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Pulmonary embolism in transit: direct visualization of a PE passing through the heart using bedside ultrasonography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2015

Daniel Joseph ,
Evelyn Lee ,
Ramin Tabatabai  and
Mikaela Chilstrom
Daniel Joseph*
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, LA County USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Evelyn Lee
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, LA County USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Ramin Tabatabai
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, LA County USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mikaela Chilstrom
Affiliation:
Department of Emergency Medicine, LA County USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
*
Correspondence to: Dr. Daniel Joseph, Department of Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1200 N. State St., Room 1060H, Los Angeles, CA 90033-1029; Email: daniel.adrian.joseph@gmail.com

Abstract

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Keywords

Pulmonary embolismpulmonary embolism in transitechocardiographypoint-of-care systems

Information

Type
Knowledge to Practice
Information
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , July 2016 , pp. 313 - 314
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 2015 

A 59-year-old man with a history of atrial fibrillation presented to the emergency department with several days of progressive dyspnea and three episodes of syncope. On physical examination, blood pressure was 154/124 mm Hg, pulse 149 beats/min, respiratory rate 28 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 83% on room air. He was diaphoretic (but speaking fluently), had clear lungs, a rapid, irregular heartbeat without murmurs, and bilateral lower extremity edema. An electrocardiogram confirmed atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, and a clinical ultrasound demonstrated no pericardial effusion, a moderately decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, no right ventricular (RV) strain, and a hyperechoic, mobile, serpiginous mass oscillating between the right atrium and right ventricle (Figures 1 and 2). Chest computed tomography (Figure 3) was performed to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of disease.

Figure 1

Apical four chamber view of the heart demonstrating a large thrombus in the right atrium extending across the tricuspid valve. RA=right atrium, RV=right ventricle, LA=left atrium, LV=left ventricle.

Figure 2

Apical five chamber view of the heart demonstrating thrombus in the right atrium (white arrow).

Pulmonary embolism (PE) in transit refers to the direct visualization of distal thrombi passing through the right side of the heart. Cases with this echocardiogram finding are associated with significantly worse mortality.Reference Torbicki, Galié and Covezzoli 1 Recommendations are limited, but favor thrombolysis or embolectomy rather than anticoagulation alone.Reference Fischer, Huis in ‘t Veld and Orland 2 Although typical echocardiogram findings suggestive of PE include RV strain and McConnell’s sign (RV free wall hypokinesis with preserved apical contractility),Reference McConnell, Solomon and Rayan 3 this patient had neither of these findings, but the presence of a right-sided thrombus confirmed the likely diagnosis of PE and allowed for prompt management. He received anticoagulation with heparin as well as fibrinolytics. His respiratory status improved throughout his hospitalization, and he was discharged on warfarin with cardiology and pulmonary follow-up.

Figure 3

Axial CT of the chest with contrast demonstrating pulmonary emboli in the right and left main pulmonary arteries.

Competing interests: None declared.

References

1. Torbicki, A, Galié, N, Covezzoli, A, et al. ICOPER Study Group. Right heart thrombi in pulmonary embolism: results from the International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41(12):2245-2251.Google Scholar
2. Fischer, JI, Huis in ‘t Veld, MA, Orland, M, et al. Diagnosis of near-fatal pulmonary embolus-in-transit with focused echocardiography. J Emerg Med 2013;45(2):232-235.Google Scholar
3. McConnell, MV, Solomon, SD, Rayan, ME, et al. Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol 1996;78(4):469-473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Figure 1 Apical four chamber view of the heart demonstrating a large thrombus in the right atrium extending across the tricuspid valve. RA=right atrium, RV=right ventricle, LA=left atrium, LV=left ventricle.

Figure 1

Figure 2 Apical five chamber view of the heart demonstrating thrombus in the right atrium (white arrow).

Figure 2

Figure 3 Axial CT of the chest with contrast demonstrating pulmonary emboli in the right and left main pulmonary arteries.