Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-x2lbr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-11T07:14:13.106Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae surface polysaccharides: their role in diagnosis and immunogenicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

J. Daniel Dubreuil ,
Mario Jacques ,
Khyali R. Mittal  and
Marcelo Gottschalk
J. Daniel Dubreuil*
Affiliation:
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, CanadaJ2S 7C6
Mario Jacques
Affiliation:
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, CanadaJ2S 7C6
Khyali R. Mittal
Affiliation:
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, CanadaJ2S 7C6
Marcelo Gottschalk
Affiliation:
Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 Sicotte C.P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, CanadaJ2S 7C6
*
*E-mail: daniel.dubreuil@umontreal.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is an important pig pathogen that is responsible for swine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection. Knowledge of the importance, composition and structural determination of the major antigens involved in virulence provides crucial information that could lead to the development of a rationale for the production of specific serodiagnostic tools as well as vaccine development. Thus, efforts have been devoted to study mainly A. pleuropneumoniaevirulence determinants with special emphasis on the Apx toxins (for A. pleuropneumoniaeRTX toxins). In comparison, little attention has been given to the surface polysaccharides, which include capsular polysaccharides (CPS) and cell-wall lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Here, we review current knowledge on CPS and LPS of A. pleuropneumoniae used as diagnostic tools to monitor the infection and as immunogens for inclusion in vaccine preparations for animal protection.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Health Research Reviews , Volume 1 , Issue 2 , December 2000 , pp. 73 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2000

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abe, N, Tachibana, S, Watanabe, T and Mizoi, S (1996). Epidemiology of swine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association 49: 523–527.Google Scholar
Abul-Milh, M, Paradis, S-É, Dubreuil, JD and Jacques, M (1999). Binding of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae lipopolysaccharides to glycosphingolipids evaluated by thin-layer chromatography. Infection and Immunity 67: 4983–4987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, E, Brisson, J-R and Perry, MB (1986). Structure of the O-chain of the lipopolysaccharides of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 64: 1317–1325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, E, Brisson, J-R, Bundle, DR and Perry, MB (1987). Structural studies of the O-chain of the phenol-phase soluble lipopolysaccharides from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 65: 876–889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altman, E, Griffith, DW and Perry, MB (1990). Structural studies of the O-chains of the lipopolysaccharides produced by strains of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68: 1268–1271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andresen, LO, Jacobsen, MJ and Nielsen, JP (1997). Experimental vaccination of pigs with an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5B capsular polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 38: 283–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bäckström, L (1999). Present uses of and experience with swine vaccines. Advances in Veterinary Medicine 41: 419–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélanger, M, Dubreuil, D, Harel, J, Girard, C and Jacques, M (1990). Role of lipopolysaccharides in adherence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to porcine tracheal rings. Infection and Immunity 58: 3523–3530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bélanger, M, Dubreuil, D and Jacques, M (1994). Proteins found within porcine respiratory tract secretions bind lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 62: 868–873CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertram, TA (1988). Pathobiology of acute pulmonary lesions in swine infected with Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 29: 574–577.Google ScholarPubMed
Bhatia, B, Mittal, KR and Frey, J (1991). Factors involved in immunity against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in mice. Veterinary Microbiology 29: 147–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackall, PJ, Bowles, R, Pahoff, JL and Smith, BN (1998). Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in 1993 to 1996. Australian Veterinary Journal 76: 39–43.Google Scholar
Bossé, TT, Johnson, RP and Rosendal, S (1990 a). Capsular polysaccharide antigens for detection of serotype specific antibodies to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 54: 320–325.Google ScholarPubMed
Bossé, JT, Johnson, RP and Rosendal, S (1990 b). Serodiagnosis of pleuropneumonia using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with capsular polysaccharide antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, 5 and 7. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 54: 427–431.Google Scholar
Bossé, JT, Johnson, RP, Nemec, M and Rosendal, S (1992). Protective local and systemic antibody responses of swine exposed to an aerosol of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Infection and Immunity 60: 479–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bossé, JT, Friendship, R, Rosendal, S and Fenwick, BW (1993). Development and evaluation of a mixed-antigen ELISA for serodiagnosis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 5, and 7 infections in commercial herds. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5: 359–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouh, KCS and Mittal, KR (1999). Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 strains by using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Veterinary Microbiology 66: 67–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandreth, SR and Smith, IM (1985). Prevalence of pig herds affected by pleuropneumonia associated with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in Eastern England. Veterinary Record 117: 143–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandreth, SR and Smith, IM (1987). Comparative virulence of some English strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2 and 3 in the pig. Research in Veterinary Science 42: 187–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrd, W and Kadis, S (1989). Structures and sugar composition of lipopolysaccharides isolated from seven Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Infection and Immunity 57: 3901–3906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrd, W and Kadis, S (1992). Preparation, characterization, and immunogenicity of conjugate vaccines directed against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae virulence determinants. Infection and Immunity 60: 3042–3051.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Byrd, W, Harmon, BG and Kadis, S (1992). Protective efficacy of conjugate vaccines against experimental challenge with porcine Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 34: 307–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, C, Yamamoto, K, Konishi, S and Ogata, M (1978). Isolation and antigenic characterization of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus from porcine pneumonia. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 40: 103–107.Google ScholarPubMed
Chang, CF and Chang, W D (1994). Isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from nasal cavities of healthy pigs. Journal of the Chinese Society for Veterinary Science 20: 183–187.Google Scholar
Ciprian, CA, Medina, AG, Fuentes, RM, Pijoan, AC, Torres, AO, Colmenares, VG and Camacho, MJ (1988). Serotyping of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae isolates from pigs in Mexico. Veterinaria (Mexico) 19: 205–210.Google Scholar
Cruijsen, T, van Leengoed, LAMG, Ham-Hoffies, M and Verheijden, JHM (1995). Convalescent pigs are protected completely against infection with a homologous Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain but incompletely against a heterologous-serotype strain. Infection and Immunity 63: 2341–2343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desrosiers, R, Mittal, KR and Malo, R (1984). Porcine pleuropneumonia associated with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3 in Quebec. Veterinary Record 115: 628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diazi, C, Gonzalez, M, Zimenez, E and Stephano, A (1988). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs in Mexico. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p. 75.Google Scholar
Dubreuil, JD, Letellier, A, Stenbaek, E and Gottschalk, M (1996). Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 strains using a monoclonal-based polystyrene agglutination test. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 60: 69–71.Google ScholarPubMed
Eaves, L and Blackall, PJ (1988). Serological characterization of Australian isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Australian Veterinary Journal 65: 379–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fales, WH, Morehouse, LF, Mittal, KR, Knudsen, CB, Nelson, SL, Kinter, LD, Turk, JR, Turk, MA, Brown, TP and Shaw, DP (1989). Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae recovered from Missouri swine. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1: 16–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falk, K, Hoie, S and Lium, BM (1991). An abattoir survey of pneumonia and pleuritis in slaughter weight swine from 9 selected herds. II. Enzootic pneumonia of pigs. Microbiological findings and their relationship to pathomorphology. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 32: 67–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, BW and Osburn, BI (1986 a). Immune responses to the lipopolysaccharides and capsular polysaccharides of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in convalescent and immunized pigs. Infection and Immunity 54: 575–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenwick, BW and Osburn, BI (1986 b). Vaccine potential of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. Infection and Immunity 54: 583–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, BW, Cullor, JS, Osburn, BI and Olander, H J (1986 a). Mechanisms involved in the protection provided by immunization against core lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli J5 from lethal Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infections in swine. Infection and Immunity 53: 298–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, BW, Osburn, BI, Cullor, JS, Henry, SC and Olander, HJ (1986 b). Mortality in swine herds endemically infected with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae: effect of immunization with cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide core antigens of Escherichia coli. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1888–1891.Google ScholarPubMed
Fenwick, BW, Osburn, BI and Olander, HJ (1986 c). Isolation and biological characterization of two lipopolysaccharides and a capsular-enriched polysaccharide preparation from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. American Journal of Veterinary Research 47: 1433–1441.Google Scholar
Ferri, EER, Gutiérrez, CB, Vazquez, JA, Tascon, RI, Garcia Pena, JA and Fuente, R (1990). Isolation and characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains from swine pneumonia and pleuropneumonia in Spain. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, p. 29.Google Scholar
Fodor, L, Varga, J, Molnar, E and Hajtos, I (1989). Biochemical and serological properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 2 strains isolated from swine. Veterinary Microbiology 20: 173–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, J (1995). Virulence in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and RTX toxins. Trends in Microbiology 3: 257–261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frey, J, Bosse, JT, Chang, Y-F, Cullen, JM, Fenwick, B, Gerlach, G-F, Gygi, D, Haesebrouck, F, Inzana, TJ, Jansen, R, Kamp, EM, Macdonald, J, MacInnes, JI, Mittal, KR, Nicolet, J, Rycroft, AN, Segers, RPAM, Smits, MA, Stenbaek, E, Struck, DK, van den Bosch, JF, Willson, PJ and Young, R (1993). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX-toxins: uniform designation of haemolysins, cytolysins, pleurotoxin and their genes. Journal of General Microbiology 139: 1723–1728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukuyasu, T, Saito, K and Ashida, K (1996). Serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs with pneumoniae. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association 49: 528–532.Google Scholar
Furesz, SE, Mallard, BA, Bossé, JT, Rosendal, S, Wilkie, BN and Macinnes, JI (1997). Antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected and bacterin-vaccinated pigs. Infection and Immunity 65: 358–365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gagné, A, Lacouture, S, Broes, A, D'Allaire, S and Gottschalk, M (1998). Development of an immunomagnetic method for selective isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 from tonsils. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 251–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galarneau, C, Rioux, S and Jacques, M (2000). Core oligosaccharide mutants of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 obtained by mini-Tn10 mutagenesis. Pathogenesis 1: 253–264.Google Scholar
Gottschalk, M, De Lasalle, F, Radacovici, S and Dubreuil, JD (1994 a). Evaluation of long-chain lipopolysaccharides (LC-LPS) of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 for the serodiagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Microbiology 38: 315–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottschalk, M, Altman, E, Charland, N, De Lasalle, F and Dubreuil, JD (1994 b). Evaluation of a saline boiled extract, capsular polysaccharides and long-chain lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 as antigens for the serodiagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Microbiology 42: 91–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottschalk, M, Altman, E, Lacouture, S, De Lasalle, F and Dubreuil, JD (1997). Serodiagnosis of swine pleuropneumonia due to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 7 and 4 using long-chain lipopolysaccharides. Canadian Veterinary Research 61: 62–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Gottschalk, M, Lebrun, A, Lacouture, S, Harel, J, Forget, C and Mittal, KR (2000). Atypical Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates which share antigenic determinants with both serotypes 1 and 7. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12: 444–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goyette, G, Larivière, S, Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Martineau, G-P (1986). Comparison of CFT, ELISA and tube agglutination test with 2-ME in pigs from herds with or without Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection. International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Barcelona, Spain, p. 258.Google Scholar
Gram, T, Ahrens, P and Nielsen, JP (1996). Evaluation of a PCR for detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in mixed bacterial cultures from tonsils. Veterinary Microbiology 51: 95–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gram, T and Ahrens, P (1998). Improved diagnostic PCR assay for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae based on the nucleotide sequence of an outer membrane lipoprotein. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36: 443–448.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnarsson, A (1979 a). Evaluation of different antigens in the complement-fixation test for a diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (parahaemolyticus) infections in swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 40: 1564–1567.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunnarsson, A (1979 b). Serologic studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): extraction of type specific antigens. American Journal of Veterinary Research 40: 469–472.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunnarsson, A, Biberstein, EL and Hurvell, B (1977). Serological studies on porcine strains of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): agglutination reactions. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38: 1111–1114.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunnarsson, A, Hurvell, B and Biberstein, EL (1978). Serologic studies of Haemophilus parahaemolyticus (pleuropneumoniae): antigenic specificity and relationship between serotypes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 39: 1286–1292.Google ScholarPubMed
Gutierrez, CB, Tascon, RI, Vazquez, JA and Rodriguez Ferri, EF (1991). Cross-reactivity between Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes comparing different antigens and serological tests. Research in Veterinary Science 50: 308–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gutierrez, CB, Rodriguez Barbosa, JI, Tascon, RI, Costa, L, Riera, P and Rodriguez Ferri, EF (1995). Serological characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pigs in Spain. Veterinary Record 137: 62–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habrun, B, Frey, J, Bilic, V, Nicolet, J and Humski, A (1998). Prevalence of serotypes and toxin types of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs in Croatia. Veterinary Record 143: 255–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haesebrouck, F, Chiers, K, Van Overbeke, I and Ducatelle, R (1997). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infections in pigs: the role of virulence factors in pathogenesis and protection. Veterinary Microbiology 58: 239–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hensel, A, Pabst, R, Bunka, S and Petzoldt, K (1994). Oral and aerosol immunization with viable or inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: antibody response to capsular polysaccharides in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and sera of pigs. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 96: 91–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoffman, LJ, Carballo, JP and Henderson, LM (1985). Clinical, bacteriologic and serologic features of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae outbreaks in Iowa swine. 28th Annual Proceedings of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, pp. 211–224.Google Scholar
Hommez, J, Devriese, LA, Cassimon, P and Castryck, F (1988). Serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains isolated in Belgium. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 57: 46–52.Google Scholar
Hommez, J, Devriese, LA, Castryck, F and Cassimon, P (1990). Slide precipitation: a simple method to type Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Microbiology 24: 123–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hung, HH, Hung, HT, Chen, WL and Tsung, TM (1991). Studies on the serotyping and drug sensitivity of porcine Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Taiwan Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health 58: 59–67.Google Scholar
Hunter, D and Livingstone, J (1986). Detection of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae antigens using the coagglutination test. Veterinary Record 118: 129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, D, Jones, MA and McKendry, T (1983). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolates using ring precipitate test. Veterinary Record 113: 158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inzana, TJ (1990). Capsules and virulence in the HAP group of bacteria. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 54: S22-S27.Google ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ (1991). Virulence properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbial Pathogenesis 11: 305–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ and Mathison, B (1987). Serotype specificity and immunogenicity of the capsular polymer of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype. Infection and Immunity 55: 1580–1587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ, Ma, J, Workman, T, Gogolewski, RP and Anderson, P (1988). Virulence properties and protective efficacy of the capsular polymer of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. Infection and Immunity 56: 1880–1889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ, Clark, GF and Todd, J (1990). Detection of serotype-specific antibodies or capsular antigen of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by a double-label radioimmunoassay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28: 312–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ, Todd, J, Koch, C and Nicolet, J (1992). Serotype specificity of immunological assays for the capsular polymer of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 9. Veterinary Microbiology 31: 351–362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inzana, TJ, Todd, J and Veit, HP (1993). Safety, stability, and efficacy of noncapsulated mutants of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae for use in live vaccines. Infection and Immunity 61: 1682–1686.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobsen, M and Nielsen, JP (1995). Development and evaluation of a selective and indicative medium for isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae from tonsils. Veterinary Microbiology 47: 191–197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacques, M (1996). Role of lipo-oligosaccharides and lipopolysaccharides in bacterial adherence. Trends in Microbiology 4: 408–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacques, M and Paradis, SE (1998). Adhesin-receptor interactions in Pasteurellaceae. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 22: 45–59.Google ScholarPubMed
Jacques, M, Foiry, B, Higgins, R and Mittal, KR (1988). Electron microscopic examination of capsular material from various serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Journal of Bacteriology 170: 3314–3318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacques, M, Rioux, S, Paradis, S-E, Bégin, C and Gottschalk, M (1996). Identification of two core types in lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae representing serotypes 1 to 12. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42: 855–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, AE and Bertram, TA (1986). Morphological and biochemical comparison of virulent and avirulent isolates of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5. Infection and Immunity 51: 419–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolie, RAV, Mulks, MH and Thacker, BJ (1995). Cross-protection experiments in pigs vaccinated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae subtypes 1A and 1B. Veterinary Microbiology 45: 383–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamp, EM, Popma, JK and Van Leengoed LAMG (1987). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in the Netherlands, with emphasis on heterogeneity within serotype 1 and (proposed) serotype 9. Veterinary Microbiology 13: 249–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kielstein, P and Wuthe, HH (1998). Isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, and related bacteria from the organs of pigs from Schleswig-Holstein (Germany) examined post mortem. Tierärztliche Umschau 53: 250–258.Google Scholar
Komal, JPS and Mittal, KR (1990 a). Grouping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 1 through 12 on the basis of their virulence in mice. Veterinary Microbiology 25: 229–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komal, JPS and Mittal, KR (1990 b). Studies on the interaction of two different serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Comparative Immunology and Microbiology of Infectious Diseases 13: 25–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korvuo, A, Lindberg, LA and Schroder, J (1988). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to serotype specific antigens of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 29: 225–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kroll, JS, Loynds, B, Brophy, LN and Moxon, ER (1990). The bex locus in encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae: a chromosomal region involved in capsule polysaccharide export. Molecular Microbiology 4: 1853–1862.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, R, Anderson, TJ, MacInnes, J, Nicolet, J and Frey, J (1998). Characterization of a novel RTX determinant, apx IV, in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In: Hacker, J, Alouf, JE, Brand, BC, Falmagne, P, Freer, JH, Gross, R, Heesemann, J, Locht, C, Montecucco, C, Olsnes, S, Rappuoli, R, Reidl, J and Wadström, T (eds), Bacterial protein toxins. Ulm. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Supplement 29. Jena: Gustav Fischer, pp. 51–52.Google Scholar
Kume, K, Ngano, I and Nakai, T (1986). Bacteriological serological and pathological examination of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in 200 slaughtered pigs. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 48: 965–970.Google ScholarPubMed
Lacouture, S, Mittal, KR, Jacques, M and Gottschalk, M (1997). Serotyping Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 9: 337–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lairini, K, Stenbaek, E, Lacouture, S and Gottschalk, M (1995). Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Veterinary Microbiology 46: 369–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebrun, A, Lacouture, S, Coté, D, Mittal, KR and Gottschalk, M (1999). Identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 7 and 4 using monoclonal antibodies: demonstration of common LPS O-chain epitopes with Actinobacillus lignieresii. Veterinary Microbiology 65: 271–282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lida, J, Smith, IM and Nicolet, J (1990). Use of monoclonal antibodies for classifying Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. Research in Veterinary Science 49: 8–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loftager, M-K and Eriksen, L (1993). Antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 in mucosal secretions and sera of infected pigs as demonstrated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Research in Veterinary Science 54: 57–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lombin, LH, Rosendal, S and De Moor, J (1985). Biochemical and serological identification of strains of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Microbiology 10: 393–397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacInnes, JI and Rosendal, S (1987). Analysis of major antigens of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae and related organisms. Infection and Immunity 55: 1626–1634.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manzat, RM, Tataru, D and Catana, D (1987). Serological identification of types of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolated from pigs. Produccion Animale e Zootecnia Medicina e Veterinaria 37: 38–42.Google Scholar
Martelli, P, Guadagnini Foccoli, E and Ballarini, G (1996). Efficacy of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae subunit vaccine in the control of pleuropneumonia: a field trial. International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Bologna, Italy, p. 214.Google Scholar
McDowell, SWJ and Ball, HJ (1994). Serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in the British isles. Veterinary Record 134: 522–523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR (1990). Cross-reactions between Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 1 and 9. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28: 535–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR and Bourdon, S (1991). Cross-reactivity and antigenic heterogeneity among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 4 and 7. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29: 1344–1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1982). Evaluation of slide agglutination and ring precipitation tests for capsular serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 15: 1019–1023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière, S (1983 a). Determination of antigenic specificity and relationship among Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotypes by an indirect haemagglutination test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 17: 787–790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière, S (1983 b). Identification and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by coagglutination test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18: 1351–1354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière, S (1983 c). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and detection of type specific antigens in the lungs of infected pigs by coagglutination and ring precipitation tests. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, pp. 411–419.Google Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1983 d). Detection of type specific antigens in the lungs of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs by coagglutination test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 18: 1355–1357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R, Larivière, S and Leblanc, D (1984). A 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 45: 715–719.Google ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1987 a). An evaluation of agglutination and coagglutination techniques for serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae isolates. American Journal of Veterinary Research 48: 219–226.Google ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R, Larivière, S and Martineau, G-P (1987 b). Effect of heat treatment on the surface antigens of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Veterinary Record 120: 62–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1988 a). Quantification of serotype and cross reacting group specific antigens by coagglutination and immunodiffusion tests for different Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains belonging to cross reacting serotypes 3, 6 and 8. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26: 985–989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1988 b). Some serological properties of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 1 through 5. Current Microbiology 17: 305–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1988 c). Serological studies of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains of serotype 3 and their antigenic relationship with other Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes in swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49: 152–155.Google ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1988 d). Serological studies of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains of serotype 6 and their antigenic relationship with other serotypes. Veterinary Record 122: 199–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R and Larivière S (1989). Serological studies of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae strains of serotype 8 and their antigenic relationship with other A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. American Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 259–262.Google Scholar
Mittal, KR, Higgins, R, Larivière, S and Nadeau, M (1992). Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pigs in Québec. Veterinary Microbiology 32: 135–148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Kamp, E M and Kobisch, M (1993 a). Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotypes 1, 9 and 11. Research in Veterinary Science 55: 179–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mittal, KR, Bourdon, S and Berrouard, M (1993 b). Evaluation of counterimmunoelectrophoresis for serotyping Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates and detection of type specific antigens in lungs of infected pigs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31: 2339–2342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mittal, KR, Bourdon, S and Higgins, R (1998). Évolution de la distribution des différents sérotypes d'Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae provenant de porcs malades au Québec. Le Médécine Vétérinaire du Québec 28: 21–22.Google Scholar
Molenda, J (1988). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 44: 592–595.Google Scholar
Molnar, E (1990). Survey of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae infection in swine by different methods. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 38: 231–238.Google ScholarPubMed
Molnar, L (1992). Occurrence of serotypes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae biotype 1 in Hungary and its practical importance. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 47: 374–378.Google Scholar
Montaraz, JA, Fenwick, B, Hill, H and Rider, M (1996). Evaluating antibody isotype-specific ELISA, complement fixation, and Apx I hemolysin neutralization tests to detect serum antibodies in pigs infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Swine Health and Production 4: 79–83.Google Scholar
Muller, E, Korte, G and Petzoldt, K (1986). Isolation and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in northwestern Germany. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Barcelona, Spain, p. 261.Google Scholar
Munford, RD (1991). How do animal phagocytes process bacterial lipopolysaccharides? APMIS 99: 487–491.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mutharia, LM, Crockford, G, Bogard, WC Jr and Hancock, RE (1984). Monoclonal antibodies specific for Escherichia coli J5 lipopolysaccharide: cross-reaction with other gram-negative bacterial species. Infection and Immunity 45: 631–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakai, T, Kawahara, K, Danbara, H and Kume, K (1992). Identification of the cross–reacting antigen among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains of serotype 1, 9 and 11 by use of monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 54: 707–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicolet, J (1971). Haemophilus infection in pigs. 3. Serological studies on Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene 216: 487–495.Google ScholarPubMed
Nicolet, J (1988). Taxonomy and serological identification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Canadian Veterinary Journal 29: 578–580.Google ScholarPubMed
Nicolet, J (1992). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. In: Leman, AD, Straw, BE, Mengeling, WL, D'Allaire, S and Taylor, DJ (eds). Diseases of swine, 7th edn. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, pp. 401–408.Google Scholar
Nicolet, J, Paroz, P, Krawinkler, M and Baumgartner, A (1981). An enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, using an EDTS–extracted antigen for the serology of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 2139–2142.Google ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, R (1976). Pleuropneumonia in swine caused by Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. Studies on the protection obtained by vaccination. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 28: 337–348.Google ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, R (1979). Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae: serotypes, pathogenicity, and cross immunity. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 31: 407–413.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R (1982). Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R (1985). Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae diagnosis, immunity, and control. Proceedings of the American Association of Swine Practitioners, 18–22.Google Scholar
Nielsen, R (1987). Serological characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains and proposal of a new serotype: serotype 12. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 27: 453–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nielsen, R (1990). New diagnostic techniques: a review of the HAP group of bacteria. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 54: S68-S72.Google ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, R (1995). Detection of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, serotype 2 in porcine colostrum using a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay specific for serotype 2. Veterinary Microbiology 43: 277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, R and Mandrup, M (1977). Pleuropneumonia in swine caused by Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. A study of the epidemiology of the infection. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 29: 465–473.Google ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, R, Plambeck, T and Foged, N T (1993). Blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 8. Veterinary Microbiology 34: 131–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olander, HJ (1963). Septicemic disease in swine and its causative agent, Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. PhD Thesis, University of California, Davis, California, USA.Google Scholar
Olivares, P and Morgado, A (1988). Isolation and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in three porcine pleuropneumonia outbreaks in central Chile. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria de Chile 20: 147–152.Google Scholar
Ontiveros-Corpus, L, Camacho Machin, J and Alvarez De La Cuadra, JJA (1995). Correlation between serotyping and isolation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Técnica Pecuaria en Mexico 33: 1–7.Google Scholar
Paradis, S-É, Dubreuil, D, Rioux, S and Jacques, M (1994). High-molecular-mass lipopolysaccharides are involved in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae adherence to porcine respiratory tract cells. Infection and Immunity 62: 3311–3319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradis, S-É, Dubreuil, D and Jacques, M (1996). Examination of surface polysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 grown under iron-restricted conditions. FEMS Microbiology Letters 137: 201–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradis, S-É, Dubreuil, JD, Gottschalk, M, Archambault, M and Jacques, M (1999). Inhibition of adherence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to porcine respiratory tract cells by monoclonal antibodies directed against LPS and partial characterization of the LPS receptors. Current Microbiology 39: 313–320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, MB, Altman, E, Brisson, J-R, Beynon, LM and Richards, JC (1990). Structural characteristics of the antigenic capsular polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides involved in the serological classification of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains. Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy of Infectious Diseases 4: 299–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piffer, IA, Carter, GR and Botovchenco, AA (1986). Identification of serotypes of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Veterinary Record 118: 292–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piffer, IA, Klein, C, Favero, M and Figueiredo, JO (1997). Biochemical and serological characterization of strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated in Brazil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 49: 123–129.Google Scholar
Pinda, Y, Lopez, AD, Aponte, FD, Parra, CD and Santader, J (1996). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes isolated from pigs in Venezuela and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Veterinaria Tropica 21: 35–47.Google Scholar
Pohl, S, Bertschinger, HU, Frederiksen, W and Mannheim, W (1983). Transfer of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and the Pasteurella haemolytica-like organism causing porcine necrotic pleuropneumonia to the genus Actinobacillus (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae comb. nov.) on the basis of phenotypic and deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 33: 510–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, SB, Quigley, FC, Pritcherd, DG and Croston, P (1983). Porcine pleuropneumoniae associated with Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 3 in the Republic of Ireland. Veterinary Record 113: 113–114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radacovici, S, Lallier, R, Larivière, S and Dubreuil, JD (1992). Biochemical characterization of an antigenic saline extract of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 and identification of a serotype-specific antigen for ELISA serodiagnosis. Veterinary Microbiology 30: 369–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radacovici, S, Gottschalk, M and Dubreuil, JD (1994). Lipopolysaccharides of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (serotype 1): a readily obtainable antigen for ELISA serodiagnosis of pig pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Microbiology 39: 219–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapp, VJ, Ross, RF and Erickson, BZ (1985). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by rapid slide agglutination and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 46: 185–192.Google ScholarPubMed
Rapp, VJ, Munson, RS and Ross, RF (1986). Outer membrane proteins profiles of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Infection and Immunity 52: 414–420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rioux, S, Dubreuil, D, Bégin, C, Laferrière, C, Martin, D and Jacques, M (1997). Evaluation of protective efficacy of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 lipopolysaccharide-protein conjugate in mice. Comparative Immunology and Microbiology of Infectious Diseases 20: 63–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rioux, S, Girard, C, Dubreuil, JD, and Jacques, M (1998). Evaluation of protective efficacy of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 detoxified lipopolysaccharides or O-polysaccharide-protein conjugate in pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 65: 165–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rioux, S, Galarneau, C, Harel, J, Frey, J, Nicolet, J, Kobisch, M, Dubreuil, JD and Jacques, M (1999). Isolation and characterization of mini-Tn10 lipopolysaccharide mutants of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45: 1017–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rioux, S, Galarneau, C, Harel, J, Kobisch, M, Frey, J, Gottschalk, M, and Jacques, M (2000). Isolation and characterization of a capsule-deficient mutant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Microbial Pathogenesis 28: 279–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S and MacInnes, JI (1990). Characterization of an attenuated strain of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, serotype 1. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 711–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S, Carpenter, DS, Mitchell, WR and Wilson, MR (1981 a). Vaccination against pleuropneumonia of pigs caused by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. Canadian Veterinary Journal 22: 34–35.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S, Lombin, L and De Moor, J (1981 b). Serotyping and detection of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 45: 271–274.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S, Boyd, DA and Gilbride, KA (1985). Comparative virulence of porcine Haemophilus bacteria. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 49: 68–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Rosendal, S, Miniatis, OP and Sinclair, P (1986). Protective efficacy of capsule extracts of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in pigs and mice. Veterinary Microbiology 12: 229–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rycroft, AN and Cullen, JM (1990). Complement resistance in Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae infection in swine. American Journal of Veterinary Research 51: 1449–1453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saze, K, Kinoshita, C, Shiba, F, Haga, Y, Sudo, T and Hashimoto, K (1994). Effect of passive immunization with serotype- specific monoclonal antibodies on Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection of mice. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 56: 97–102.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schaller, A, Kuhn, R, Kuhnert, P, Nicolet, J, Anderson, TJ, MacInnes, JI, Segers, RPAM and Frey, J (1999). Characterization of apxIVA, a new RTX determinant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiology 145: 2105–2116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schiefer, B and Greenfield, J (1974). Porcine Haemophilus parahaemolyticus pneumonia in Saskatchewan. II. Bacteriological and experimental studies. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 38: 105–110.Google Scholar
Schimmel, D and Hass, R (1983). Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae strains. Archives of Experimental Veterinary Medicine 37: 549–551.Google ScholarPubMed
Schultz, RA, Ross, RF, Gunnarsson, A and Nielsen, R (1983). Serotyping 50 different isolates of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae from swine pneumonia in Iowa and surrounding states. Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician 78: 1451–1453.Google Scholar
Sidibé, M, Messier, S, Larivière, S, Gottschalk, M and Mittal, KR (1993). Detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in the porcine upper respiratory tract as a complement to serological tests. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 57: 204–208.Google ScholarPubMed
Sidoli, L, Barigazzi, G and Schianchi, P (1987). La pleuropneumonité da ‘Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae’ in Italia. Selezione Veterinaria 28: 21–37.Google Scholar
Skollova, Z and Gois, M (1987). Identification of Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumoniae strains by the coagglutination test. Veterinarni Medicina (Czechoslovakia) 32: 469–477.Google ScholarPubMed
Stenbaek, EI, De LaSalle, F and Gottschalk, M (1997). Detection of antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 using an inhibition enzyme immunoassay. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 61: 1–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Tadjne, M and Mittal, KR (2001). Study of antigen heterogeneity among Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 7 strains. Veterinary Microbiology 78: 49–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarasiuk, K, Pejsak, Z, Palka, E and Blaszczyk, B (1991). Acute form of pleuropneumonia in pigs caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 9. Medecyna Weterynaryjna 47: 348–350.Google Scholar
Tascon, RI, Vazquez-Boland, JA, Gutiérrez-Martin, CB, Rodriguez-Barbosa, JI and Rodriguez-Ferri, EF (1996). Virulence factors of the swine pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiologia SEM 12: 171–184.Google ScholarPubMed
Utrera, V, Pijoan, C, Gallardo, A and Marino, L (1988). Serotyping of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by paper chromatography test. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p. 75.Google Scholar
Vaillancourt, J-P, Martineau, G-P, Larivière, S, Higgins, R and Mittal, KR (1988). Serological follow-up in breeding herds infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 using the tube agglutination test with 2-mercaptoethanol. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 6: 263–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Bosch, JF, Jongenelen, IMCA, Pubben, ANB, van Vugt, FGA and Segers, RPAM (1992). Protection induced by a trivalent A. pleuropneumoniae subunit vaccine. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, The Hague, Netherlands, p. 80.Google Scholar
Vena, MM, Miquet, JM and Nardone, P (1988). Detection and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae in lungs in pigs in Argentina by coagglutination test. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p. 194.Google Scholar
Vena, MM, Mique, TJM, Nardone, P and Mittal, KR (1997). Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 12 associated with an outbreak of porcine pleuropneumonia in Argentina. VII Latino American Congress of Veterinary SpecialistsArgentina, p. 1602.Google Scholar
Ward, CK and Inzana, TJ (1994). Resistance of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to bactericidal antibody and complement is mediated by capsular polysaccharide and blocking antibody specific for lipopolysaccharide. Journal of Immunology 153: 2110–2121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, CK and Inzana, TJ (1997). Identification and characterization of a DNA region involved in the export of capsular polysaccharide of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5a. Infection and Immunity 65: 2491–2496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, CK, Lawrence, ML, Veit, HP and Inzana, TJ (1998). Cloning and mutagenesis of a serotype-specific DNA region involved in encapsulation and virulence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5a: concomitant expression of serotype 5a and 1 capsular polysaccharides in recombinant A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Infection and Immunity 66: 3326–3336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willson, PJ, Schipper, C and Morgan, D (1988). The use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. Canadian Veterinary Journal 29: 583–587.Google ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, K and Ogata, M (1980). The use of agglutination test in the serological diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs. International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark, p. 218.Google Scholar
Yeh, JG (1990). Serotyping and detection of H. pleuropneumoniae by coagglutination in Korea. Proceedings of the International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Lausanne, Switzerland, p. 33.Google Scholar