We thank very much Dr. Richard Skaff for his comments to our editorial published in the February 2021 issue of CNS Spectrums, since we do hope that this might perhaps generate a wider debate on the current state of Psychiatry and where it will be heading in the next decades.Reference Marazziti and Stahl ¹

Within the frame of a short editorial, we attempted to highlight what are, according to us, the most pressing and unavoidable problems deriving form an evolving world that current psychiatry has to cope with. Indeed, the focus of our considerations was not on why psychiatry is what it is nowadays, but what should de done to reinforce the relationships between psychiatric research and practice in a rapidly changing world requiring urgent responses and rapid implementation of innovative approaches. The COVID19 pandemic is the latest and unprecedented catastrophe scrambling the health systems wordwide that even more highlights, on one side, the limits of the systems themselves, but also the urgency of effective and fast therapeutic strategies.

We listed the major domains of psychiatric interests that should be considered and addressed, while providing preliminary suggestions of potential interventions that cannot be exhaustive.

In any case, we do not agree with the pessimistic view of Dr. Skaff that some problems, such as natural or human-made disasters should not be approached because “…adapting a discipline such as psychiatry” to “..effectively deal with these enormous challenges is daunting…” The author seems to neglect that extreme calamities might create novel problems of psychiatric interest. There is an increasing literature on the short- or long-term psychological/psychiatric consequences of climate change, natural disasters, air pollution, and migration ranging from mild stress effects to full-blown psychiatric disorders.Reference Reifels, Bassilios and Spittal ^{2 -} Reference Ursano, Morganstein and Cooper ⁵ Since mental disorders associated with climate change are still poorly understood, even new terms, such as “eco-anxiety” and “solastalgia” were coined to define some new psychological conditions associated with climate change.Reference Arcanjo ^{6 ,} Reference Albrecht, Sartore and Connor ⁷ The term “eco-anxiety” denotes the stress that a subject experiences in perceiving nature as fragile and vulnerable, as well as the frustration of being unable to face such a dramatic change.Reference Arcanjo ^{6 ,} Reference Gifford and Gifford ⁸ The term “solastalgia” labels a psychic state in which people, often immigrants, do not recognize as familiar the environment where they live and are unable to adapt to.Reference Albrecht, Sartore and Connor ⁷

Again, increasing evidence shows the negative influence of SARS-COV2 pandemic on the worldwide population’s psychological wellbeing, such as feelings of anguish and uncertainty, fear of death, demoralization, anxiety, insomnia, distorted perceptions, dangerous behaviors, including increased use of alcohol and substances, as well as internet addiction conducts, amongst a large part of adults, children, and adolescents everywhere.Reference Tang, Hu and Hu ^{9 -} Reference McGinty, Presskreischer and Han ¹¹ Some studies, primarily in small series, investigated neuropsychiatric symptoms and/or disorders directly in COVID-19 patients. Approximately 20% to 40% of patients suffered from neuropsychiatric symptoms, including delirium, insomnia, anxiety, and depression.Reference McGinty, Presskreischer and Han ^{11 ,} Reference Holmes, O’Connor and Perry ¹² Finally, based on evidence from previous pandemics, the COVID-19 pandemic may also increase the risk for suicidal ideation and behavior and psychiatric symptoms, especially depression and trauma-related disorders. According to the report of the Well Being Trust (WBT) and the Robert Graham Center for Political Studies in Family Medicine and Primary Care, an additional 75 000 Americans could die from suicide, drugs, or alcohol abuse, mainly in connection with the high unemployment rate caused from the pandemic.Reference Bo, Li and Yang ^{13 -} Reference Petterson, John and Miller ¹⁵

Not surprisingly, increasing recent observations authorize to hypothesize that climate change, environmental pollution, COVID-19 pandemic and mental health might be intertwined.Reference Marazziti, Cianconi and Mucci ¹⁶

Instead of focusing on the past errors that have promoted “negative public notions, speculations, and uncertainties,” and have “besieged psychiatry”, as psychiatrists we should also recall the extraordinary achievements reached by both neuroscientific and psychopharmacological research that provides therapeutic tools to treat in a more or less tailored way a large part of our patients. Prescribing the right drugs to the right patients does not mean to be partners of pharmaceutical companies, and uncertainties about the “real” mechanism of action of the majority of available psychotropic compounds, should never prevent us from prescribing them: this would be really unethical!

However, we agree with Dr. Skaff, that this cannot be enough and there is a lot to do to improve psychiatric practice and to render it more flexible and suitable to run in parallel with the requests. and issues deriving from the evolving environment. Last, but not least, the renewed interest and funding of space missions to Mars and beyond represent another hot issue to psychiatry, given the available information of long-term psychological and psychopathological consequences on astronauts.

It is evident that preventing and treating both old and novel psychopathological conditions require integrated interventions involving focused educational programs to increase awareness and reduce social stigma coupled with a deep reshaping of environmental policy, societies and medical practice.