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Do risk factors for suicidal behavior differ by affective disorder polarity?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 July 2008

J. G. Fiedorowicz ,
A. C. Leon ,
M. B. Keller ,
D. A. Solomon ,
J. P. Rice  and
W. H. Coryell
J. G. Fiedorowicz*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
A. C. Leon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
M. B. Keller
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
D. A. Solomon
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
J. P. Rice
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
W. H. Coryell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
*
*Address for correspondence: J. G. Fiedorowicz, M.D., M.S., 200 Hawkins Drive W278 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. (Email: jess-fiedorowicz@uiowa.edu)
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Abstract

Background

Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort.

Method

Participants with major affective disorders in the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Collaborative Depression Study (CDS) were followed prospectively for up to 25 years. A total of 909 participants meeting prospective diagnostic criteria for major depressive and bipolar disorders were followed through 4204 mood cycles. Suicidal behavior was defined as suicide attempts or completions. Mixed-effects, grouped-time survival analysis assessed risk of suicidal behavior and differential effects of risk factors for suicidal behavior by polarity. In addition to polarity, the main effects of age, gender, hopelessness, married status, prior suicide attempts and active substance abuse were modeled, with mood cycle as the unit of analysis.

Results

After controlling for age of onset, there were no differences in prior suicide attempts by polarity although bipolar participants had more prior severe attempts. During follow-up, 40 cycles ended in suicide and 384 cycles contained at least one suicide attempt. Age, hopelessness and active substance abuse but not polarity predicted suicidal behavior. The effects of risk factors did not differ by polarity.

Conclusions

Bipolarity does not independently influence risk of suicidal behavior or alter the influence of well-established suicide risk factors within affective disorders. Suicide risk assessment strategies may continue to appraise these common risk factors without regard to mood polarity.

Keywords

Adultbipolar disordercompleted suicidemajor depressionprospective cohort studyrisk factors

Information

Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 39 , Issue 5 , May 2009 , pp. 763 - 771
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

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