Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-74d7c59bfc-2tr8t Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-02-09T17:14:20.305Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2026

Edited by
Sandrine Baume  and
David Ragazzoni
Sandrine Baume
Affiliation:
Université de Lausanne
David Ragazzoni
Affiliation:
University of Toronto

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Hans Kelsen on Constitutional Democracy
Genesis, Theory, Legacies
 , pp. 373 - 381
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

absolutism
moral, 23, 293, 295, 297–298, 315
political, 160, 276–277, 293–298, 316, 320
anti-absolutist strategy, 161
Abts, K., 34–36
accountability, 16, 18–20, 32–34, 36, 168, 170, 313, 328
Adenauer, K., 184–185
Alighieri, D., 38, 43–72, 114
judge-emperor, 61–62, 64, 71
amendment, constitutional, 189, 191, 211, 240, 260, 342
clause, 201
American Revolution (1775), 282
anarchism, 9
Anschütz, Gerhard, 103
anti-Kelsenianism, 265–268, 272, 275, 278, 289
antisemitism, 81
persecution of Jews, 337
Aristotle, 52–56, 58, 268, 275, 282, 296, 324
association, voluntary, 150, 162, 168
atomisation of politics, 17, 92, 133, 155, 186
anti-whole-ism, 157
Austin, J. (jurist), 246
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 9, 24, 60, 73, 94, 100, 107, 130, 132, 364, 370
authoritarianism, 10, 115, 140, 166, 172, 275–277, 320, 327, 332, 356
authoritarian democracy, 314
authoritarian states, 269
populist, 288–291
quasi-, 184
Trumpian, 265–268
autocracy, 19–21, 39, 76–77, 79, 83–84, 92, 147, 151, 156–158, 167, 210, 230–231, 241, 246, 267, 275–277, 279, 282–284, 286, 288–289, 293–294, 298–299, 309, 311–313, 316, 320, 325, 342, 345, 355
aristocratic-autocratic, 18, 163, 176, 178, 184, 187
autocratic administration, 101, 111
autocratic critique of democracy, 157
autocratic government, 9
autocratic outlook, 278
autocratic regime, 23
autocratic state, 270
autocratic threat, 265
autonomy, 12, 56, 61, 150, 153–155, 165, 209, 276, 299, 305, 368
formal, 253
heteronomy, 12, 28, 31, 127–136, 138, 140–144, 154, 172, 209–212, 257, 300–301, 304, 325
liberty as, 222–223
political, 24, 27, 178, 191–192
principle of, 167
bargaining, 322
basic norm, 365
behaviouralism, 3
Berufsverbot, 359
bicameralism, 234
Bobbio, N., 154, 169, 305
Bodin, J., 50, 66, 161
Bolshevism, 7, 9–10, 77–82, 111–112, 115, 128–129, 147, 368–369
anti-, 363
bourgeoisie, 77, 129–130, 141, 314
Brexit, 330
capitalism, 7, 10, 82–83, 88, 148, 371
CDU. See Christian Democratic Union of Germany
checks and balances, 32, 115, 226
Christian Democratic Union of Germany, 184–185
Christianity, 50, 52, 55, 61, 81, 138–139, 158
Christ, 55, 58
Christian hermeneutics, 55
Christian theology, 158
Christian values, 139
civitas maxima, 44, 61
Church, the, 57–58, 63, 66, 68, 89, 298
Roman Catholic Church, 48, 298
citizenship, 19, 159
citizenry, 158, 191–192, 215, 326, 335
class, 23–24, 80, 130, 221
analysis, 92
classicism, 279
conflict, 89
oppression, 129
political, 164, 327, 334
ruling, 265
social, 139–140
struggle, 26, 90, 290
working, 88, 91
coalition, government, 182, 213, 321, 328
coercion, 60, 127, 165, 209, 256, 300, 342
Cold War, 2, 7, 9, 22, 69, 147, 314, 332
collectivism, 89, 100
communism, 280, 293
anti-, 279
neo-, 7, 128, 368
community, 25, 31, 66, 126, 135, 138, 196, 209, 253–254, 257–259, 276, 299, 312, 325
democratic, 193, 308
of discourse, 103
international, 253
legal, 68, 247
paternal, 311
political, 28, 155, 193, 290, 356–358
social, 20, 283
of states, 254
totemic, 310
universal, 53
compromise, 17, 22–37, 77, 81, 89–90, 93, 100–101, 111, 115, 123–124, 133–138, 142–143, 155–156, 160, 164, 180, 213, 220, 223–224, 230–236, 256–259, 299–306, 318–335, 347–349, 351–354, 360, 363, 368–372
-based decision, 189
Kelsen’s defense of, 39
political, 12, 16, 290, 339, 344
rotten, 326
spirit of, 148
consensus, 32–34, 126, 149, 153, 220, 324–325, 329, 338
consent, 80, 126, 158, 166, 235, 250, 278, 285
consequentialism, 356, 358–359
conservativism, 266, 271, 287, 330
American, 282
British, 280
political, 279
consociationalism, 32, 334
Constantine (emperor), 57
donation of, 57, 63
constitutionalisation, of parties, 174–175, 184, 186–187, 189–192
constitutionalism, 8, 96, 199, 241–242, 246, 250, 259–261, 302, 307, 316
democratic, 10
formal, 208, 210–211, 214–218
party, 18, 171–192
contractualism, 126–127
contractual model, 166
contractual model of delegation, 167
contractual representation, 167
cordon sanitaire, 332
corporatism, 327
corporatist representation, 135
corporative Parliament, 9
corporative state, 91
co-rulership, 319, 329, 333–335
cosmopolitanism, 65, 69–71, 245–246
cosmopolitan flourishing, 59
legal, 38, 44, 62
liberal, 12
Stoic, 52–53
Dahl, R., 225, 304, 316
Darwin, C., 310
decentralisation, 27
decisionism, 2
deliberation, 18, 122, 151, 164, 288, 307, 339, 344, 350–354
deliberative intraparty democracy, 322
parliamentary, 25
political, 276
democracy, crisis of, 319, 334
democracy, direct/representative, 18, 76, 93–95, 108, 150, 153–155, 174, 227, 320
democracy, fragility of, 73–97, 341–342
democracy, ideal, 121, 123–131, 141–144, 172, 308
democracy, mass, 17, 89, 98–99, 108, 110, 172
democracy, militant, 39, 148, 183, 331, 336–362, 368
democracy, real, 16–17, 23–24, 121, 123–144, 172, 179, 301, 308, 316
democracy, representative/direct, 36
demos, 37, 161, 313
dictatorship, 139, 148, 160, 246, 277, 314, 351, 355
elective, 32
party, 7, 9–10, 16, 38, 75–84, 92–93, 283
of party leaders, 186
of the proletariat, 7, 128, 130, 138
revolutionary, 285–286
sovereign. See dictatorship, revolutionary
dualism, 247–249
duty, moral, 63, 168, 284
Dworkin, R., 72, 195–196, 218, 367
dysfunction, governmental, 83
egalitarianism, 226, 278–282
anti-, 278
elections, 7–9, 19–20, 29, 31–32, 80, 116, 141–142, 148, 161, 166–168, 192, 213, 222, 225–227, 232, 235, 309–310, 320, 325, 328–334
2020 US, 286, 288
electoral competition, 149, 213, 217, 226, 360
electoral democracy, 39, 226, 369
electoral law, 107
electoral mechanism, 311
electoral procedure, 310
electoral process, 140, 148
electoral reform, 370
electoral representation, 161
electoral system, 217
elitism, 35–36, 176, 275, 279, 327, 359, 361
anti-, 35
elitist theory of democracy, 124, 142
party elites, 174, 184, 186–188
emergency measures, 2, 90, 289
emotions, 297, 351–352
empire (universal monarchy), 47, 50, 52, 55, 58, 72
imperialism, 60, 64, 364–366
empiricism, logical, 102, 126
the Enlightenment, 242, 246, 251
establishment (political), 36, 287, 333
anti-establishmentarianism, 361
exceptionalism, 2
executive (branch of government), 179, 198–199, 201, 203, 226, 246, 249, 283, 288–289
order, 232
extremism, 359
anti-, 331
extreme right, 359
extremist parties, 336, 339, 360–361
far-left, 359
far-right, 9, 336
radical-right, 339
factionalism, 31, 49–52, 58, 164
fallibilism, 271, 344, 353
fascism, 10, 78–82, 111, 147, 151, 163, 280, 293, 314, 337, 370
federalism, 27
Federalist Papers, 31, 233, 280
First Austrian Republic, 9, 73, 102, 106, 110, 124, 130, 175
Florentine Republic, 51
formalism, 4, 148–150, 163, 166–167, 170
formalist conception of democracy, 357, 361
founding fathers of the United States, 291
framers of the Constitution, 280–281, 284, 286–287
freedom, political, 25, 27, 52, 143, 147–149, 151–157, 159–160, 163–164, 168, 174, 182, 346, 367
French Revolution (1789), 169, 280
Freud, S., 21, 102, 126, 309–310, 319, 367, 369
functionalism, 150, 166–167
globalisation, 96, 371
government, limited, 155, 231–236, 285
government, parliamentary, 7, 150, 160, 283, 290
government, representative, 25, 150, 152, 161, 165–166, 169, 325
government by, 22, 137–143, 229, 339, 352
government for, 22, 138–141, 352
Habsburg Empire. See Austro-Hungarian Empire
Hart, H. L. A., 3, 72, 237–238
hegemony (political), 56
Heller, H., 85, 103, 113, 349
heterogeneity (social), 26, 100, 220–221
hierarchy of norms, 67, 199–200, 202, 204
Hobbes, T., 62, 66, 159, 268, 272–274, 368, 370
Holy Roman Empire, 48–49, 57
idealism, 293, 300, 305
ideology, 98, 118, 261, 290, 370
autocratic, 20, 275
cosmopolitan/nationalist, 245
–critical, 272
democratic, 7, 16, 99, 167
fascist, 317
legalistic, 3
socialist, 115
individualism, 17, 150, 161
anti-, 153
interwar period, 174, 349
Europe, 38, 198
interwar democracies, 10, 73–97
Jaffa, H. V., 281, 283–286, 288
judiciary (branch of government), 36, 89, 193, 200, 226–229, 289
judicial appointments, 96
judicial oversight, 34
judicial review, 2, 36, 96, 101, 194–197, 202, 206, 214–216, 241
justice, 52–54, 59, 62–63, 65, 224, 237–238, 273, 275, 295–296, 326–327
absolute, 315
divine, 61
Kant, I., 71, 112, 152–154, 159, 163, 278, 366, 368
Kautsky, K., 130
Kesler, C., 286–287
knowledge, moral, 269–270, 299
Koskenniemi, M., 63–64, 67, 71
Kulturstaat, 65
Lauterpacht, H., 70, 247, 252–253
law, natural, 3, 5, 63–64, 91, 162, 191, 237–238, 247, 267–277, 279–280, 286, 288–291, 315, 365–366
neojusnaturalism, 124, 138–139
primacy of, 2
law-creating/applying function of the government, 227
law-making, 18–19, 164, 172, 175, 189, 242, 325
leadership, 19–22, 165, 224, 232, 283, 292–317
democratic, 16, 38
party, 178, 182, 332
political, 225
structures, 368
top-down, 185
left-wing, 7, 34, 124, 287, 330
legal positivism, German, 8
legislation, 82, 96, 205, 228, 240, 301, 303
antiracism, 358
democratic, 101, 228
party, 186
self-, 325
unconstitutional, 194
legislative (branch of government), 80, 136, 167, 179, 198–199, 201, 203, 227–229, 232
assembly, 18–19, 23–24, 34, 217
authority, 29, 195, 213
legislator, 167, 199, 202, 244, 258
majority, 193
outcome, 329
power of Parliament, 90
process, 201, 210–211, 240
legitimacy (political), 14, 64, 151–153, 238, 283, 302, 306, 320, 325, 337
of constitutional review, 196–197, 206, 208
democratic, 2, 95, 139, 195, 214, 218
governmental, 330
legitimation, 212, 215, 217, 302, 371–372
of opposition, 19, 333
of parties, 18–19
Lenin, V. I., 9–10, 112, 124, 128–130, 368
liberalism, 2, 61, 89, 118, 160–161, 196, 225–227, 229, 269, 361, 371
anti, 172
illiberalism, 10, 37, 95–96, 289, 340
liberal constitutionalism, 241
liberal democracy, 1, 5, 7–8, 10, 13, 15, 19–20, 23, 29, 31, 34, 36–40, 69, 98–99, 107–108, 116, 148–149, 152–153, 172–173, 180, 218, 220, 271, 279–282, 339, 342, 359, 363
liberal-left, 285, 287–288
Lincoln, A., 282, 284–286
Locke, J., 268, 278, 281–282, 284
Loewenstein, K., 337, 342, 351, 354
logicism, 5
losers (electoral), 28, 235, 325, 329–334, 347
lottery (electoral/conflict), 235
Machiavelli, N., 123, 160, 268
majoritarianism, 25–32, 36–39, 100–101, 133–137, 148–149, 195–196, 220, 223–227, 230–235, 318–326, 328–334, 345–352
majority decision-making, 357
majority powers, 16
majority principle, 111, 118, 156–157
majority rule, 12, 209–217, 298, 300–303, 339, 343, 367
nonmajoritarianism, 357
qualified majority, 229
supermajority requirements, 189, 191
will of the majority, 337, 343
Malkopoulou, A., 359, 361
mandate, free/imperative, 18, 129, 150, 165–169, 177, 369
Marx, K., 10, 26, 85, 112, 128–130
Austro-Marxism, 102, 108, 111, 114
Marxism, 2, 115, 148, 273
Merkl, A. J., 102, 111, 365
Michels, R., 18, 162, 165, 305
moderation, 29, 31, 37, 280, 334, 349, 360
immoderation, 339, 352
moderation-through-inclusion, 332
modernity, 304, 316
critical scientific modernism, 98
decadent, 282
legal, 50
political, 279
monarchy, 154, 161, 242, 259, 277, 323
absolute, 157
Austrian, 115
constitutional, 78, 283
quasi-, 290
monopoly of power, 256, 313
monopoly of the community, 257
monopoly of truth, 23, 270
morality, 3, 60, 238–239, 268, 270, 296–297, 299, 313
political, 247, 254
National Socialism. See Nazism
nationalism, 246
extreme, 282
jingoism, 281–282
patriotism, 282, 367
Nazism, 3–4, 10, 75, 85, 88, 91–93, 103, 147, 280, 293, 342
Nazi Party, 90
Neumann, F., 75, 84–89, 91–97
nihilism, 268–271, 275, 280–281, 286, 288, 323
German, 5, 280
moral, 297
norm, basic, 104, 239–240, 242–249, 255, 260
Norman, L., 359, 361
normativity, 13, 50, 150, 244–245, 255
legal, 2
Nuremberg Trials, 3, 69–70
obedience, 21, 82, 152, 155–156, 246, 277
deferred, 310
objectivity, 50, 209–210
October Revolution (1917), 7, 77–78, 89, 108, 128–129
oligarchy, 54, 162, 174, 180, 210, 305
Ottoman empire, 364
papacy, the, 48–49, 54
hierocratic argument, 56
papalism, 49, 54, 57
papism, 56
pope, the, 51, 56–59, 66
parliamentarism, 35, 103, 110, 117, 123, 129, 133, 136, 143–144, 148, 153, 161, 222, 224, 304, 314, 320, 368–369
anti-, 115
crisis of, 111, 118
crticism of, 111
defence of, 8, 116
elections-based, 9
liberal, 38
party system, 213
anti-partyism, 37, 162, 319
constitutional/legal regulation of parties, 18, 39, 174, 178, 181, 187
hyperparty, 37
mono-, 22, 163
multi-, 7, 10, 17, 38, 162, 165, 172
partisanship, 12, 17, 30, 150, 160, 173, 322
partyism, 37
party-state, 10, 75, 81–82, 95
two-, 83, 164
peace, 49, 52, 59, 61, 65, 70–71, 254, 255–259, 273, 344
civil, 151
-making, 62
pacifism, 38, 44
peacekeeping, 53, 71
preservation of, 40
through law, 3, 60
world, 50, 52, 56, 61–62, 64, 68–69
Plato, 112, 268, 275, 277–279, 282, 295, 298–299, 308
Platonism, 271
plebiscite. See referendum
pluralism, 23, 25, 37–38, 60–61, 100, 132–134, 139–140, 148, 156–158, 172–173, 319–320, 324–325, 350, 363, 368–370
anti-, 25, 290, 332–333
legitimate, 30
liberal, 7
party, 10, 22–23, 151, 160, 180, 322
pluralist democracy, 354
pluralist society, 26
political, 115
principles of, 89
value, 367
polarisation, 319
non, 164
populism, 16, 34–38, 161, 285, 317, 331–335
anti-parliamentary, 319
populist, 265
positivism, legal, 1, 3–4, 12, 171
Anglo-American, 237, 258
anti-positivism, 103
critical, 103–105
international, 58
juspositivism, 138
Kelsenian, 86, 272–273, 315, 348
twentieth-century, 72
post-Kelsenianism, 359
presidency, messianic, 27, 283, 285–286
presidentialism, 153, 283–285, 289
hyper-, 267, 290
primacy of international law, 44, 254
proceduralism, 14, 101, 124, 140–142, 158, 229, 315–316, 343, 346, 348
fair, 350–351
procedural conception of democracy, 154, 301
procedural conditions, 204
procedural democracy, 38
procedural politics, 148
procedural questions, 206
procedural rules, 198–199, 240
procedural theory of democracy, 169
procedure-independent standard, 195
substantive rule, 229
Psychoanalysis, 21, 102
racism, 80
anti-slavery moment, 285
radicalism, 369
radical democracy, 308
radicalisation, 361
rationalism, 37
human rationality, 137
pseudorational/extrarational, 295–296
rational deliberation, 351
rational inquiry, 284, 288
rational theory of value, 271
realism, 308
Kelsen’s, 22, 115, 293, 300–302, 304, 307, 316
legal, 3, 197
political, 14, 21, 125
realist theory of democracy, 28, 36, 38, 99, 219, 307
referendum, 19, 36, 80, 161, 322, 347, 358
Reich, German (Second), 89, 91, 94, 99
Reich, Third, 2, 341
relativism, moral, 3, 267–268, 284, 288
religion, 81, 221, 275–277, 294–295, 309, 349, 372
freedom of, 225
religious belief, 201
representation, political, 10, 16, 19, 34, 100, 124, 150, 161, 166–170, 222–224, 303–307, 316, 332, 367–370
democratic representation, 9, 25
as fiction, 109, 110
fiction of, 290
institutional, 160
legal, 320
parliamentary, 156
party representative, 19
plebiscitary, 158
popular, 283
problem of, 347
professional, 124
proportional, 18, 24, 101, 107, 117, 135, 137, 164–165, 177, 224, 231, 328
representative (person), 33–34, 36, 165, 177–178, 181–182, 219, 351
representative institutions, 7, 16–17, 19, 23, 31, 34
vocational representation, 9
Voegelin’s theory of, 124, 140
Republic (Plato), 308
Republican Party (United States), 280
republicanism, 78, 98, 170, 226, 242, 284, 286–288, 306–307, 359
democratic republic, 115, 181
negative, 332
responsibility, collective, 310
responsibility, moral, 271
responsibility, personal, 70
responsibility, political, 19, 36, 162, 271, 313
review, constitutional, 14, 91, 193–218, 227–228, 230, 241
right, natural, 5, 267–270, 272–286, 288, 291
right to vote, 130, 132, 140
rights, civil/political, 131–132, 163, 179, 215, 226, 329
rights, fundamental, 87, 90, 123, 130, 133, 136–138, 140, 143, 216, 302, 338, 354
rights, human, 12, 58, 87, 96
rights, minority, 24–25, 344
right-wing, 7, 34, 124, 265, 288–289
right-leaning, 268
Rome
Roman Empire, 55–56
Roman republic, 320
Rosenblum, N., 29–30, 359–360
Rostbøll, C., 325–326
Rousseau, J. J., 31, 37–38, 112, 123–127, 129–132, 135, 138, 140–143, 153–155, 159, 166–170, 212, 268, 274, 278, 299–307, 316, 319, 325, 331, 341, 347, 367–368
rule, popular, 101, 174, 178–181, 189, 191
rule of law, 2, 65, 84–88, 91, 103, 154, 162, 225–227, 246, 255, 261, 287
rule of unanimity, 209–210
Rummens, S., 34–36
Russian Empire, 130
sanction, legal, 60, 62, 192, 240, 246, 256
against parties, 187–190
Schattschneider, E., 16, 162, 164, 166, 305
Schmitt, C., 2, 5, 14, 17, 27, 36, 103, 113–114, 118, 153, 157–161, 169, 245, 285–286, 289–290, 314, 342, 369
Schumpeter, J., 28–30, 39, 116, 124, 140–142, 219–227, 230–233, 236, 304, 315–316, 349–350
secularism, 59, 81
secularisation, 149
self-constitutionalisation, 189–192
self-defence, democratic, 340, 359
self-determination, 9, 16, 19, 26, 31, 40, 99–100, 125, 127, 129, 131, 136, 142–143, 156, 163, 165, 176, 178, 192, 214, 224, 303, 346, 351–356, 359, 361, 367
self-government, 129–130, 157, 193, 196, 216, 229, 299, 303, 305, 316, 326, 334–335, 350, 355
self-interestedness, 30, 54, 370
self-limitation, 28–32, 220, 230, 235
self-restraint, 28, 30, 220, 231, 236, 348–349, 352
self-preservation, 268, 338, 354
self-rule, democratic, 9, 319
separation of powers, 118, 227, 283
Sieyès, E. J., 190, 368
Smend, R., 103, 113–114
Social Democratic Party of Germany, 89, 184
socialism, 7, 10, 77, 82, 108, 148, 359
sociology, 85–86, 92–93, 95, 129, 131, 133, 221
of law, 88
political, 150
sovereignty, 18, 43–44, 53, 61–67, 79, 85–87, 108–109, 126, 149, 152, 157–158, 161, 168–170, 251, 254, 364–366, 369–370
-centred conception of democracy, 27
fiction of, 8
parliamentary, 90–91, 227
popular, 16, 35, 133, 180, 197, 285, 300, 305, 311, 319, 355
Rousseaian, 166
Soviet Union, 9, 22, 112, 117, 128–131, 138–139, 314
SPD. See Social Democratic Party of Germany
stability, democratic, 101, 159, 351, 357
stability, institutional, 1, 28, 167, 217, 226, 257
Stalin, J., 10, 112, 307
state, legislative and juridical, 82
statehood, 66–67, 252–253, 255
Steffen, G. F., 24–25, 113
Strauss, L., 265–284, 286–291
Strisower, L., 45–46
suffrage, universal, 80–81, 130, 133, 148, 158, 160, 163
system, legal, 4, 44, 60, 64, 67–68, 79, 84, 88, 93, 104, 154, 197, 199–200, 239–240, 243–245, 247, 343
primacy of, 72
system, proportional. See representation, political, proportional
system of norms, 3, 239
theory of value, relativistic, 344
Thomism, 48
tolerance, 150, 164, 232, 269, 296, 344, 357
intolerance, 5
totalitarianism, 4, 9, 69, 139, 277, 314
post-, 138
totemism, 309–312
totem mask, 319
totemic sacrifice, 369
Triepel, H., 18, 103, 113, 122, 133, 163, 175
Troper, M., 196–207, 210, 241–242
Trump, D. J., 265–268, 281–283, 286–291
truth, moral, 277, 293, 312–313
tyranny, 54, 269–270, 275, 328, 363, 367–368
of the majority, 134, 136–137
United States. See United States of America
United States of America, 69, 99, 103, 110, 116, 118, 279, 281, 283
universalism, 54
democratic, 99
USA. See United States of America
utilitarianism, 211, 221
value, subjective/objective, 76
value judgement, 205, 207, 270, 297, 301, 346–347
value neutrality, 50, 207, 261, 342
value of freedom, 209, 211, 271
virtue, 33, 210, 268, 285–286, 296
Voegelin, E., 116, 124, 140
voting system, 124, 130–131
Weber, M., 16, 20, 24, 85, 109, 112, 129, 133, 151, 207, 371
Wegele, F. X. von, 65
Weimar Republic, 1, 75, 88, 90, 93, 110, 114, 198, 207, 220, 271, 289, 337, 341, 354
Westphalian system, 59
post-, 39, 259
world government, 50, 65
Zuckerman, L., 339, 354–361

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.0 A

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this book conforms to version 2.0 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), ensuring core accessibility principles are addressed and meets the basic (A) level of WCAG compliance, addressing essential accessibility barriers.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.
Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.
Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.
Full alternative textual descriptions
You get more than just short alt text: you have comprehensive text equivalents, transcripts, captions, or audio descriptions for substantial non‐text content, which is especially helpful for complex visuals or multimedia.

Structural and Technical Features

ARIA roles provided
You gain clarity from ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) roles and attributes, as they help assistive technologies interpret how each part of the content functions.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Index
  • Edited by Sandrine Baume, Université de Lausanne, David Ragazzoni, University of Toronto
  • Book: Hans Kelsen on Constitutional Democracy
  • Online publication: 29 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009230360.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Index
  • Edited by Sandrine Baume, Université de Lausanne, David Ragazzoni, University of Toronto
  • Book: Hans Kelsen on Constitutional Democracy
  • Online publication: 29 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009230360.019
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Index
  • Edited by Sandrine Baume, Université de Lausanne, David Ragazzoni, University of Toronto
  • Book: Hans Kelsen on Constitutional Democracy
  • Online publication: 29 January 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009230360.019
Available formats
×