Scope of practice

The role of POCUS in the practice of emergency medicine (EM) in Canada continues to evolve. The current evidence supports the integration of several potentially life-saving POCUS applications as core skills of the specialty. This list mirrors that of the CAEP EUC's recommended EM Residency emergency ultrasound curriculum.^{Reference Olszynski, Kim, Chenkin and Rang2}

• • Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST includes abdominal and thoracic applications.)

• • Identification of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)

• • Identification of first trimester intrauterine pregnancy (IUP)

• • Thoracic ultrasound (including identification of pneumothorax, hemothorax, pleural effusion, and interstitial lung syndrome)

• • Focused cardiac ultrasound (including assessment of global cardiac activity, gross left ventricular systolic function, right ventricular size, presence of pericardial effusion, and inferior vena cava calibre)

• • Ultrasound-guided vascular access (including peripheral and central vascular access)

This document adopts the evolving approach of collating applications into the following groups: resuscitative, diagnostic, procedural, and therapeutic/monitoring (Table 1; also see Appendix 1). In addition, a clinical, presentation-based approach is recommended where selected applications are combined, to differentiate a diagnosis.

Table 1.

POCUS scope of practice in emergency medicine

Training and competency

Training in POCUS should incorporate a significant amount of experience scanning patients in a clinical setting. Such experience may be supplemented by scanning workshops or training sessions that involve volunteers or POCUS simulation. The key features of this learning phase relate to optimizing the physician's skills in generating optimal images, interpreting the images, and incorporating the images into clinical decision-making.

Recommending methods of training and assessing proficiency in POCUS continue to stimulate debate. The CAEP EUC has published, in collaboration with EM training programs, a series of core POCUS objectives for EM residents and recommends that moving forward, completion of residency provides evidence of competency in these applications.^{Reference Olszynski, Kim, Chenkin and Rang2} For physicians who did not receive POCUS training during residency, the CAEP EUC recommends that the following three components of training be considered essential when appraising a physician's POCUS credentials and determining corresponding privileges:

1. 1. Clearly defined introduction to the POCUS skill

2. 2. Traineeship with supervision that may include scanning in both the clinical and non-clinical setting. This training phase should maximize exposure to both normal and abnormal findings and should include exposure to a representative sample of model/patient body habitus.

3. 3. A summative assessment of knowledge (including clinical integration and comprehension assessments) and an image generation assessment that includes an observed practical exam

Training for invasive POCUS applications, for example, transvaginal, transesophageal echocardiography, and procedural POCUS, may require a greater reliance on simulation. Incorporating simulation into the training for these applications has been shown to be effective and beneficial.^{Reference Kneebone, Scott, Darzi and Horrocks3–Reference Fair, Mallin and Mallemat5}

Increasingly, non-physician healthcare providers are using POCUS to enhance their clinical practice. Encouraging evidence exists for both emergency medical services (EMS)/prehospital applications^{Reference Brun, Bessereau and Levy6–Reference McCallum, Vu, Sweet and Kanji15} and applications used by nurses.^{Reference Bahl, Pandurangadu, Tucker and Bagan16,Reference Crager, Cinkowski and Gharahbaghian17} It is recommended that POCUS training of these clinicians should include the three components described previously, albeit via a tailored pathway that reflects context and scope of practice.

A growing number of Canadian medical schools have incorporated POCUS into their undergraduate medical education.^{Reference Steinmetz, Dobrescu, Oleskevich and Lewis18} There is evidence that this can enhance student knowledge and learning of traditional examination skills and also increase student satisfaction.^{Reference Olszynski, Anderson, Trinder and Domes19} Emergency physicians are well placed and encouraged to facilitate and provide leadership in these programs.

POCUS fellowships are well established in Canada (www.PoCUS.ca), and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) has recently approved an Area of Focused Competence Diploma.²⁰ Emerging EM POCUS leaders are encouraged to use these programs.

Physicians are expected to keep current with evidence and advances in POCUS practice throughout their careers and are supported by the Canadian colleges in their continuing professional development (CPD) and lifelong learning goals.

Emergency POCUS program management

Emergency POCUS program management includes components of program leadership, monitoring and quality assessment recommendations, as well as machine choice and maintenance. Recommendations are provided to assist EDs in developing POCUS leaders and to help those leaders develop expertise and establish robust programs that will enhance patient care.

All EDs with POCUS equipment should have a named physician (POCUS Lead) designated and responsible for development and maintenance of the emergency POCUS program. In smaller and rural hospitals, this role may be assumed by those with other quality improvement responsibilities (see Appendix 5 for Rural EM recommendations). Academic centres and larger EDs should have a POCUS Program Director. Recommended responsibilities for these positions are detailed in the full document and may include administration, education of trainees and staff, quality, and research. EM POCUS leaders are expected to have completed additional POCUS training and, in academic centres, have completed POCUS fellowships or the equivalent.^{Reference Olszynski, Kim, Chenkin and Rang2} Regional POCUS leadership is recommended, with regional academic centres and their associated geographically located smaller EDs collaborating with respect to program management.

POCUS program quality is not only dependent on robust training and competency, but also documentation standards, image archiving (where applicable), and defined quality management process. Recommendations for these are detailed in the full document. Many larger and academic EDs in Canada are archiving images and clips for every examination performed. This is considered best practice and strongly recommended. A local POCUS quality program is the responsibility of the POCUS Lead (with the appropriate support and resources) and will include ongoing review, support, education, and development.

A POCUS program requires resources, including physician time and administrative support. Departments are expected to balance the competing demands placed on resource allocation in order to support successful program delivery. Many larger academic centres will already have implemented much of these mentioned. Others will have EM quality programs in place that could be expanded to include POCUS quality. Smaller hospitals will have to consider which of the previous recommendations are achievable locally and what support is available regionally, for example, regional archiving, regional POCUS education, and competency development.

An ultrasound machine must be immediately available to an attending emergency physician in the ED at all times. The CAEP EUC recommends that EDs should have a minimum of at least one machine for every distinct clinical area and strongly consider the provision of one ultrasound machine for every attending emergency physician on shift. Recommended ultrasound machine specifications are detailed in the full document.

Programs should have a clear policy for infection control, that includes machine hygiene (including keyboard, controls, screen, and cart) and the transducers.^21–26

Pediatric emergency POCUS

Pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) has embraced the potential of POCUS to improve care for their patients.^{Reference Vieira, Hsu and Nagler27} Recommended core POCUS competencies for PEM physicians include eFAST, Focused Cardiac, Thoracic, IUP, Soft Tissue, and Vascular Access. Although clinical indications and use of POCUS in adults and children overlap greatly, our recommendations consider the important differences existing between the two populations. These are detailed in the full document and include resuscitation, lung, neck, ocular, renal/bladder, skull fracture, abdomen, testes, hip and fractures.

Training and competency assessment for PEM POCUS applications follows the same recommendations as those outlined in the previous section on training and competency.

Emergency POCUS research

The CAEP EUC would not be able to make these recommendations without the body of evidence provided by quality POCUS research. With a greater focus on outcome-centred research, researchers will need to establish networks to design and run the large-scale multi-centre studies required to answer these important patient outcome questions that remain unanswered.^{Reference Lewiss, Chan and Sheng28}