Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf. (Fabaceae) is one of the most problematic invasive alien plant species in Ethiopia, posing serious threats to ecosystems and pastoral livelihoods. Despite its widespread invasion, limited evidence exists on how pastoral communities perceive its impacts, particularly in the Lower Omo Valley. In this study, we surveyed 154 households in Nyangatom District using semi-structured questionnaires and conducted four focus group discussions with communities in the Kibish cluster. Our findings indicate that 73.4% of households considered N. juliflora undesirable due to its suppression of grazing species, reduction of biodiversity, and restriction of livestock mobility. Pastoralists reported using several coping and control strategies, though most were limited to small-scale clearing around homesteads rather than broader rangeland management. Logistic regression analysis showed that education level, livestock ownership, and proximity to invaded areas significantly influenced perceptions of the invasion. Overall, N. juliflora has intensified socio-ecological vulnerability by degrading rangeland resources and affecting pastoral livelihoods. The results highlight the urgent need for feasible, locally adapted, and integrated management interventions.