Fontan-type palliation of univentricular heart disease has saved many lives since its introduction in the 1970s. In Norway, survival to the age of 16 increased gradually from 33% in the 1971–1989 period to 82% in the 2000–2011 period. In Norway, with its population of 5.4 million, approximately 350 patients live with Fontan circulation. Reference Erikssen, Aboulhosn and Lin1 However, there are several well-known long-term challenges associated with palliation that might impact quality of life and mental health, such as impaired exercise tolerance, Fontan-associated liver disease, lymphatic complications, and thromboembolic events. Reference Mori, Aguirre and Elder2 Previous studies have examined quality of life and mental health in various age groups of Fontan patients. Reference Marshall, D’Udekem and Sholler3–Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5 In a recent meta-analysis of 50 studies covering 2793 Fontan children and adults, Marshall et al found that Fontan patients had reduced quality of life across multiple domains. The relationships between numerous clinical variables and health-related quality of life in many of the reviewed studies were highly variable, and no consistent correlation was detected. Remarkably, older patient age was correlated with better psychosocial and social functioning, which supports the concept of gradual social adaptation to health-related limitations. However, Marshall et al did not provide specific information about the adolescent patient population. In a recent single-centre study, adolescents with Fontan circulation showed a high incidence of mental health problems and psychosocial dysfunction, such as anxiety, hyperactivity disorders, and attention deficits. Reference DeMaso, Calderon and Taylor6 According to Pike et al, who compared adolescents and adults with Fontan circulation with age-matched healthy controls, 28% of the Fontan group had mild depressive symptoms, while 32% had moderate symptoms. Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5
Research regarding quality of life among Fontan patients has produced mixed results, with some studies reporting lower levels of quality of life than that of healthy controls Reference Uzark, Zak and Shrader7 and other findings showing no differences. Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5 However, most studies have reported that quality of life is relatively high in this population despite medical outcomes and functional complications associated with Fontan circulation. Reference Idorn, Jensen and Juul8 It is of central importance to recognise the variability of quality of life within this population. Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5
We know that adolescents with CHD, who are transiting from paediatric to adult care, are particularly vulnerable in terms of quality of life and mental health. Reference Bratt, Luyckx, Goossens, Budts and Moons9 However, specific population-based data on quality of life issues and mental health in adolescents with Fontan circulation are limited, constituting a knowledge gap. Quality of life and mental health in this population have not previously been studied in Norway. We wanted to conduct this population-based study to compare our data with those from existing research.
The aim of our study was to investigate quality of life and mental health in a nationwide cohort of adolescents living with Fontan circulation and its association with other general and cardiac factors. We hypothesised the following: (1) health-related quality of life and mental health in Fontan adolescents are reduced compared to those of healthy controls in terms of physical, psychosocial and mental health, and (2) health-related quality of life and mental health are related to the number of post-operative days of admission after the Fontan operation, total duration of re-admission since the Fontan operation and ventricular morphology.
Materials and methods
This study is a single-centre national study with a cross-sectional design and prospective enrolment (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02378857).
Study population
The study was conducted at Oslo University Hospital, the only centre currently performing paediatric and congenital cardiac surgery in Norway. From March 2015 to December 2018, 45 Fontan patients aged 15–18 were invited to participate during their routine hospital admission for a multidisciplinary work-up before transition to adult care. Our pre-transition diagnostic programme includes heart catheterisation, cardiac and abdominal MRI, exercise testing and pulmonary function tests. During admission, several structured conversations are provided for patient education. The adolescents enrolled in our study received the questionnaires upon arrival and returned them to the researcher as soon as they were completed and before they participated in any patient education activities. The clinical data retrieved from the patients’ records consisted of biometrical data, date of the Fontan operation, number of post-operative days of admission after the Fontan operation, total duration of re-admission since the Fontan operation and ventricular morphology. Research suggests a correlation between disease severity as expressed by these clinical variables and quality of life and mental health in patients with CHD. Reference Drakouli, Petsios, Giannakopoulou, Patiraki, Voutoufianaki and Matziou10
The exclusion criterion was the inability to read or speak Norwegian without a translator.
Twenty-nine healthy controls, aged 16–24, were recruited by local project announcements, from hospital employee families and networks and their peers over the same time period as the Fontan patients. The healthy participants had to be without any heart condition or severe lung disease. A certain portion of the control group had to be 18 years of age or older to be legally able to give consent for contrast MRI imaging. The quality-of-life project was part of a multidisciplinary cross-sectional study with a comprehensive and time-consuming programme of study tests (including ultrasound of the heart/liver, cycling echo and blood tests). Recruitment of healthy controls generally requires a leave of absence from higher education, which is under strict regulation and sanctioning in Norway. Therefore, we did not achieve our goal of equal group size patient and healthy control groups within the time frame of study completion.
The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory
The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire is a generic tool designed to measure the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents. It was developed by Varni in the United States in 1998, Reference Varni, Seid and Rode11 and the authorised Norwegian translation of the version for patients aged 13–18 years was used in this project for both the Fontan patients and healthy controls. Reference Reinfjell, Diseth, Veenstra and Vikan12 The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire is brief and typically takes <5 minutes to complete. The reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory generic core scales have been demonstrated in healthy and patient populations. Reference Varni, Burwinkle and Seid13,Reference Varni, Seid and Kurtin14
The questionnaire comprises 23 questions that contribute to four subscales: physical (8 items), emotional (5 items), social (5 items), and school functioning (5 items). A score can be calculated for each subscale. In addition to the four subscales, a total summary health score can be computed as the sum of all the items divided by the number of items answered. A psychosocial summary score can be calculated based on the subscales of emotional, social, and school functioning (15 questions), and finally, there is a scale that provides a physical health summary, which is the same as the physical function subscale.
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0 = “never a problem”,
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1 = “almost never a problem”,
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2 = “sometimes a problem”,
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3 =“often a problem”, and
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4 = “almost always a problem”.
Items were reverse-scored and linearly transformed to a 0–100 scale, where 0 = 100, 1 = 75, 2 = 50, 3 = 25, and 4 = 0. The highest possible score was 100. A total of 100 points indicates optimal quality of life. Reference Reinfjell and Jozefiak15 Scores below 70 indicate reduced quality of life. Reference Reinfjell, Diseth, Veenstra and Vikan16
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire assesses mental health, friendships and prosocial behaviour in children and adolescents aged 11–16 years
Reference Goodman, Meltzer and Bailey17
and was developed by Goodman in 1997.
Reference Goodman18
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire has been translated into 70 languages. Its reliability and validity have been well documented.
Reference Goodman18–Reference Van Roy, Veenstra and Clench-Aas20
We used the Norwegian version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, which has been used since 2001, for both the Fontan patients and healthy controls.
Reference Heyerdahl21
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire consists of 25 questions and includes the following topics: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour. The first four topics are summarised into the total difficulties score ranging from 0 to 40. Each item within a topic uses a three-point scale and can be answered with “not true”, “somewhat true” or “certainly true”. Items are scored 0–2 for negatively worded items and inversely score 2–0 for positively worded answers. For all items, a higher score indicates a more negative answer. A score of 16–18 is defined as “borderline”, and a score of
$$\ge $$
19 defines symptom “caseness” according to Goodman. This means that a total score from 19 or higher predicts the likelihood that a patient meets the criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis if they had been assessed with a diagnostic interview. A total score of 16–18 indicates that a patient’s mental status is considered borderline between normality and psychopathology.
Reference Heyerdahl21
The cut-offs for the various domains in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire are as follows: values between 0 and 4 on the emotional subscale, 0–3 on the behaviour subscale, 0–6 on the hyperactivity subscale, 0–3 on the peer problems subscale, and 10–6 on the prosocial subscale.
Reference Roy, Grøholt, Heyerdahl and Clench-Aas22
The research project was conducted in conformity with the Helsinki Declaration, and it was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Southeast Norway. All patients and individuals in the healthy control group and their caregivers, if necessary, gave their informed consent.
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics for demographics and basic characteristics are reported as the mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) or as the median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables and frequencies/percentages for categorical variables. Associations between two binary variables were assessed by using the chi-squared test. Missing data were treated with the expectation maximisation method. Reference Enders23
Patient characteristics, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire summary scores were compared between the Fontan patient group and the healthy control group using a two independent samples t-test or the Mann–Whitney U test. Clinically important factors, characteristics, and their association with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores were examined by linear regression analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05 for summary scores. Two-sided p-values were not corrected for the subdomains of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. All analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA).
Results
Subjects
Seventy-one individuals were included in the study; 45 Fontan patients and 29 healthy controls received the questionnaires. The response rate for patients was 93.3% (42/45) and that for healthy controls was 100%. Five responses in the Fontan group and five responses in the control group were treated with the expectation maximisation method to address missing data.
The demographic characteristics of the Fontan patients and the healthy controls are shown in Table 1. There was a slight dominance of males in our Fontan group. The mean age was 16.6 ± 0.6 for the Fontan group. The control group comprised 13 males and 14 females. The mean age of the control group was 18.96 ± 1.78.
Table 1. General characteristics
TCPC = total cavopulmonary connection.
Absolute data are presented as N (%), and continuous data are presented as the median (interquartile range).
Eighteen patients had a dominant right ventricle, 22 had a dominant left ventricle, and two patients had a morphologically or functionally common ventricle. The length of initial post-operative hospital stay after the Fontan operation ranged from 4 to 90 days (median 13, IQR 14). One patient underwent surgery in the United States, and three of our patients underwent surgery at the university hospital in Bergen, Norway, shortly before programme closure. Since 2003, all surgical and interventional CHDs in Norway have been performed at Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet. No post-operative admission data were available for these four patients.
Quality of life
Compared to the healthy controls, the mean total score of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire was significantly lower for the Fontan patients (74 ± 16 versus 85 ± 13, p = 0.004) (Table 2).
Table 2. PedsQL and SDQ scores in Fontan patients and healthy controls
Absolute data are presented as N (%), and continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD or the median (interquartile range), as appropriate. PedsQL = Higher scores are indicative of better health-related quality of life. SDQ = Higher scores indicate more problematic attributes.
Compared to the healthy controls, the Fontan patients had significantly lower Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scores on the physical subscale and social functioning subscale.
There was no difference between the groups on the subscores dealing with school and emotional functioning or on the psychosocial summary score.
Mental health
A difference between the Fontan patients and the healthy controls was found in the topic of emotions. No group differences were found in the domains of conduct, hyperactivity, peer problems, prosocial behaviour, or total difficulties score.
Six Fontan patients (14%) and two healthy control individuals (7%) had high Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores equivalent to borderline function. One of the 42 patients (2%) in the Fontan group met the criteria for “caseness”. For the Fontan group, impaired mental health (borderline score or worse) was not significantly different from that of the healthy control group (p = 0.224), but compared to male patients, the mental health of female patients was impaired significantly more often (6/17 vs. 1/25, Chi square p = 0.008). The sex ratio for all borderline or worse cases within both groups together was female:male 7:2 (chi square p = 0.003). Table 2 presents the PedsQL and SDQ scores.
To analyse the associations of test variables with general characteristics within the patient group, we analysed the following factors by univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses: time elapsed since Fontan operation, dominant ventricular morphology, and sex. For another three variables, we performed only univariate linear regression analysis: age at Fontan operation, number of post-operative admission days after Fontan operation, and cumulative days of hospital admission after Fontan operation (Tables 3 and 4).
Table 3. Regression analysis results and associated variables for health-related quality of life
Table 4. Regression analysis results and associated variables for mental health
Female sex was predictive of a lower score for all subscales of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire in the univariate analysis. For the multivariate analysis, sex was still significantly associated with the total score, the psychosocial summary score, and the physical and social subscores.
For the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, female sex was equally predictive of negative scores in the emotional domain and total difficulty score. No sex differences were found in the hyperactivity, peers, conduct problems, or prosocial domains.
Apart from increasing age being predictive of a lower physical Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory score, none of the remaining factors, such as age and body mass index, was of predictive value for any subscale or domain results in the univariate analysis.
Discussion
Our population-based data showed that adolescents living with a Fontan-type palliation of univentricular CHD had Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire scores above the cut-off in all domains. Compared to the healthy controls, the Fontan adolescents scored somewhat lower on multiple domains. Furthermore, compared to the healthy controls, our data demonstrated more emotional vulnerability in the Fontan group.
Total summary score
Our Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire results showed that compared to the healthy controls, the adolescents with Fontan circulation had lower total scores. At the same time, the score was above the cut-off value, which means that they are still defined within a normal ranking of health-related quality of life. Previous studies of adolescents and adults with CHD have shown conflicting results in terms of total scores. Reference Uzark, Zak and Shrader7,Reference Spijkerboer, Utens, Bogers, Helbing and Verhulst24,Reference Ringle and Wernovsky25 Reiner et al included 514 patients (age 12.9 ± 3.1) and 734 healthy controls (age 13.4 ± 2.1) in their study and demonstrated that patients with CHD scored at least as high as their healthy peers. There were no differences between the severity classes or diagnostic subgroups in the total health-related quality of life score or in the six subdomains. Reference Reiner, Oberhoffer, Ewert and Müller26 Patients with simple or complex CHD appeared to have developed strategies in perceiving high quality of life. This suggests that these patients can cope with the burden of illness. Reference Reiner, Oberhoffer, Ewert and Müller26 Likewise, d´Udekem et al showed that Fontan patients (N = 36, age 17 ± 4 years after Fontan) had normal or satisfactory quality of life. Reference d’Udekem, Cheung and Setyapranata27 This outcome might be influenced by the fact that Fontan patients have never experienced normal health as healthy people know it. In contrast, Knowels et al demonstrated lower summary scores in 477 children with CHD (age 12.1 ± 1.0) and 464 healthy controls (age 12.0 ± 1.1). Reference Knowles, Day, Wade, Bull, Wren and Dezateux28 One explanation for the fact that the Fontan adolescents in our study scored above the cut-off in the total summary score domain might be the structure and accessibility of the health care system. Norway has a public tax-financed healthcare system offering the same health care access and the same quality of treatment to each individual, independent of socio-economic background. Reference McCrindle, Williams and Mitchell29 Furthermore, in our small country, the care providers for paediatric and adult CHD consist of a network of healthcare professionals, including child psychiatrists/psychologists, in close collaboration, which prevents healthcare gaps and loss of follow-up. Finally, the Norwegian school system provides preventive health care professionals within the school building, and we have a strict public integrative school model with educational participation independent of somatic or psychosocial disabilities. These factors combined might explain the good health-related quality of life of our young Fontan population compared to that found in studies from other parts of the world.
Quality of life in the general Norwegian population has been shown to be good, consistent with our study results. Reference Støren, Rønning and Gram30 This was recently demonstrated in a March, 2020, study by Statistics Norway that aimed to determine the quality of life of the Norwegian population. The results demonstrated that 26% of the population was highly satisfied, while 22% was quite dissatisfied with life. Participants were aged > 18 years, and 40,000 were invited to participate. The response rate was 44%. Reference Støren, Rønning and Gram30
Psychosocial functioning
The results from the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire showed no difference in the psychosocial summary scores of the Fontan patients and the healthy controls.
The results in our study showed a difference between the Fontan group and the healthy controls in the domain of social functioning. This was the domain of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire on which both the Fontan adolescents and the healthy controls scored the highest. However, emotional and school functioning were not significantly different between the groups. Uzark et al (N = 408, age 18.5 ± 3.4) described a lower social function in younger adults with Fontan circulation. In addition, Uzark et al showed impaired psychosocial quality of life in approximately one in three patients with Fontan, particularly related to social function. The same study also showed that psychosocial quality of life was significantly related to physical function in Fontan patients and was often not related to clinical indicators such as severity of the disease. Reference Uzark, Zak and Shrader7 This is in contrast to the findings of Pike et al, where no difference was found between the groups in the social function domain. Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5 Studies by Van Den Bosch et al and Teixeira et al used proxy data and found that parents can become overprotective, which can limit the child´s social life, making it difficult for children and adolescents to adapt to social life and live independently. Reference Van Den Bosch, Roos-Hesselink, Van Domburg, Bogers, Simoons and Meijboom31,Reference Teixeira, Coelho and Proença32 Fontan patients’ limited physical competence relative to that of other CHD patients might contribute to this heightened vulnerability by increasing the risk of social isolation. Reference DeMaso, Calderon and Taylor6 In the process of becoming independent adults, adolescence poses many challenges, especially for chronically ill patients. Special support is therefore recommended to help this group meet their medical and psychosocial needs. Reference van der Mheen, Meentken and van Beynum33,Reference Mora, Saarijärvi, Sparud-Lundin, Moons and Bratt34 Several factors may explain our findings regarding the psychosocial summary score. The main group of Norwegian Fontan adolescents achieved scores consistent with a good quality of life.
In the current study, the scores on the school functioning domain were the lowest among the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire domains, with the scores being in the boundary area of the cut-off. The low scores, although within normality in our study, might be explained by a few patients’ negative experiences with Fontan circulation consequences, in addition to more severe complications related to hospital interventions, readmissions, and controls. This might entail less time at school and spending less leisure time with friends, resulting in a negative influence on school functioning.
Physical functioning
The physical function scores of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire significantly differed between the Fontan group and the healthy control group. However, the scores were not below the cut-off, indicating that the Fontan adolescents still had a good quality of life. Other studies have shown that exercise capacity deteriorates after Fontan palliation in childhood, resulting in a negative impact on quality of life. Reference Hedlund, Lundell, Soderstrom and Sjoberg35,Reference Goldberg, Avitabile, McBride and Paridon36 As previously mentioned, Uzark et al also compared physical functioning of Fontan patients with that of healthy controls. Fontan patients demonstrated lower scores, which means lower physical functioning with increased patient age and thereby increased time since the Fontan operation was performed. Reference Uzark, Zak and Shrader7 Further results from the study of Uzark et al showed that male individuals with Fontan circulation scored significantly higher than females in the domain of physical functioning. As in healthy populations, this may reflect different sex expectations. Approximately 50% of young adults with Fontan had impaired quality of life related to physical functioning. Reference Uzark, Zak and Shrader7
Idorn et al included 158 children with Fontan (age 13.9, IQR 10.2–19.3) and 172 healthy controls in a study performed in Denmark. The results showed a significant difference between groups in physical functioning using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire. Reference Idorn, Jensen and Juul8 McCrindle et al presented data from a multicentre, cross-sectional study of 537 children with Fontan (age 6–18 years, 60% male) evaluating quality of life by parent proxy reports. They showed that the physical functioning scores were significantly lower than normative values.37 Marshall et al identified lower scores across all health-related quality of life domains, with the largest differences in physical functioning, Reference Marshall, D’Udekem and Sholler3 as confirmed in our study.
Mental health
The results from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in our study showed a significant difference between groups only in the domain of emotional problems and not in the domains of hyperactivity, conduct, peer problems, prosocial behaviour, or total difficulties. Both the Fontan patients and healthy controls had normal scores. Compared to the male patients, the female patients had impaired mental health more often, in accordance with general findings, Reference Lundh, Wangby-Lundh and Bjarehed38 as confirmed in our study. A Norwegian study using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire included 30,000 adolescents from the general population aged 10–19 years and found that 9% of the population had symptoms or difficulties that created distress in everyday life and reduced their well-being. Reference Roy, Grøholt, Heyerdahl and Clench-Aas22 As our study results showed, females in Van Roy’s study reported the most emotional problems and males reported the most behaviour and peer problems. Norwegian adolescents had a high prevalence of hyperactive behaviour compared with adolescents from other countries. Research on CHD, especially those with single ventricles, shows a high prevalence of psychosocial problems and anxiety. Reference DeMaso, Calderon and Taylor6 Pike et al compared 54 adolescents with Fontan circulation and 66 healthy controls and found that the patients with Fontan circulation had symptoms of depression. Reference Pike, Evangelista, Doering, Eastwood, Lewis and Child5 Demaso et al compared the mental health and psychosocial status of 156 adolescents with Fontan with those of 111 healthy peers. Reference DeMaso, Calderon and Taylor6 The Fontan patients had a significantly higher rate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis (65% versus 22%). Concerning the most common Reference Bratt, Burström, Hanseus, Rydberg and Berghammer39 psychiatric dysfunction, especially anxiety and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, it is commonly recommended to screen patients in childhood to determine whether they are at risk and should be referred for treatment. Reference DeMaso, Calderon and Taylor6,Reference Drakouli, Petsios, Giannakopoulou, Patiraki, Voutoufianaki and Matziou10 Zentner et al found higher rates of anxiety and behavioural disorders in Fontan patients and recommended awareness and early intervention and support to prevent or minimise negative consequences. Reference Zentner, Celermajer and Gentles40
Rassart et al showed that adolescents with CHD start developing their own personal identity, future orientation and concerns during adolescence, making them more aware of what it means to live with a chronic illness. Reference Rassart, Apers and Kovacs41
Several university and local hospitals in Norway, including OUH Rikshospitalet, have worked purposefully with the transition to adult care. The results of this work may explain our relatively high scores.
Diseth et al, who included 38 kidney transplanted (mean 12.2) children and 42 healthy controls (mean 11.8), found that the healthy control group had better mental health. Reference Diseth, Tangeraas, Reinfjell and Bjerre42 Diseth et al published their paper in 2011; the results from this paper might be partially explained by the date of the study and might not be representative today.
According to Bratt et al, nearly 50% of parents expressed concern regarding the transition the adult care. Reference Bratt, Burström, Hanseus, Rydberg and Berghammer39 This showed that there is good reason to start the transition early, preferably at 12–13 years of age. Du Plessis et al studied the parents of youths with Fontan circulation who completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at the beginning of the transition to the adult ward and found 17 young people between the ages of 15–18 and 15 of their parents to report poor knowledge of their own Fontan circulation, and 41% had poor knowledge of the purpose of their medication and their treatment. Most patients reported feeling uncomfortable talking about problems, especially problems with emotional well-being. All parents reported high levels of anxiety surrounding the transition to an adult ward. Reference Du Plessis, Culnane, Peters and d’Udekem43
Concerning our hypotheses, we found the health-related quality of life of the patients to be reduced compared to that of the healthy controls for all domains from the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire. Significant deviations from healthy controls were demonstrated in the total summary score and physical and social functioning scores. On the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, only the emotional problems domain showed a difference between groups.
Concerning hypothesis 2, no significance difference was found based on age at Fontan operation, number of post-operative admission days after Fontan operation or cumulative days of hospital admission after Fontan operation.
Our data are in line with those of previous non-population-based studies in young patients with CHD for both the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in the Fontan population, despite medical and functional complications. However, our results also show that the Fontan group scored somewhat lower in all domains of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Questionnaire and in multiple domains of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.
To prevent the occurrence of mental health issues or impaired quality of life during the vulnerable phase of transition from paediatric to adult care, preparations should begin from the age of 12, and the transition itself should be planned in a structured and individualised manner. This process should include both medical and psychoeducation. Reference Zentner, Celermajer and Gentles40,Reference Burström, Acuña Mora and Öjmyr-Joelsson44,Reference Burström, Bratt and Frenckner45 It is important to identify adolescents at risk for mental health problems and impaired health-related quality of life. Reference Dulfer, Bossers and Utens46 Routine psychosocial assessment is essential to form interventions to strengthen health-related quality of life and to improve mental health.
Limitations
The results of this study must be interpreted in the context of several limitations. The limitations include a small patient population, which may have influenced our statistical results. The results are not widely generalisable, as the data reflect the practice of a single centre, and the study is not randomised with a slightly different population in the study and the healthy control group.
Because of ethical restrictions in performing MRI for other parts of the project, the control group had to be slightly older than the patient group, which might introduce an age-related bias. However, as increasing age was associated with lower quality of life scores, any group differences were unlikely to be overestimated because of age bias.
A significant number of our control group members were recruited by health care workers, which might have introduced a bias towards a group that was physically and mentally healthier than the general adolescent population. The timing of the distribution of the questionnaires may affect the answers. Completing the questionnaires at home in a safe environment can result in higher scores. However, the downside of completing the questionnaires in the laboratory is that the response rate would probably be lower. The distribution of the forms on arrival at the hospital may have reminded the patients of their disease, possibly yielding lower scores. Some of the Fontan adolescents were also worried that they would be hospitalised for five days and undergo several medical examinations. This may also have influenced the responses of the Fontan adolescents.
Conclusion
Compared to healthy controls, adolescents after Fontan-type palliation in Norway have good health-related quality of life and mental health, despite slightly lower scores than those of healthy individuals, mainly in the physical and school functioning domains. Compared to healthy controls and healthy teenagers, these adolescents have somewhat more emotional problems, and compared to male patients, female patients exhibited impaired mental health more often. Compared with the populations investigated by previous studies from other parts of the world, adolescents with Fontan circulation in Norway have remarkably good quality of life and few mental health challenges.
Acknowledgements
None.
Financial support
The project was financed by a research grant (IBG) from the research foundation of the Norwegian Association for Children with Congenital Heart Disease (Foreningen for Hjertesyke Barn) and by a postdoctoral research grant (TM) from the South-Eastern Norway Health Authority.
Conflicts of interest
None.
Ethical standards
The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national guidelines on human experimentation (Lov om medisinsk og helsefaglig forskning) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008, and have been approved by the institutional committees (Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics in South East Norway).
Open access
