mathscr H}_{F}$ -linear map uniquely characterised by

(3.7) $$ \begin{align}\operatorname{\mathrm{Tr}}_{F/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}(\left[ \textrm{Col}_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon}({\mathbf z}), \eta\right]_{V})=\langle {\mathbf z}, \Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,h}(\eta\otimes\boldsymbol{e})\rangle_{F_{\infty}} \end{align} $$

for all $\eta \in {\mathbf D}(V)$ .

Let $\mathcal Q$ be the completion of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}$ in $\mathbf {C}_{p}$ , with ring of integers ${\mathcal W}$ , and set $F_{n}^{\text {ur}}=F_{n}{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}$ for $-1\leqslant n\leqslant \infty $ (so $F_{-1}^{\text {ur}}=F^{\text {ur}}$ ). Let $\sigma _{0}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{\infty }^{\text {ur}}/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ be such that $\sigma _{0}|_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}}=\mathrm {Fr}$ is the absolute Frobenius.

Fix an isomorphism

(3.8) $$ \begin{align} \rho:\widehat{\mathbf G}_{m} \simeq {\mathcal F} \end{align} $$

defined over ${\mathcal W}$ and let be the map defined by $\rho (f)=f\circ \rho ^{-1}$ , so

$$ \begin{align*}\varphi_{\mathcal F}\circ\rho=\rho^{\mathrm{Fr}}\circ\varphi_{\widehat{\mathbf G}_{m}}.\end{align*} $$

Fix also a -generator $\boldsymbol {e}\in R^{\psi _{\mathcal F}=0}$ and let be such that $\rho (1+X)=h_{\boldsymbol {e}}\cdot \boldsymbol {e}$ . Note that $\boldsymbol {e}(0)\in \mathscr O^{\times }$ . Fix a sequence $(\zeta _{p^{n}})$ of primitive $p^{n}$ th root of unity giving a generator of $T_{p}\widehat {\mathbf G}_{m}$ and let $\epsilon =(\epsilon _{n})$ be the generator of $T_{p}{\mathcal F}$ given by

$$ \begin{align*}\epsilon_{n}=\rho^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-(n+1)}}(\zeta_{p^{n+1}}-1)\in{\mathcal F}^{(n+1)}[p^{n+1}].\end{align*} $$

Let $t\in B_{\text {cris}}^{+}$ be the p-adic period as in Subsection 3.1 associated to the generator $(\zeta _{p^{n+1}}-1)\in T_{p}\widehat {\mathbf G}_{m}$ and the invariant differential $\omega _{\widehat {\mathbf G}_{m}}=\frac {dX}{1+X}$ .

From now on, we suppose that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Fil}}^{-1}{\mathbf D}(V)={\mathbf D}(V)$ and $\text {H}^{0}(F_{\infty },V)=0$ , so the big exponential map $\Omega _{V,1}^{\epsilon }$ of Theorem 3.2 is defined. Let $\eta \in {\mathbf D}(V)$ be such that $\varphi \eta =\alpha \eta $ and suppose that $\eta $ has slope s (i.e., $\left \vert \alpha \right \vert {}_{p}=p^{-s}$ ). For every ${\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },V^{*})$ , we define

(3.9) $$ \begin{align} \textrm{Col}^{\eta}({\mathbf z}):=\sum_{j=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\left[ \textrm{Col}_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon}({\mathbf z}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}}), \eta\right]\cdot h_{\boldsymbol{e}}\cdot \sigma_{0}^{j}\in {\mathscr H}_{s+h,L\mathcal Q}(\widetilde G_{\infty}), \end{align} $$

where $\widetilde G_{\infty }=\operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{\infty }/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ and $\left [ -, -\right ]\colon {\mathbf D}(V^{*})\otimes {\mathscr H}_{\mathcal Q} \times {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes {\mathscr H}_{\mathcal Q}\to {\mathscr H}_{L\mathcal Q}$ is the image of $\left [ -, -\right ]_{V}$ under the natural map $L\otimes _{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}} {\mathscr H}_{\mathcal Q}\to {\mathscr H}_{L\mathcal Q}$ . We put

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathbf z}_{-j,n}:=\textrm{pr}_{F_{n}}(\textrm{Tw}^{-j}({\mathbf z}))\in\textrm{H}^{1}(F_{n},V^{*}\langle -j\rangle)\end{align*} $$

and say that a finite-order character $\chi $ of $\widetilde G_{\infty }$ has conductor $p^{n+1}$ if n is the smallest integer such that $\chi $ factors through $\operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{n}/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ .

Theorem 3.4. Let ${\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(F_{\infty },V^{*})$ and let $\psi $ be a p-adic character of $\widetilde G_{\infty }$ such that $\psi =\chi \varepsilon _{\mathcal F}^{j}$ with $\chi $ a finite-order character of conductor $p^{n+1}$ . If $j<0$ , then

$$ \begin{align*} &\mathrm{Col}^{\eta}({\mathbf z})(\psi)=\frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{(-j-1)!}\\ &\times\begin{cases} \left[ \log_{F,V^{*}\langle -j\rangle}({\mathbf z}_{-j,n})\otimes t^{-j}, (1-p^{j-1}\varphi^{-1})(1-p^{-j}\varphi)^{-1}\eta\right]&\mathrm{ if\ }n=-1,\\[1 em] p^{(n+1){(j-1)}}\boldsymbol\tau(\psi)\sum\limits_{\tau\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(F_{n}/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p})}\chi^{-1}(\tau)\left[ \log_{F_{n},V^{*}\langle -j\rangle}({\mathbf z}^{\tau}_{-j,n})\otimes t^{-j}, \varphi^{-(n+1)}\eta\right]&\mathrm{ if\ }n\geqslant 0. \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

If $j\geqslant 0$ , then

$$ \begin{align*} &\mathrm{Col}^{\eta}({\mathbf z})(\psi)=j!(-1)^{j}\\ &\times\begin{cases} \left[ \exp^{*}_{F,V^{*}\langle -j\rangle}({\mathbf z}_{-j,n})\otimes t^{-j}, (1-p^{j-1}\varphi^{-1})(1-p^{-j}\varphi)^{-1}\eta\right]&\mathrm{ if\ }n=-1,\\[1 em] p^{(n+1){(j-1)}}\boldsymbol\tau(\psi)\sum\limits_{\tau\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(F_{n}/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p})}\chi^{-1}(\tau)\left[ \exp^{*}_{F_{n},V^{*}\langle -j\rangle}({\mathbf z}^{\tau}_{-j,n})\otimes t^{-j}, \varphi^{-(n+1)}\eta\right]&\mathrm{ if\ }n\geqslant 0. \end{cases} \end{align*} $$

Here, $\boldsymbol \tau (\psi )$ is the Gauss sum defined by

$$ \begin{align*}\boldsymbol\tau(\psi):=\sum_{\tau\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(F^{\mathrm{ur}}_{n}/F^{\mathrm{ur}})}\psi\varepsilon_{\mathrm{cyc}}^{-j}(\tau\sigma_{0}^{n+1})\zeta_{p^{n+1}}^{\tau\sigma_{0}^{n+1}}.\end{align*} $$

3.4 Diagonal cycles and theta elements

We now apply the local results of the preceding section to the global setting of Section 2. Assume that f, ${\boldsymbol {g}}=\boldsymbol {\theta }_{\psi }(S)$ and ${\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}=\boldsymbol {\theta }_{\psi ^{-1}}(S)$ are as in Subsection 2.4. Keeping the notations from Subsection 2.3, by [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, §1] (see also [Reference Darmon and Rotger19] and [Reference Bertolini, Seveso and Venerucci1]), there exists a class

(3.10) $$ \begin{align} \kappa(f,{{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}})\in\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},\mathbb{V}^{\dagger}_{f,{{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}}(N)) \end{align} $$

constructed from twisted diagonal cycles on the triple product of modular curves of tame level N.

Every triple of test vectors $\breve {\boldsymbol {F}}=(\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*})$ defines a $G_{\mathbf {Q}}$ -equivariant projection $\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*}}(N)\rightarrow \mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*}}$ and we put

(3.11) $$ \begin{align} \kappa(\breve{f},{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{*}}):=\textrm{pr}_{\breve{\boldsymbol{F}}}(\kappa(f,{{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}))\in\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},\mathbb{V}^{\dagger}_{f,{{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}}), \end{align} $$

where $\text {pr}_{\breve {\boldsymbol {F}}}:\text {H}^{1}(\mathbf {Q},\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}}}(N))\to \text {H}^{1}(\mathbf {Q},\mathbb {V}^{\dagger }_{f,{{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}}})$ is the induced map on cohomology.

Since $\Psi _{T}^{1-\tau }$ gives the universal character of $\text {Gal}(K_{\infty }/K)$ , by the $G_{\mathbf {Q}}$ -isomorphism $(2.4)$ and Shapiro’s lemma we have the identifications

(3.12) $$ \begin{align}\begin{aligned} \textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},\mathbb{V}_{f,{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger})&\simeq\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},V_{f}(1)\otimes\textrm{Ind}_{K}^{\mathbf{Q}}\Psi_{T}^{1-\tau})\oplus\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},V_{f}(1)\otimes\operatorname{\mathrm{Ind}}_{K}^{\mathbf{Q}}\chi)\\ &\simeq\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(K_{\infty},V_{f}(1))\oplus\textrm{H}^{1}(K,V_{f}(1)\otimes\chi). \end{aligned} \end{align} $$

In the following, we write

(3.13) $$ \begin{align} \kappa(\breve{f},{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}})=(\kappa_{\infty}(\breve{f},{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}}),\kappa_{0}(\breve{f},{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}})) \end{align} $$

according to this decomposition.

Let g and $g^{*}$ be the weight $1$ eigenform $\theta _{\psi }$ and $\theta _{\psi ^{-1}}$ , respectively, so that the specialisation of $({\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*})$ at $T=0$ (or, equivalently, $S=\mathbf v-1$ ) is a p-stabilisation of the pair $(g,g^{*})$ .

Proof. Let ${\boldsymbol \kappa }=\kappa (\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*})$ and for every $?\in \left \{f,{\boldsymbol {g}},{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}\right \}$ , let $\mathscr {F}^{+}V_?$ be the rank 1 subspace of $V_?$ fixed by the inertia group at p. By (3.12), in order to prove the result, it suffices to show that some specialisation of $\bf \kappa $ has trivial image in $\text {H}^{1}(K,V_{f}(1)\otimes \chi )$ . Let

$$ \begin{align*} \kappa_{\breve{f},\breve{g}\breve{g}^{*}}:={\boldsymbol \kappa}\vert_{S=\mathbf{v}-1}\in\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},V_{fgg^{*}})=\textrm{H}^{1}(K,V_{f}(1))\oplus\textrm{H}^{1}(K,V_{f}(1)\otimes\chi), \end{align*} $$

where $V_{fgg^{*}}:=V_{f}(1)\otimes V_{g}\otimes V_{g^{*}}$ . By looking at the Hodge–Tate weights, we see that the Bloch–Kato Selmer group $\text {Sel}(\mathbf {Q},V_{fgg^{*}})\subset \text {H}^{1}(\mathbf {Q},V_{fgg^{*}})$ is given by

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Sel}(\mathbf{Q},V_{fgg^{*}})=\textrm{ker}\bigg( \textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},V_{fgg^{*}})\overset{\partial_{p}\circ\textrm{loc}_{p}}\rightarrow \textrm{H}^{1}({\mathbf{Q}}_{p},\mathscr{F}^{-}V_{f}(1)\otimes V_{g}\otimes V_{g^{*}})\bigg), \end{align*} $$

where $\partial _{p}$ is the natural map induced by the projection $V_{f}\twoheadrightarrow \mathscr {F}^{-}V_{f}:=V_{f}/\mathscr {F}^{+}V_{f}$ (see, e.g., [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, p. 634]). Thus, it follows that

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Sel}(\mathbf{Q},V_{fgg^{*}})=\textrm{Sel}(K,V_{f}(1))\oplus\textrm{Sel}(K,V_{f}(1)\otimes\chi).\nonumber \end{align*} $$

The implications $L(f\otimes g\otimes g^{*},1)=0\Longrightarrow \kappa _{\breve {f},\breve {g}\breve {g}^{*}}\in \text {Sel}(\mathbf {Q},V_{fgg^{*}})$ and $L(f/K\otimes \chi ,1)\neq 0\Longrightarrow \text {Sel}(K,V_{f}(1)\otimes \chi )=0$ , which follow from [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, Thm. C] and [Reference Chida and Hsieh12, Thm. 1], respectively, therefore yield the result.

Suppose from now on that $f^{\circ }\in S_{2}(\Gamma _{0}(N_{f}))$ is the newform associated to an elliptic curve $E/\mathbf {Q}$ with good ordinary reduction at p. Thus, $V_{f}(1)\simeq V_{p}E$ , and from (3.13) we obtain an Iwasawa cohomology class

$$ \begin{align*} \kappa_{\infty}(\breve{f},\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{*})\in\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(K_{\infty},V_{p}E). \end{align*} $$

Set $V=V_{p}E$ for ease of notation. Note that $\operatorname {\mathrm {Fil}}^{-1}{\mathbf D}(V)={\mathbf D}(V)$ and, by the Weil pairing, $V^{*}\simeq V$ . Let ${\mathfrak P}$ be the prime of $\overline {\mathbf {Q}}$ above p induced by our fixed embedding $\iota _{p}$ (inducing $\frak {p}$ on K), and for any subfield $H\subseteq \overline {\mathbf {Q}}$ denote by $\hat H=H_{\mathfrak P}$ the completion of H with respect to ${\mathfrak P}$ . Then $\text {Gal}(\hat K_{\infty }/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ is identified with the decomposition group of $\mathfrak {P}$ in $\Gamma _{\infty }=\text {Gal}(K_{\infty }/K)$ .

For any integer m, let $H_{m}$ be the ring class field of K of conductor m and put $F=\hat H_{c}$ for a fixed c prime to p. Let $\varpi \in K$ be a generator of ${\mathfrak p}^{[F:{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}]}$ and let $F_{\infty }/F$ be the Lubin–Tate $\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ -extension associated with the uniformiser $\varpi /\overline {\varpi }\in \mathcal O_{F}$ (see [Reference Kobayashi30, §3.1]). As is well-known, we have

$$ \begin{align*} F_{\infty}=\bigcup_{n=0}^{\infty}\hat H_{cp^{n}} \end{align*} $$

(see, e.g., [Reference Shnidman42, Prop. 8.3]). In particular, $F_{\infty }$ contains $\hat K_{\infty }$ .

Let $\omega _{E}$ be the Néron differential of E, regarded as an element in ${\mathbf D}(\text {H}_{\text {et}}^{1}(E_{/\overline {\mathbf {Q}}},{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}))\simeq {\mathbf D}(V^{*})$ . Let $\alpha _{p}\in \mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ be the p-adic unit eigenvalue of the Frobenius map $\varphi $ acting on ${\mathbf D}(V)$ and let $\eta \in {\mathbf D}(V)\simeq {\mathbf D}(\text {H}^{1}_{\text {et}}(E_{/\overline {\mathbf {Q}}},{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}))\otimes {\mathbf D}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p}(1))$ be a $\varphi $ -eigenvector of slope $-1$ such that

(3.14) $$ \begin{align} \varphi \eta=p^{-1}\alpha_{p}\cdot\eta\quad\textrm{and}\quad \langle \eta, \omega_{E}\otimes t^{-1}\rangle_{\textrm{dR}}=1. \end{align} $$

Finally, note that hypothesis (3.5) holds since $ {\mathbf D}(V)^{\varphi ^{[F:{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}]}=(\varpi /\overline {\varpi })^{j}}=0$ for any $j\in \mathbf {Z}$ , given that the $\varphi $ -eigenvalues of ${\mathbf D}(V)$ are p-Weil numbers, while $\varpi /\overline {\varpi }$ is a $1$ -Weil number.

The second part of the next result recasts the ‘explicit reciprocity law’ of [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, Thm. 5.3] (see also [Reference Darmon and Rotger19, Thm. 5.1] and [Reference Bertolini, Seveso and Venerucci1, Thm. A]) in terms of the Coleman map of Subsection 3.3.

Theorem 3.6. Assume that $L(f\otimes g\otimes g^{*},1)=0$ and that $L(f/K\otimes \chi ,1)\neq 0$ . Then, for any test vectors $(\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*})$ , we have

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Loc}_{\overline{\mathfrak{p}}}(\kappa_{\infty}(\breve{f},\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{*}))=0 \end{align*} $$

and

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{\mathfrak{p}}(\kappa_{\infty}(\breve{f},\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{*})))= \mathscr{L}_{p}^{f}(\breve{f},{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}^{*}}) \cdot 2\alpha_{p}^{-1}(1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}\chi(\overline{{\mathfrak p}}))^{-1}. \end{align*} $$

Proof. Let $\mathscr {F}^{++}\mathbb {V}_{f{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}}^{\dagger }$ be the rank 4 $G_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}$ -stable submodule of $\mathbb {V}_{f{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}}^{\dagger }$ defined by

$$ \begin{align*} \left[\mathscr{F}^{+}V\otimes\mathscr{F}^{+}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\otimes V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}+\mathscr{F}^{+}V\otimes V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\otimes \mathscr{F}^{+}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}+V\otimes \mathscr{F}^{+}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}}\otimes \mathscr{F}^{+}V_{{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}\right]\otimes\mathcal X^{-1}. \end{align*} $$

The class $\kappa (\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*})=(\kappa _{\infty }(\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*}),\kappa _{0}(\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*}))\in \text {H}^{1}(\mathbf {Q},\mathbb {V}_{f{\boldsymbol {g}}{\boldsymbol {g}}^{*}}^{\dagger })$ is known to land in the kernel of the composite map

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{Q},\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger})\xrightarrow{\textrm{Loc}_{p}} \textrm{H}^{1}({\mathbf{Q}}_{p},\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger})\rightarrow\textrm{H}^{1}({\mathbf{Q}}_{p},\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger}/\mathscr{F}^{++}\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger})\nonumber \end{align*} $$

(see, e.g., [Reference Darmon and Rotger19, Prop. 5.8]). Using (2.4), we immediately find that

$$ \begin{align*} \mathscr{F}^{++}\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger}=V\otimes\Psi_{T}^{1-\tau}+\mathscr{F}^{+}V\otimes(\chi^{}+\chi^{-1}) \end{align*} $$

and, therefore, identifying $G_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}$ with $G_{K_{\mathfrak p}}$ via our fixed embedding $\overline {\mathbf {Q}}\hookrightarrow \overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ , we obtain

$$ \begin{align*} \text{H}^{1}({\mathbf{Q}}_{p},\mathscr{F}^{++}\mathbb{V}_{f{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{g}}^{*}}^{\dagger})\simeq\text{H}^{1}(K_{{\mathfrak p}},V\otimes\Psi_{T}^{1-\tau})&\oplus\text{H}^{1}(K_{{\mathfrak p}},\mathscr{F}^{+}V\otimes\chi)\oplus\text{H}^{1}(K_{\overline{{\mathfrak p}}},\mathscr{F}^{+}V\otimes\chi). \end{align*} $$

This shows the vanishing of $\text {Loc}_{\overline {\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa _{\infty }(\breve {f},\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}^{*}))$ , and the second equality in the theorem follows from Lemma 3.5 and [Reference Darmon and Rotger18, Thm. 5.3].

Corollary 3.7. Assume that $L(f\otimes g\otimes g^{*},1)=0$ and that $L(f/K,\chi ,1)\neq 0$ . Let $(\underline {\breve {f}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{*})$ be the triple of test vectors from Theorem 2.1. Then $\mathrm{Loc}_{\overline {\mathfrak {p}}}(\kappa _{\infty }(\underline {\breve {f}},\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}}\underline {\breve {{\boldsymbol {g}}}}^{*}))=0$ , and

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{\mathfrak{p}}(\kappa_{\infty}(\underline{\breve{f}},\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}}\underline{\breve{{\boldsymbol{g}}}}^{*})))&=\pm\mathbf{w}^{-1}\cdot\Theta_{f/K}(T)\cdot \sqrt{L^{\mathrm{alg}}(f/K\otimes\chi,1)}\cdot\frac{2C_{f,\chi}}{\alpha_{p}(1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}\chi(\overline{{\mathfrak p}}))}\cdot\frac{\eta_{f^{\circ}}}{\eta_{f^{\circ},N^{-}}}, \end{align*} $$

where and $C_{f,\chi }\in K(\chi ,\alpha _{p})^{\times }$ are as in Proposition 2.5.

4.1 The general theory

Initiated in [Reference Bertolini and Darmon3] and further developed in [Reference Howard26], the theory of derived p-adic heights relates the degeneracies of the p-adic height to the failure of the $p^{\infty }$ -Selmer group of elliptic curves over a $\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ -extension to be semi-simple as an Iwasawa module. Derived p-adic heights seem to have been rarely used for arithmetic applications in the previous literature,Footnote ¹ but they will play a key role in the proof of our results. In this section, we briefly recall the results from [Reference Howard26] (with a slight generalisation) that we will need.

Let E be an elliptic curve over $\mathbf {Q}$ of conductor N with good ordinary reduction at $p>2$ . For any number field F, let $\text {Sel}_{p^{r}}(E/F)\subseteq \text {H}^{1}(F,E[p^{r}])$ be the $p^{r}$ -Selmer group of E over F and put

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Sel}(F,T_{p}E)=\varprojlim_{r}\textrm{Sel}_{p^{r}}(E/F) \end{align*} $$

and $\text {Sel}(F,V_{p}E)=\text {Sel}(F,T_{p}E)\otimes _{\mathbf {Z}_{p}}{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . Let K be an imaginary quadratic field of discriminant prime to $Np$ and let $K_{\infty }/K$ be the anticyclotomic $\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ -extension of K. Denote by $K_{n}$ the subsection of $K_{\infty }$ with $[K_{n}\colon K]=p^{n}$ and put

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Sel}_{p^{\infty}}(E/K_{\infty})=\varinjlim_{n}\textrm{Sel}_{p^{\infty}}(E/K_{n}). \end{align*} $$

Finally, let be the anticyclotomic Iwasawa algebra and denote by $J\subseteq \Lambda $ the augmentation ideal.

Theorem 4.1. Let $N^{-}$ be the largest factor of N divisible only by primes that are inert in K, and suppose that

• • $N^{-}$ is squarefree,

• • $E[p]$ is ramified at every prime $q\vert N^{-}$ .

Then there is a filtration

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{Sel}(K,V_{p}E)=S_{p}^{(1)}(E/K)\supseteq S_{p}^{(2)}(E/K)\supseteq\cdots\supseteq S_{p}^{(i)}(E/K)\supseteq\cdots \end{align*} $$

and a sequence of height pairings

$$ \begin{align*} h_{p}^{(i)}: S_{p}^{(i)}(E/K)\times S_{p}^{(i)}(E/K)\to (J^{i}/J^{i+1})\otimes_{\mathbf{Z}_{p}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{p} \end{align*} $$

with the following properties:

1. (a) $S_{p}^{(i+1)}(E/K)$ is the null-space of $h_{p}^{(i)}$ .

2. (b) $S_{p}^{(\infty )}(E/K):=\bigcap _{i\geqslant 1}S_{p}^{(i)}(E/K)$ is the subspace of $\mathrm{Sel}(K,V_{p}E)$ consisting of universal norms for $K_{\infty }/K$ :

   $$ \begin{align*} S_{p}^{(\infty)}(E/K)=\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty}\mathrm{cor}_{K_{n}/K}(\mathrm{Sel}(K_{n},V_{p}E)), \end{align*} $$
   where $\mathrm{cor}_{K_{n}/K}:\mathrm{Sel}(K_{n},V_{p}E)\rightarrow \mathrm{Sel}(K,V_{p}E)$ is the corestriction map.

3. (c) $h_{p}^{(i)}$ is symmetric (respectively alternating) for i odd (respectively i even).

4. (d) $h_{p}^{(i)}(x^{\tau },y^{\tau })=(-1)^{i}h_{p}^{(i)}(x,y)$ , where $\tau \in \mathrm{Gal}(K/\mathbf {Q})$ is complex conjugation.

5. (e) Let

   $$ \begin{align*} e_{i}:=\begin{cases} {\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}(S_{p}^{(i)}(E/K)/S_{p}^{(i+1)}(E/K))&\mbox{if }i<\infty,\\[0.1cm] {\mathrm{dim}}_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}S_{p}^{(\infty)}(E/K)&\mbox{if }i=\infty. \end{cases} \end{align*} $$
   Then there is a $\Lambda $ -module pseudo-isomorphism
   $$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Sel}_{p^{\infty}}(E/K_{\infty})^{\vee}\sim\left((\Lambda/J)^{\oplus e_{1}}\oplus\cdots\oplus(\Lambda/J^{i})^{\oplus e_{i}}\oplus\cdots\right)\oplus\Lambda^{\oplus e_{\infty}} \oplus M^{\prime} \end{align*} $$
   with $M^{\prime }$ a torsion $\Lambda $ -module with characteristic ideal prime-to-J.

Proof. This follows from Theorem 4.2 and Corollary 4.3 of [Reference Howard26] when $N^{-}=1$ . We explain how to extend the result to squarefree $N^{-}$ under the above hypothesis on $E[p]$ .

Following the discussion in [Reference Howard26, §3] and adopting the notations there, we see that it suffices to show the vanishing of

(4.1) $$ \begin{align} \textrm{H}^{1}_{\textrm{ur}}(K_{v},\mathbf{S}[p^{k}]):=\textrm{ker}\big(\textrm{H}^{1}(K_{v},\mathbf{S}[p^{k}])\rightarrow\textrm{H}^{1}(K_{v}^{\textrm{ur}},\mathbf{S}[p^{k}])\big) \end{align} $$

for every prime $v\nmid p$ inert in K, where $\mathbf {S}[p^{k}]=\varinjlim _{n}\text {Ind}_{K_{n}/K}E[p^{k}]$ . Since such primes v split completely in $K_{\infty }/K$ , by Shapiro’s lemma and inflation-restriction we find

(4.2) $$ \begin{align} \begin{aligned} \textrm{H}^{1}_{\textrm{ur}}(K_{v},\mathbf{S}[p^{k}])&\simeq \textrm{ker}\big(\textrm{H}^{1}(K_{v},E[p^{k}])\otimes\Lambda^{\vee}\rightarrow\textrm{H}^{1}(K_{v}^{\textrm{ur}},E[p^{k}])\otimes\Lambda^{\vee}\big)\\ &\simeq\textrm{H}^{1}(\mathbf{F}_{v},E[p^{k}]^{I_{v}})\otimes\Lambda^{\vee}\\ &=(E[p^{k}]^{I_{v}}/(\textrm{Fr}_{v}-1)E[p^{k}]^{I_{v}})\otimes\Lambda^{\vee}, \end{aligned} \end{align} $$

where $\mathbf {F}_{v}$ is the residue field of $K_{v}$ , $\text {Fr}_{v}$ is a Frobenius element at v and $\Lambda ^{\vee }=\text {Hom}_{\mathbf {Z}_{p}}(\Lambda ,{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}/\mathbf {Z}_{p})$ .

Since $N^{-}$ is squarefree, any prime v as above is a prime of multiplicative reduction for E, so by Tate’s uniformisation we have

$$ \begin{align*} E[p^{\infty}]\sim\left(\begin{array}{cc}\varepsilon_{\textrm{}}&*\\ 0&1\end{array}\right) \end{align*} $$

as $G_{K_{v}}$ -modules, where $\varepsilon $ is the p-adic cyclotomic character. Since $\bar {\rho }_{E,p}$ is ramified at v, the image of ‘ $*$ ’ in the above matrix generates ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}/\mathbf {Z}_{p}$ . Thus, we see that

$$ \begin{align*} E[p^{\infty}]^{I_{v}}/(\textrm{Fr}_{v}-1)E[p^{\infty}]^{I_{v}}=0, \end{align*} $$

which by $(4.2)$ implies the vanishing of $\text {H}^{1}_{\text {ur}}(K_{v},\mathbf {S}[p^{k}])$ .

We next recall Howard’s abstract generalisation of Rubin’s height formula for derived p-adic heights. For every prime v of K above p, let $\mathscr {F}_{v}^{+}T_{p}E$ be the kernel of the reduction map $T_{p}E\rightarrow T_{p}\tilde {E}$ , where $\tilde {E}$ is the reduction of E modulo v. Letting $V=V_{p}E$ , this induces the filtration $\mathscr {F}_{v}^{+}V\subseteq V$ . For every prime $v\vert p$ of K, write

$$ \begin{align*} \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}_{\textrm{fin}}(K_{\infty,v},V)=\bigoplus_{w\vert v}\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(K_{\infty,w},\mathscr{F}_{v}^{+}V), \end{align*} $$

where w runs over the places of $K_{\infty }$ above v. The local pairings in (3.6) induce a semi-local pairing

$$ \begin{align*} \langle-,-\rangle_{K_{\infty,v}}:\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(K_{\infty,v},V)\times\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}_{\textrm{fin}}(K_{\infty,v},V)\rightarrow\Lambda\otimes_{\mathbf{Z}_{p}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{p} \end{align*} $$

which induces a perfect duality between the $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(K_{\infty ,v},V)/\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}_{\text {fin}}(K_{\infty ,v},V)$ and $\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}_{\text {fin}}(K_{\infty ,v},V)$ . Every class ${\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(K_{\infty },V)$ defines a linear map

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{L}_{p,{\mathbf z}}=\sum_{v\vert p}\langle\textrm{Loc}_{v}({\mathbf z}),-\rangle_{K_{\infty,v}}:\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}_{\textrm{fin}}(K_{\infty,p},V)=\bigoplus_{v\vert p}\widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}_{\textrm{fin}}(K_{\infty,v},V)\rightarrow\Lambda\otimes_{\mathbf{Z}_{p}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}. \end{align*} $$

Let $\text {ord}(\mathcal {L}_{p,{\mathbf z}})$ be the largest integer r such that the image of $\mathcal {L}_{p,{\mathbf z}}$ is contained in $J^{r}$ .

Theorem 4.2. Let r be any positive integer with $r\leqslant \mathrm{ord}(\mathcal {L}_{p,{\mathbf z}})$ . Then $z=\mathrm{pr}_{K}({\mathbf z})$ belongs to $S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ and for any $w\in S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ we have

$$ \begin{align*} h_{p}^{(r)}(z,w)=- \mathcal{L}_{p,{\mathbf z}}(\mathbf{w}_{p})\pmod{J^{r+1}} \end{align*} $$

where $\mathbf {w}_{p}=(\mathbf {w}_{v})_{v\vert p}\in \widehat {\mathrm{H}}^{1}_{\mathrm{fin}}(K_{\infty ,p},V)$ is any semi-local class with $\mathrm{pr}_{K_{v}}({\mathbf w}_{v})=\mathrm{Loc}_{v}(w)$ for all $v\vert p$ .

4.2 Derived p-adic heights and the Coleman map

Now we compute the local expression in Theorem 4.2 for the derived p-adic height pairing in terms of the Coleman map from Section 3, yielding our higher rank generalisation of Rubin’s formula.

We use the setting and notations introduced after Lemma 3.5. In particular, $(p)={\mathfrak p}\overline {{\mathfrak p}}$ splits in K, with ${\mathfrak p}$ the prime of K above p induced by our fixed embedding $\overline {\mathbf {Q}}\hookrightarrow \overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . Let $\hat K_{\infty }$ be the closure of the image of $K_{\infty }$ in $\overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ under this embedding and put

$$ \begin{align*} \Gamma_{\infty}=\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(K_{\infty}/K),\quad\hat\Gamma_{\infty}=\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(\hat K_{\infty}/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}), \end{align*} $$

so, naturally, $\hat \Gamma _{\infty }$ is a subgroup of $\Gamma _{\infty }$ . Also, we put $F=\hat {H}_{c}$ for some fixed c prime to p and $F_{\infty }=\hat {H}_{cp^{\infty }}$ , which is a finite extension of $\hat K_{\infty }$ .

Let $\boldsymbol {e}\in R^{\psi _{\mathcal F}=0}$ be a generator over such that $\boldsymbol {e}(0)=1$ . Define

(4.3) $$ \begin{align}{\mathbf w}^{\eta}=\Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,1}(\eta\otimes \boldsymbol{e})\in \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}(F_{\infty},V),\end{align} $$

where $\Omega _{V,1}^{\epsilon }$ in is the big exponential map in Theorem 3.2.

As in Subsection 3.3, we let $\sigma _{0}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F_{\infty }^{\text {ur}}/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ be such that $\sigma _{0}|_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {ur}}}=\mathrm {Fr}$ is the absolute Frobenius.

Proposition 4.3. Let ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\mathrm{cyc}}$ be the cyclotomic $\mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ -extension of ${\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . Let $\sigma _{\mathrm{cyc}}\in \operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(F^{\mathrm{ur}}_{\infty }/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ be the Frobenius such that $\sigma _{\mathrm{cyc}}|_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\mathrm{cyc}}}=1$ and $\sigma _{\mathrm{cyc}}|_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\mathrm{ur}}}=\mathrm {Fr}$ . For each $\hat {\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\mathrm{H}}^{1}(\hat K_{\infty },V)$ , we have

Proof. We first recall that for every $e\in (R\otimes _{\mathscr O}{\mathcal W})^{\psi _{\mathcal F}=0}$ , the big exponential map $\Omega ^{\epsilon }_{V,1}(\eta \otimes e)$ in Theorem 3.2 is given by

(4.4) $$ \begin{align} \Omega^{\epsilon}_{V,1}(\eta\otimes e)=(\exp_{F_{n},V}(\Xi_{n,V}(G_{e})))_{n=0,1,2,\ldots},\\[-15pt]\nonumber \end{align} $$

where $G_{e}\in {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes {\mathscr H}_{1,\mathcal Q}(X)$ is a solution of $(1-\varphi \otimes \varphi _{\mathcal F})G_{e}=\eta \otimes e$ and $\Xi _{n,V}$ is as in $(3.4)$ . Taking

$$ \begin{align*} G_{e}=G_{\boldsymbol{e}}=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}(\varphi\otimes\varphi_{\mathcal F})^{m}(\eta\otimes\boldsymbol{e})=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\varphi^{m}\eta\otimes\boldsymbol{e}^{\textrm{Fr}^{m}},\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

we obtain

(4.5) $$ \begin{align} \begin{aligned}\Xi_{n,V}(G_{\boldsymbol{e}})&=p^{-(n+1)}(\varphi^{-(n+1)}\otimes 1)G_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-(n+1)}}(\epsilon_{n})\\ &=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty} (p\varphi)^{-(n+1)}\varphi^{m}\eta\otimes \boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{m-(n+1)}}(\epsilon_{n-m}). \end{aligned} \\[-15pt]\nonumber\end{align} $$

Put $z_{n}=\text {pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\hat {\mathbf z})$ and $\hat G_{n}=\operatorname {\mathrm {Gal}}(\hat {K}_{n}/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p})$ . From the definition of the Coleman map $\text {Col}_{e}^{\epsilon }$ and using in (4.4) and (4.5), we thus find that

(4.6) $$ \begin{align} &\left[ \text{pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\text{Col}^{\epsilon}_{\boldsymbol{e}}(\hat{\mathbf z})), \eta\right]_{V}=\nonumber\\ &\quad\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\left[ \sum_{\gamma\in \hat G_{n}}\exp^{*}_{\hat K_{n},V}(z_{n}^{\gamma^{-1}\sigma_{0}^{n+1-m}})\gamma, \sum_{\tau\in\hat G_{n}} (p\varphi)^{-(n+1)}\varphi^{m}\eta\otimes\boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{m-(n+1)}}(\epsilon_{n-m})^{\tau\sigma_{0}^{n+1-m}}\tau|_{\hat K_{n}}\right]_{V},\\[-15pt]\nonumber \end{align} $$

where $\text {exp}_{\hat K_{n},V}^{*}$ is the Bloch–Kato dual exponential map.

On the other hand, it is immediately seen that

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\langle \hat{\mathbf z}, \textrm{cor}_{F_{\infty}/\hat K_{\infty}}({\mathbf w}^{\eta})\rangle_{\hat K_{\infty}})=\frac{1}{[F_{\infty}:\hat K_{\infty}]}\sum_{j=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\langle \hat{\mathbf z}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}}, {\mathbf w}^{\eta}\rangle_{F_{\infty}})\sigma_{0}^{j}|_{\hat K_{n}},\\[-15pt] \end{align*} $$

and from (4.6) we find that

$$ \begin{align*} &\text{pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\langle \hat{\mathbf z}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}}, {\mathbf w}^{\eta}\rangle_{F_{\infty}})=\sum_{\gamma\in\hat G_{n}}\langle z_{n}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}\gamma^{-1}}, \exp_{F_{n},V}(\Xi_{n,V}(G_{\boldsymbol{e}})\rangle_{F_{n}}\gamma|_{\hat K_{n}}\\ &=\operatorname{\mathrm{Tr}}_{F_{n}/{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}\left(\left[ \sum_{\gamma\in\hat G_{n}}\exp^{*}_{\hat K_{n},V}(z_{n}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}\gamma^{-1}})\gamma|_{\hat K_{\infty}}, \Xi_{n,V}(G_{\boldsymbol{e}})\right]_{V}\right)\\ &=\sum_{m=0}^{\infty}\sum_{i=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]} \left[ \sum_{\gamma\in \hat G_{n}}\exp^{*}_{\hat K_{n},V}(z_{n}^{\gamma^{-1}\sigma_{0}^{i-j+n+1-m}})\gamma, \sum_{\tau\in \hat G_{n}} (p\varphi)^{-(n+1)}\varphi^{m}\eta\otimes \boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{m-(n+1)}}(\epsilon_{n-m})^{\tau\sigma_{0}^{i+n+1-m}}\tau|_{\hat K_{n}}\right]\\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\left[ \text{pr}_{\hat K_{n}}(\text{Col}_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon}({\mathbf z}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}})^{\sigma_{0}^{i}}), \eta\right]. \end{align*} $$

Taking the limit over n, we thus arrive at

(4.7) $$ \begin{align} \begin{aligned} \langle \hat{\mathbf z}, \textrm{cor}_{F_{\infty}/\hat K_{\infty}}({\mathbf w}^{\eta})\rangle_{\hat K_{\infty}}&=\frac{1}{[F_{\infty}:\hat K_{\infty}]}\sum_{j=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\sum_{i=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\left[ \textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{\infty}}(\textrm{Col}_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\epsilon}(\hat{\mathbf z}^{\sigma_{0}^{-j}})^{\sigma_{0}^{i}}), \eta\right]\sigma_{0}^{j}\\ &=\frac{1}{[F_{\infty}:\hat K_{\infty}]}\sum_{i=1}^{[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]}\textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{\infty}}(\textrm{Col}^{\eta}(\hat{\mathbf z})^{\sigma_{0}^{i}})\cdot \frac{1}{h_{\boldsymbol{e}}^{\sigma_{0}^{i}}}, \end{aligned} \end{align} $$

using (3.9) for the second equality. Finally, writing $g_{\rho }=\rho (1+X)$ for the isomorphism $\rho $ in (3.8), one has $g_{\rho }^{\sigma _{0}^{-i}}(\epsilon _{i-1})=\zeta _{p^{i}}\in {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}^{\text {cyc}}$ , which immediately implies the relation

$$ \begin{align*} \textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{\infty}}(\textrm{Col}^{\eta}(\hat{\mathbf z}))\cdot\sigma_{\textrm{cyc}}^{i} =\textrm{pr}_{\hat K_{\infty}}(\textrm{Col}^{\eta}(\hat{\mathbf z})^{\sigma_{0}^{i}}). \end{align*} $$

Together with (4.7), this concludes the proof.

We shall also need the following result.

Lemma 4.4. The projection of ${\mathbf w}^{\eta }$ to $\mathrm{H}^{1}(F,V)$ is given by

$$ \begin{align*}\mathrm{pr}_{F}({\mathbf w}^{\eta})=\exp_{F,V}\left(\frac{1-p^{-1}\varphi^{-1}}{1-\varphi}\eta\right). \end{align*} $$

Proof. Let $g=\eta \otimes \boldsymbol {e}$ and let $G(X)\in {\mathbf D}(V)\otimes {\mathscr H}_{1,\mathcal Q}(X)$ such that $(1-\varphi \otimes \varphi _{\mathcal F})G=g$ . Then

$$ \begin{align*}G(\epsilon_{0})=\eta\otimes \boldsymbol{e}(\epsilon_{0})-\eta+(1-\varphi)^{-1}\eta\end{align*} $$

and, by definition,

(4.8) $$ \begin{align} \textrm{pr}_{F}({\mathbf w}^{\eta})=\textrm{cor}_{F_{0}/F}(\Xi_{0,V}(G)), \end{align} $$

where $\Xi _{0,V}(G)$ is as in $(3.4)$ . Equation (3.1) and the fact that $\psi _{\mathcal F}\boldsymbol {e}(X)=0$ imply that

$$ \begin{align*}\sum_{\zeta\in {\mathcal F}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-1}}[p]}\boldsymbol{e}^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-1}}(X\oplus_{\mathcal F} \zeta)=0,\end{align*} $$

from which we obtain

$$ \begin{align*}\operatorname{\mathrm{Tr}}_{F_{0}/F}(G^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-1}}(\epsilon_{0}))=\sum_{\tau\in\operatorname{\mathrm{Gal}}(F_{0}/F)}\eta\otimes \boldsymbol{e}(\epsilon_{0}^{\tau})-\eta+(1-\varphi)^{-1}\eta=\frac{p\varphi-1}{1-\varphi}\eta.\end{align*} $$

Together with (4.8), we thus see that

$$ \begin{align*} \text{pr}_{F}({\mathbf w}^{\eta}) &=\exp_{F,V}\operatorname{\mathrm{Tr}}_{F_{0}/F}\left(p^{-1}\varphi^{-1}(G^{\mathrm{Fr}^{-1}}(\epsilon_{0}))\right)=\exp_{F,V}\left((1-p^{-1}\varphi^{-1})(1-\varphi)^{-1} \eta\right), \end{align*} $$

concluding the proof.

Recall the identification $K_{\mathfrak p}={\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ and let $\text {H}^{1}_{\text {fin}}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},V)\subset \text {H}^{1}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},V)$ be the subspace given by $\text {H}^{1}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},\mathscr {F}_{\mathfrak p}^{+}V)$ . As is well-known, $\text {H}^{1}_{\text {fin}}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},V)$ agrees with the Bloch–Kato finite subspace. Let $\text {log}_{\mathbf {Q},V}:\text {H}^{1}_{\text {fin}}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},V)\rightarrow {\mathbf D}(V)$ be the Bloch–Kato logarithm map and denote by $\text {log}_{\omega _{E},{\mathfrak p}}$ the composition

(4.9) $$ \begin{align} \textrm{log}_{\omega,{\mathfrak p}}:\textrm{H}^{1}({\mathbf{Q}}_{p},V)\xrightarrow{\textrm{log}_{\mathbf{Q},V}}{\mathbf D}(V)\xrightarrow{\langle-,\omega_{E}\otimes t^{-1}\rangle_{\textrm{dR}}}{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}. \end{align} $$

For a global class ${\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(K_{\infty },V)$ , put

(4.10)

where $\text {Loc}_{{\mathfrak P}}:\widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(K_{\infty },V)\rightarrow \widehat {\text {H}}^{1}(\hat {K}_{\infty },V)$ is the restriction map, and let J be the augmentation ideal of .

Theorem 4.5. Let ${\mathbf z}\in \widehat {\mathrm{H}}^{1}(K_{\infty },V)$ and denote by $\mathfrak {r}$ be the largest integer r such that

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{{\mathfrak p}}({\mathbf z}))\in J^{r}\quad\mathrm{and}\quad\mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{{\mathfrak p}}(\overline{{\mathbf z}}))\in J^{r}, \end{align*} $$

where $\overline {{\mathbf z}}={\mathbf z}^{\tau }$ for the complex conjugation $\tau \in \mathrm {Gal}(K/\mathbf {Q})$ . Then for every $0<r\leqslant \mathfrak {r}$ , the class $z=\mathrm{pr}_{K}({\mathbf z})$ belongs to $ S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ , and for every $x\in S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ we have

$$ \begin{align*} h_{p}^{(r)}(z,x)&=-\frac{1-p^{-1}\alpha_{p}}{1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}}\cdot \left(\mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{\mathfrak p}({\mathbf z}))\cdot\log_{\omega,\mathfrak{p}}(x)+\mathrm{Col}^{\eta}(\mathrm{Loc}_{\mathfrak p}(\overline{{\mathbf z}}))\cdot\log_{\omega,\mathfrak{p}}(\overline{x})\right)\;(\mathrm{mod}\;{J^{r+1}}), \end{align*} $$

where $\overline {x}=x^{\tau }$ .

Proof. The inclusion $z\in S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ follows immediately from Theorem 4.2. Let $x\in S_{p}^{(r)}(E/K)$ and put

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathbf w}_{{\mathfrak P}}:=\textrm{cor}_{F_{\infty}/\hat K_{\infty}}({\mathbf w}^{\eta})\in \widehat{\textrm{H}}^{1}_{\textrm{fin}}(\hat K_{\infty},V). \end{align*} $$

Then, since $\dim _{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}\text {H}^{1}_{\text {fin}}({\mathbf {Q}}_{p},V)=1$ , we can write

$$ \begin{align*}\textrm{Loc}_{\mathfrak p}(x)=c\cdot \textrm{pr}_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}({\mathbf w}_{\mathfrak P}) \end{align*} $$

for some $c\in {\mathbf {Q}}_{p}$ . Since $\text {pr}_{{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}({\mathbf w}_{{\mathfrak P}})=\text {cor}_{F/{\mathbf {Q}}_{p}}({\mathbf w}^{\eta })$ , from Lemma 4.4 and (3.14) we see that

$$ \begin{align*}\langle \log_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p},V}(\textrm{pr}_{{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}}({\mathbf w}_{{\mathfrak P}})), \omega_{E}\otimes t^{-1}\rangle_{\textrm{dR}}=[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]\cdot\frac{1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}}{1-p^{-1}\alpha_{p}}, \end{align*} $$

from which we deduce that

$$ \begin{align*} c=\frac{1-p^{-1}\alpha_{p}}{1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}}\cdot [F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]^{-1}\cdot\log_{\omega_{E},{\mathfrak p}}(x). \end{align*} $$

Together with the formula in Theorem 4.2, this gives the equality

$$ \begin{align*} h_{p}^{(r)}(z,x)&=-\frac{1-p^{-1}\alpha_{p}}{1-\alpha_{p}^{-1}}\cdot[F:{\mathbf{Q}}_{p}]^{-1}\\ &\times\left(\sum_{\sigma\in\Gamma_{\infty}/\hat \Gamma_{\infty}}\log_{\omega_{E},{\mathfrak p}}(x)\cdot\langle \text{Loc}_{{\mathfrak P}}({\mathbf z}^{\sigma^{-1}}), {\mathbf w}_{{\mathfrak P}}\rangle_{\hat K_{\infty}}\sigma+ \log_{\omega_{E},{\mathfrak p}}(\overline{x})\cdot\langle \text{Loc}_{{\mathfrak P}}(\overline{{\mathbf z}}^{\sigma^{-1}}), {\mathbf w}_{{\mathfrak P}}\rangle_{\hat K_{\infty}}\sigma \right) \end{align*} $$

in $J^{r}/J^{r+1}$ . Since $h_{\boldsymbol {e}}\equiv 1\pmod {J}$ , as is immediate from the defining relation $\rho (1+X)=h_{\boldsymbol {e}}\cdot \boldsymbol {e}$ and the fact that $\boldsymbol {e}(0)=1$ , the result now follows from Proposition 4.3.

Setting

In the examples tabulated below, we take elliptic curves $E/\mathbf {Q}$ with

$$ \begin{align*} {\mathrm{ord}}_{s=1}L(E,s)=2=\operatorname{\mathrm{rank}}_{\mathbf{Z}}E(\mathbf{Q}) \end{align*} $$

of conductor $N\in \{q,2q\}$ , with q an odd prime and pairs $(p,-d)$ consisting of a prime $p>3$ and a squarefree integer $-d<0$ such that

• • $K=\mathbf {Q}(\sqrt {-d})$ has class number 1, q is inert in K and $L(E^{K},1)\neq 0$ ,

• • p splits in K and $E[p]$ is irreducible as a $G_{\mathbf {Q}}$ -module.

Note that such pairs $(p,-d)$ can be easily produced. Indeed, [Reference Ribet39, Thm. 1.1] implies that $E[p]$ must ramify at $N^{-}=q$ , and the irreducibility of $E[p]$ can be verified either by [Reference Mazur33] when $p\geqslant 11$ or by checking (from, e.g., Cremona’s tables) that E does not admit any rational m-isogenies for $m>3$ .

For every such triple $(E,p,-d)$ , there is a ring class character $\chi $ of K of $\ell $ -power conductor for some prime $\ell \nmid Np$ such that $L(E/K,\chi ,1)\neq 0$ . (In fact, there are infinitely many such $\chi $ , as follows from [Reference Vatsal48, Thm. 1.3] and its extension in [Reference Chida and Hsieh13, Thm. D].) Writing $\chi =\psi /\psi ^{\tau }$ and letting $g=\theta _{\psi }$ and $g^{*}=\theta _{\psi ^{-1}}$ , we then have the class

$$ \begin{align*} \kappa_{\alpha,\alpha^{-1}}(f,g,g^{*})\in\textrm{Sel}(\mathbf{Q},V_{p}E) \end{align*} $$

as in Subsection 5.2 (see Lemma 5.1). By Theorem B, to verify the nonvanishing of $\kappa _{\alpha ,\alpha ^{-1}}(f,g,g^{*})$ , it suffices to check that

(6.1) $$ \begin{align} \textrm{ord}_{T}(\Theta_{f/K})=2. \end{align} $$

Verifying order of vanishing $2$

Let B be the definite quaternion algebra over $\mathbf {Q}$ of discriminant q, let $R\subset B$ be an Eichler order of level $N/q$ and let $\text {Cl}(R)$ be the class group of R. Let

$$ \begin{align*} \phi_{f}:\textrm{Cl}(R)\to\mathbf{Z} \end{align*} $$

be the Hecke eigenfunction associated to f by Jacquet–Langlands, normalised so that $\phi _{f}\not \equiv 0\pmod {p}$ . Fix an isomorphism $i_{p}:R\otimes \mathbf {Z}_{p}\simeq \text {M}_{2}(\mathbf {Z}_{p})$ and an optimal embedding $\mathcal O_{K}\hookrightarrow R$ such that K is sent to a subspace consisting of diagonal matrices, and for $a\in \mathbf {Z}_{p}^{\times }$ and $n\geqslant 0$ put

$$ \begin{align*} r_{n}(a)=i_{p}^{-1}(\begin{pmatrix} 1&ap^{-n}\\ 0&1\end{pmatrix})\in \widehat B^{\times}, \end{align*} $$

where $\widehat B=B\otimes _{\mathbf {Z}}\widehat {\mathbf {Z}}$ is the adelic completion of B.

Consider the sequence $\{P^{a}_{n}\}_{n\geqslant 0}$ of right R-ideals given by $P_{n}^{a}:=(r_{n}(a)\widehat R)\cap B$ and define the nth theta element $\Theta _{f/K,n}\in \mathbf {Z}_{p}[T]$ by

$$ \begin{align*} \Theta_{f/K,n}:=\frac{1}{\alpha_{p}^{n+1}}\sum_{i=0}^{p^{n}-1}\sum_{a\in \mu_{p-1}}\left(\alpha_{p}\cdot\phi_{f}(P_{n}^{a{\mathbf u}^{i}})-\phi_{f}(P_{n+1}^{a{\mathbf u}^{i}})\right)(1+T)^{i},\end{align*} $$

where $\alpha _{p}$ is the p-adic unit root of $x^{2}-a_{p}(E)x+p$ and ${\mathbf u}=1+p$ .

By the definition of $\Theta _{f/K}$ (see, e.g., [Reference Bertolini and Darmon4, §2.7]), we have

$$ \begin{align*} \Theta_{f/K}&\equiv\Theta_{f/K,n}\pmod{(1+T)^{p^{n}}-1}. \end{align*} $$

Since $(p^{n},(1+T)^{p^{n}}-1)\subset (p^{n},T^{p})$ , in the examples listed in the following Tables 1 and 2 we could verify (6.1) by computing $\Theta _{f/K,n}\;\text {mod}\;(p^{n},T^{p})$ for $n=2$ and $3$ , respectively. The computations were done using the Brandt module package in SAGE.

Table 1 Examples with $\mathrm{ord}_{T}(\Theta _{f/K})=2$ determined mod $(p^{2},T^{p})$ .

Table 2 Examples with $\mathrm{ord}_{T}(\Theta _{f/K})=2$ determined mod $(p^{3},T^{p})$ .