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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 February 2026

Edited by
James Kraska  and
Khanssa Lagdami
James Kraska
Affiliation:
US Naval War College
Khanssa Lagdami
Affiliation:
World Maritime University

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Marine Technology, Ocean Development and the Law of the Sea , pp. 393 - 406
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

AAWA. See Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications Initiative (AAWA)
Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 (US), 321
ACPPNM. See Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (ACPPNM)
Ad Hoc Seabed Committee, 247
Advanced Autonomous Waterborne Applications Initiative (AAWA), 40
Advisory Opinion on Climate Change, 129–130, 133–134, 150, 153, 385
Agreement on Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. See High Seas Treaty
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 365–366
Article 9(1), 365
Article 66(2), 366
Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 249, 251, 358, 375
Annex, 251
AI. See artificial intelligence
AI4Shipwrecks, 310
AIS Guidelines. See Guidelines for the Onboard Operational Use of Shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS Guidelines)
Akademik Lomonosov, 332
Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (ACPPNM), 330–331, 339, 342, 347–349, 390
Article 2A(3), 330, 340, 390
Applied Research for the Advancement of Science and Technology Priorities Program on Synthetic Biology for Military Environments, 374
AQNav, 194
archaeology. See underwater archaeology
Area Advisory Opinion, 253–257, 260–261
Argo, 314
Argo Project, 292
ARSIWA. See Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA)
Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. See Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA)
artificial intelligence (AI), 2, 7, 39, 199, 208, 214, 237, 266
application of, 65, 89–94, 382–383
autonomous ships and, 76, 90
challenges of, 105–106, 383
employment management and, 94, 383
maritime labour law and, 102
maritime security and, 92–93
MASS Code and, 103–104
opportunities of, 105–106, 383
predictive maintenance and, 90–91
risk management and, 93
role of, 2, 89
seafarer roles and, 104–106
shipwrecks and, 310, 322
voyage optimization and, 91
Artificial Intelligence Act (EU), 93, 102–105, 237
Asia-Pacific Trade Facilitation Forum, 237
ASKO, 46
Athabaskan, 321
autonomous ships. See also Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)
definition of, 42–44
levels of autonomy of, 42–44, 90
AUTOSHIPMAN, 48, 61, 81, 382
clause 5(a), 61
Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), 48, 81, 173, 178, 235, 382
Barcelona Statement, 225
bareboat charters, 49–50, 52, 382
BBNJ. See biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ)
BCT. See blockchain technology (BCT)
BDS. See BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)
Beaufort Scale, 55
Beauty One, 210
BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), 163, 166, 386
Beijing Pioneer, 389
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, 365
Article 6bis, 365
BGR. See Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
BIMCO. See Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO)
biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), 355, 357–361, 366, 369, 389–391
Biological Weapons Convention, 373
Blake, Marlowe J., 333–334, 343–344
Blockchain Commission, 233
blockchain technology (BCT), 222, 229–231, 380, 387–388, 391
conservation of marine biological diversity and, 233–234
conservation of marine resources and, 231–232
electronic data interchange and, 234–235
electronic permitting and, 236–237
legal and regulatory challenges of, 237–239
nature of, 227–229, 239–240
potential of, 223, 240–241
protection of the marine environment and, 232–233
United Nations use of, 222–223
Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro. See Genocide case
Bound4blue, 3
Brexit, 371
Broad Shield, 192
Brujo Finance Company v. Sea Energy Company, 209
Cable Convention, 297
Article II, 298
CBD. See Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Center for Advanced Defense Studies, 166, 170
China National Offshore Oil Corporation, 334
CHIPS Act (US), 370–371
CITES. See Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Civil Code (Netherlands), 113
Civil Liability Convention, 41
Clean Shipping Coalition, 143
coastal State jurisdiction, 285, 287–291, 293, 298–300, 317–318, 321, 330–331, 342–343, 358, 389
Code of Safety for Nuclear Merchant Ships, 339
Colombian Navy, 315
Comité Maritime International, 112
Working Group on Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships, 40
Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction (Seabed Committee), 247–249
Declaration of Principles, 247–248
Moratorium Resolution, 247–248
Convention and Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports, 10, 28
Article 2, 10
Article 3, 10
Article 4, 10
Article 11, 28
Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables. See Cable Convention
Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), 258
Appendix I, 259
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1914), 201
Article 31, 201
Article 35, 201
Convention of the Continental Shelf, 287
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 226–227, 361, 367
Article 2, 226
Article 22, 227
Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea. See Rotterdam Rules
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 224
Article 2, 224
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 234–237
Convention on Nuclear Safety, 341
Article 2(i), 341
Convention on the High Seas, 287, 343
Article 27, 298
Convention on the International Maritime Organization, 13
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM), 332, 347–348, 351
Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction. See Biological Weapons Convention
Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention), 258
Annex II, 259
Annex II Regulation 3, 259
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH), 305–306, 309
Article 1(1)(a), 315
Article 2(9), 320
Article 7, 316
Article 7(3), 316
Article 13, 308
jurisdiction under, 307, 315, 321–322
role of, 312, 315–318, 322
sovereign immunity and, 318–319
technologies and, 310–312
time period under, 310, 313
COVID-19, 233, 356, 369, 372–373
CPPNM. See Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM)
CPUCH. See Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (CPUCH)
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (US), 191
CyScan GeoLock sensor, 193, 386
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
decarbonization, 3, 90, 131–132, 145, 148, 150, 153, 333–334, 351, 380, 383–384, 386
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. See Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment
Defence Innovation Agency (France), 193
Defender, 170
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (US), 356–357, 372–374, 391
Biological Technologies Office, 374
Department of Defense (US), 181, 183, 194, 372–374
Department of Homeland Security (US), 181, 189, 191
Department of Justice (US), 191
Department of Transportation (US), 181
Digital Europe Programme, 238
DNV, 90
Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, 366
Douglas Sea Scale, 55
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), 112–117, 119, 122–124
Article 4, 116, 124, 384
Article 5, 117, 124, 384
Article 8, 118, 124, 384
Draft Articles on the Law of the Sea
Article 62, 298
Draft Exploitation Regulations, 388
Draft Mining Code. See Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area (Draft Mining Code)
Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area (Draft Mining Code), 253, 258, 261, 264, 389
Annex IV, 261
Annex VII, 262
Draft Regulation 2, 253
Draft Regulation 2(b)(ii), 261
Draft Regulation 2(e)(i)–(vii), 261
Draft Regulation 3(f)(iii), 261
Draft Regulation 3(f)(vi), 261
Draft Regulation 5(1), 261
Draft Regulation 6, 261
Draft Regulation 7(1), 261
Draft Regulation 7(3), 261
Draft Regulation 13(3)(a)–(e), 262
Draft Regulation 13(4)(e), 262
Draft Regulation 32, 262
Draft Regulation 33, 262
Draft Regulation 44, 253, 258, 262
Draft Regulation 45, 262
Draft Regulation 47(3)(d), 263
Draft Regulation 48(3)(c), 263
Draft Regulation 51(c), 263
Draft Regulation 52, 263
Draft Regulation 52(1)(a), 263
Draft Regulation 52(3), 263
Draft Regulation 52(4), 263
Draft Regulation 55(d), 263
Draft Regulation 58, 258
Draft Regulation 58(1)(f), 263
Draft Regulation 59(2)(a), 263
Draft Regulation 103(2)(b), 263
Part IV, 262
EBRS. See European Blockchain Regulatory Sandbox (EBRS)
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 333–334
eLoran, 192, 386
Emission Cap-and-Trade System (ECTS), 149
Enigma Recoveries, 322
Enterprise, 248, 250–251
EPRI. See Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
European Blockchain Regulatory Sandbox (EBRS), 238, 388
European Blockchain Services Infrastructure, 238
European Commission, 103, 143, 238
Recommendation (EU) 2024/236, 94
European GNSS Service Centre, 180
Evertsen, 170
Executive Order 13905 (US), 180–181
FAO. See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (US), 191
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), 266, 268–269, 389
Federal Radionavigation Plan, 181–183
Fifth Fleet Battle Watch, 169, 191
Fifth Fleet Naval Cooperation and Guidance for Shipping (NCAGS) Watch, 191
flag State jurisdiction, 8, 11, 115, 120–124, 298, 317–319, 321, 331, 335, 340–341, 347–348, 381, 384
floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs), 331, 351–352, 390
as cargo, 338
as facilities, 341–342
as vessels, 338–340
classification of, 336–337
definition of, 334–335
evolution of, 335–336
jurisdiction of, 330–332, 335, 340–341, 347–350
non-proliferation norms and, 345
nuclear safeguards and, 347
nuclear security and, 347–349
outside territorial waters, 329–331
regimes for, 349–351
UNCLOS and, 343–344
FNPPs. See floating nuclear power plants (FNPPs)
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 223, 231
FSJ. See flag State jurisdiction
FSO. See Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO)
GAIRS. See Generally Accepted International Regulations, Procedures and Practices (GAIRS)
Galileo (GNSS system), 163, 386
GDPR. See General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Geldermalsen shipwreck, 310
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 102–103, 383, 388
General Nuclear Power Group (China), 334
Generally Accepted International Regulations, Procedures and Practices (GAIRS), 13, 15, 17–18, 33, 381
Genocide case, 119
Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), 202–204, 387
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). See GNSS
Global’naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS). See GLONASS
GLONASS, 163, 166, 169, 386
GMDSS. See Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
GNSS. See also jamming and spoofing
alternatives to, 192–194
industry initiatives regarding, 178–180
nature of, 163–164
GPS, 74, 166–170, 183, 191–192, 386, See also jamming and spoofing
alternatives to, 193–194
Federal Radionavigation Plan and, 181–183
Memorandum on Space Policy Directive 7 and, 187
nature of, 164
Grossi, Rafael Mariano, 329
Group of 77, 249–250, 362
Guidelines for the Onboard Operational Use of Shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS Guidelines), 203–204, 213
Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships, 173
Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management, 171–173
Guysborough, 321
Hague-Visby Rules
Article 4(2)(a), 46
Hamburg Rules
Article 14(3), 235
Hamburg School of Business Administration (HSBA), 89–90
HawkEye 360, 167
Helsinki Convention. See Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area (Helsinki Convention)
Hexagon Autonomy & Positioning, 193
High Seas Alliance, 360
High Seas Fish Stocks Agreement, 358
High Seas Treaty, 227, 233, 355, 357, 361, 380
Article 1(8), 356
Article 4, 373
Article 5, 368
Article 7(b), 361
Article 10(3), 373
Article 11, 362
Article 11(1), 362
Article 11(2), 363
Article 11(3), 362
Article 11(4), 363
Article 11(5), 363
Article 12, 361, 364
Article 12(1), 363
Article 12(3), 363
Article 12(5), 363
Article 12(8), 363
Article 13, 362
Article 14(1), 362–363
Article 14(2), 364
Article 14(3), 363
Article 14(5), 363
Article 14(6), 363
Article 14(7), 363
Article 15, 362
Article 15(1), 364
Article 15(3), 364
Article 16(1), 364
Article 28(2), 364
Article 29(5), 364
Article 30(1)(a)(i), 364
Article 33(3), 364
Article 36(2), 364
Article 47(6), 363
Article 51, 362, 374
Article 51(3)(c), 362
Article 52, 363
Articles 9–16, 360–361
constructive ambiguities of, 360–361
development and role of, 358–359
digital sequencing information and, 361–364
intellectual property rights and, 364–369, 375–376
marine genetic resources and, 356–357, 361–364
national security and, 369, 371–376
Part II, 359, 361, 373–374
Part III, 359
Part IV, 359
Part V, 359, 364
structure of, 359–360
HMAS Perth, 319, 321
HMCS Athabaskan, 321
HMCS Guysborough, 321
HMS Defender, 170
HMS Prince of Wales, 321
HMS Repulse, 321
HNLMS Evertsen, 170
Houthi attacks, 200, 211–213, 387
HSBA. See Hamburg School of Business Administration (HSBA)
IACS. See International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
IAPH Cybersecurity Guidelines for Ports and Port Facilities, 173
ICS. See International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
Ijzeren Rijn Railway arbitration, 252
ILO. See International Labour Organization (ILO)
IMCO. See Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO)
IMDG Code. See International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code)
IMO. See International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Implementation Agreement. See Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
IMSC. See International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC)
Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP). See International Maritime Organization, Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
INTERCARGO, 173, 178
Interference Detection and Mitigation Task Force, 180
Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), 10, 202
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 129–130, 135
InterManager, 173, 178
International Air Pollution Conference (1997), 137
International Association of Classification Societies (IACS)
Recommendation on Cyber Resilience (No. 166), 173
International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners. See INTERCARGO
International Association of Independent Tanker Owners. See INTERTANKO
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 329
Department of Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security, 338
Department of Safeguards, 346–347
IAEA Nuclear Safety and Security Glossary, 334
Information Circular 153 (Corrected), 331, 341, 346
Legal and Institutional Issues of Transportable Nuclear Power Plants: A Preliminary Study, 335–336
Office of Legal Affairs, 341–342, 347
Symposium on the Benefits and Challenges of Floating Nuclear Power Plants, 336
International Chamber of Shipping (ICS), 89, 144, 173, 178, 204
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 13, 16, 136–137, 380, 388
Annex I, 137
Annex II, 137
Annex III, 137
Annex IV, 137
Annex V, 137
Annex VI, 137, 146–149, 153, 385
Article 5(5), 137
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 13, 16, 21–22, 28, 115, 202–204, 213, 338–339, 380
Annex, 339
Article VIII, 202
Chapter V, 28
Chapter VIII, 339
Regulation 23, 28
International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 350
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 11, 13, 57, 60–61, 89, 94–97, 380, 383
Article III(1), 59
Regulation II/2, 60
International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Code, 95–97
International Court of Justice, 25, 119, 252, 259, 262
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, 119
International Federation of Shipmaster’s Associations, 45
International Labour Organization (ILO), 25, 31, 94–95, 100, 143–144, 383
International Law Association (British Branch Committee on the Law of the Sea), 10
International Law Commission, 116, 120, 255, 298
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), 337–338
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 3, 7–9, 88, 92, 202, 226, 269, 336–337, 359, 380
classification of FNPPs by, 340
Facilitation Committee (FAL), 20, 26, 32, 381
Facilitation Convention, 26
greenhouse gas emissions and, 136–138, 143–153
guidelines for shipborne PNT data processing, 176–177
Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP), 151–153
Legal Committee (LEG), 18, 20, 22–23, 152, 385
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), 136–137, 143–144, 146, 149–150, 152–153, 385
Maritime Safety Committee (MSC), 20, 41, 171, 176, 202–205, 386
Net-Zero Framework, 146–147, 149, 153
Net-Zero Fund, 149
Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), 41
Resolution A.472(18), 11
Resolution A.491(XII), 339–340
Resolution A.694(17), 176
Resolution A.1045(27), 386
Resolution A.1046(27), 175
Resolution A.1047(27), 21
Resolution MSC.428(98), 171
role of, 7–8, 14
Strategic Plan for 2024–2029, 144
Sustainability Fund and Reward, 148
International Maritime Security Construct (IMSC), 191
International Radiotelegraph Convention, 201
International Safety Management Code (ISM Code), 14, 21–23, 62, 381
International Seabed Authority (ISA), 245, 248–251, 261–263, 269–270, 388
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code, 62, 204
International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations, 165, 386
Article 15, 171
International Transport Workers’ Federation, 98, 144
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), 19–20, 115, 119, 121, 123, 129, 132, 256–257, 381
Seabed Disputes Chamber, 253–254, 256, 260
International Union of Marine Insurance, 173
INTERTANKO, 173, 178, 204
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Iran Army Command and Staff College, 168
Iranian Navy, 168
Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), 168
IRGC. See Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)
ISA. See International Seabed Authority (ISA)
ISM Code. See International Safety Management Code (ISM Code)
ISO/IEC 27001, 173
Israel–Hamas war, 211
Israel–Iran conflict, 386
ITCP. See International Maritime Organization (IMO), Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
ITLOS. See International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
jamming and spoofing, 164–166, 171, 178–180, 182–187, 193–195, 206, 386
by China, 165–166
by Iran, 168–169
by Russia, 169–171, 193
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, 375
jurisdiction, 7–8, 23–24, See also coastal State jurisdiction; flag State jurisdiction; port State jurisdiction)
jurusdiction, 9
Koh, Tommy, 329, 331, 350–351
Korea Maritime Institute, 1
Kraska, James, 1, 13, 18–19
KRISO research center, 47
Kuvera Resources Pte Ltd v. JPMorgan Chase Bank NA, 210–211
Kyoto Protocol, 132, 136
Article 2, 132
Article 2(2), 136
La Trinité, 317–318
Law of the Sea Bulletin, 12
Law of the Sea Conferences, 244, See also Third Law of the Sea Conference
LEG. See International Maritime Organization (IMO), Legal Committee (LEG)
Legal Committee (LEG). See International Maritime Organization (IMO), Legal Committee (LEG)
Lloyd’s List Intelligence, 208, 211
M/V Manukai, 166
M/V Norstar, 19
M/V Saiga, 19, 115, 381, 384
M/V Virginia G, 19, 381
Manukai, 166
MARAD. See United States Maritime Administration (MARAD)
Marconi Company, 201
Marconi, Guglielmo, 201
Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC). See International Maritime Organization (IMO), Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC)
marine genetic resources, 226, 355–356, 380, 390–391
digital sequence information and, 361–364
High Seas Treaty and, 358–361
intellectual property rights and, 364–369
national security and, 369–375
nature of, 356–357
shortcomings of regime, 355–356
Marine Pollution Convention. See International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
Marit, 46
Maritime and Coastguard Agency (UK), 45
Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore Act, 113
Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). See also MASS Code
access to ports by, 24–26
artificial intelligence and, 90, 103–105
cyber security and, 92–93
definition of, 15, 18, 42–44, 110, 120
emergence of, 8–9, 110–111
flag State responsibility and, 123–124
recent deve, 20–24
pilotage for, 26–30
port State control and, 30–32
port States and, 9–13, 15
regulation of, 13
remote operation centers for, 17–18, 44–48
shipmaster role in, 110–114, 116–124
standards for, 15–17
training and skills for, 97–98
Maritime Just Transition Task Force (MJTTF), 90, 144–145
Maritime Labor Act (Germany), 113
Maritime Labour Convention (MLC), 89, 94–96, 98–100, 383
Regulations 2.3–2.5, 383
Maritime Pilotage Regulations (Malta), 27
Article 3, 27
Maritime Safety Committee (MSC). See International Maritime Organization (IMO), Maritime Safety Committee (MSC)
Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence Networks (MUNIN), 40, 46
MARPOL. See International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
MASS. See Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships
MASS Code, 17, 20–23, 30, 33, 41, 61, 81, 103–105, 381–383, 387, 391
MASS Joint Working Group (JWG), 18, 20, 22, 45–46, 61
Massterly, 46
Maxar Technologies, 208
Mayflower, 39
Mediterranean Shipping Company, 101, 212
Memorandum on Space Policy Directive 7 (US), 184–187
MEPC. See International Maritime Organization, Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC)
Merchant Shipping Act (UK), 113
Mero, John L., 246
Mesdar, 168
MH-1A. See USS Sturgis
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua. See Nicaragua v. United States of America
MJTTF. See Maritime Just Transition Task Force (MJTTF)
MLC. See Maritime Labour Convention (MLC)
Montreux Convention, 30
Article 2, 30
Article 4, 30
Article 6, 30
Morse code, 201
MOX Plant case, 259–260
MS Marit, 46
MS Therese, 46
MT Beauty One, 210
MUNIN. See Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence Networks (MUNIN)
Nagoya Protocol, 367–369
Nanfri, The, 49
National Infrastructure Risk Management Plan (US), 190
National Institute of Standards and Technology (US), 173
National Nuclear Cooperation (China), 334
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US), 373
National Science Foundation (US), 363
National Security Memorandum NSM-22 (US), 187–191
National Security Strategy (Japan), 371
National Security Strategy (US)
2017, 370
2022, 370
NATO, 170
NATO Shipping Centre, 180, 192
Natural Resources Defense Council, 360
Naval Research Laboratory (US), 374–375
NAVCEN. See United States Coast Guard (USCG), Navigation Center (NAVCEN)
Navigation Protection Devices (NPDs), 192
NAVSTAR, 163
NAVWAR, 182–183, 185–186
NCAGS Watch. See Fifth Fleet Naval Cooperation and Guidance for Shipping (NCAGS) Watch
NEPTUNE system, 282
Net-Zero Framework, 146–147, 149, 153
Net-Zero Fund, 149
New International Economic Order (NIEO), 246, 249
New York Produce Exchange (NYPE) form, 42, See also NYPE 2015
Nicaragua v. United States of America, 25, 119
NIEO. See New International Economic Order (NIEO)
Nodules and Sulphides Regulations, 253
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 332, 342, 345–346
Article III, 346, 390
Article IV, 390
Norstar, 19
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO
NPDs. See Navigation Protection Devices (NPDs)
NPT. See Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US), 333
NYPE 2015, 42, 52–53, 55, 57, 61–64, 67, 77–81, 382
Annex A, 53
clause 1(b), 54, 69
clause 2, 382
clause 2(b), 57, 59
clause 2(c), 62
clause 6, 382
clause 8, 54
clause 8(a), 63, 67
clause 12, 53
clause 12(a), 55
clause 12(b), 55
clause 12(d), 55, 57
clause 12(e), 57
clause 17, 77–79
O’Brien, Robert C., 370
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 332–334
Ocean Minerals Company (OMCO), 266
Office of Naval Research (ONR) (US), 356–357, 363, 372–373, 391
Office of Science and Technology Policy (US), 181
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (US), 333, 335
Offshore Power Systems, 336
Oil Companies International Marine Forum, 173, 178
OMCO, 266
ONR. See Office of Naval Research (ONR) (US)
OptiNav AI, 91
Orca AI, 2
ORNL. See Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
Orolia, 192
OSPAR Convention. See Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention)
OTA. See Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (US)
Our Ocean Conference 2025, 229
Pardo, Arvid, 246
Paris Agreement, 132, 385
Article 2(a), 132
Article 4(2), 132
Article 4(9), 132
Article 4(19), 132
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 365
Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control, 10
Park, Young Kil, 1
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 315
Perth, 319, 321
Pilotage Act (Denmark), 27
Pilotage Act 1987 (UK), 27
Pioneer Beijing Hi-Tech Development Corporation, 269
Planet Labs, 208
Pole Star, 209
port State control, 10–11, 20, 30–33, 381
port State jurisdiction, 380
historical background to, 9–11
IMO regulatory mandate for, 13–14
international trade law and, 25–26
legal basis of, 11–13, 18, 24, 380–381
nature of, 7–9
port State control and, 30–32
ship standards and, 15–17
PricewaterhouseCoopers, 223
Prince de Conty, 316
Prince of Wales, 321
Prism Courage, 43
protect the biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ), 362–363
Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 (UK), 321
Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 350
PSJ. See port State jurisdiction
Pulp Mills case, 259–260, 262
Putin, Vladimir, 170
Q-CTRL, 386
Radio Regulations. See International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations
Reagan, Ronald, 250
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. See Artificial Intelligence Act (EU)
Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 337
Regulatory Scoping Exercise for the Use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), 41
remote operation centers (ROCs), 20–24, 32–33, 44–48, 122, 381–384
locations of, 17–18
Repulse, 321
Responsibilities and Obligations of States with Respect to Activities in the Area. See Area Advisory Opinion
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 133–134, 252, 256
Principle 7, 133
Principle 13, 252
Principle 14, 252
Principle 15, 252, 388
Rio Principles. See Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
RMS Titanic, 201, 314, 387
ROCs. See remote operation centers (ROCs)
Rolls-Royce, 90
Rosatom Overseas, 334
Rotterdam Rules, 234–235
Article 8, 234
Royal Navy, 194
Russian Federal Protective Service (FSO), 170–171
Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, 336, 340
Safety of Life at Sea Convention. See International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
Saiga, 19, 115, 381, 384
San José shipwreck, 307, 309, 314–315
San Juan submarine, 310
SandboxAQ, 194
Satellite Time and Location (STL), 192, 386
SBSTA. See Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA)
Schönknecht, Rolf, 110, 113
Schriever Air Force Base, 182
Scrutton L.J., 57
SDGs. See Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Sea2See, 388
Seabed Committee. See Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction (Seabed Committee)
SeaPod system, 2
Sector Risk Management Agencies (SRMAs), 189–191
Sensor Monitoring and Reliable Telecommunications (SMART) cables. See SMART cables
SHEFA-2 system, 294–295
SHIPMAN 2024 agreement, 48
shipwrecks, 305–323, See also underwater archaeology
archaeological methods for, 306–307
as gravesites, 306, 320–322
cultural heritage and, 307–309
international regime for, 312–317
jurisdiction over, 317–318
sovereign immunity of warships, 318–319
technologies used to locate and study, 309–312
Shortfall of Gravitas, 39
Skerki Bank, 322
SMART cables, 279, 380, 389–390
background on, 281–283
classification of, 286
industry views on, 284–286, 300
legal framework for, 280, 286–290, 292–301
marine data collection and, 290–292
nature of, 284, 299
protection of, 294–298
Society of Maritime Arbitrators, 209–210
SOLAS. See International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
SOLAS 1914. See Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1914)
SOLAS 1974. See International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
Sonardyne International, 193
South China Arbitration Award, 117
Space Policy Directive 7 (US), 184–187
spoofing. See jamming and spoofing
STCW. See International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW)
STCW Code. See International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Code
Stena Impero, 168
STL. See Satellite Time and Location (STL)
Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, 132, 225, 252
Stockton Center for International Law, 1
Sturgis, 335
Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), 137
Sunken Military Craft Act of 2004 (US), 321
Superyatch Builders Association (SYBAss), 173, 178
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 221–223, 231, 233, 237, 388
SDG 13, 237
SDG 14, 221–222, 230, 233, 237, 387–388
SDG 15, 237
SDG 17, 237
SYBAss. See Superyatch Builders Association (SYBAss)
Tanker Trackers, 208
TE SubCom, 285
Thambisetty, Siva, 365
Therese, 46
Third Law of the Sea Conference, 248, 250–251, 287, 290, 297
time charters, 41–42, 81, 382
concept and applicability of, 48–52
obligation to comply with charterer’s orders, 63–68
obligation to comply with ship description, 52–57
obligation to payment of hire, 77–80
obligation to provide seaworthy ship, 57–63
obligation to use safe port, 63–68
Titanic, 201, 314, 387
Transport General Authority of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1
Treaty of Versailles, 9
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. See Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
TRIPS. See Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Trump, Donald, 180, 370–371
UCLA. See University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
UK Sandeel case, 258
UKMTO. See United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO)
Ukraine, war in, 170, 193, 371
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 105, 145
UN Women, 223
UNCLOS. See United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
UNCTAD. See UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
underwater archaeology, 390, See also shipwrecks
cultural heritage and, 307–309
international regime for, 312–317
methods of, 306–307
technologies used in, 309–312
UNESCO, 167, 305, 390
UNFCCC. See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
UNICEF, 222
United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO), 169, 191, 213
United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 225
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea. See Rotterdam Rules
United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea. See Hamburg Rules
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 41, 115, 130, 224, 382–384
Annex III, 248
Annex III, Article 5, 248, 250–251
Article 1(1)(1), 244
Article 1(1)(4), 225
Article 1(1)(5)(a), 225
Article 2, 288, 389
Article 5, 118
Article 8, 12, 380, 383
Article 9(1), 115
Article 11, 9, 24
Article 18(1), 9
Article 19(2)(j), 291
Article 21(1)(a), 29
Article 21(1)(f), 29
Article 21(2), 17
Article 24(1), 25, 29
Article 25, 12, 23
Article 25(2), 25, 30, 381
Article 25(3), 25
Article 29, 319
Article 33, 306, 312–314, 390
Article 49, 288
Article 51, 288
Article 55, 329, 343, 390
Article 56, 343, 350, 390
Article 56(1)(b), 291
Article 56(1)(b)(i), 343
Article 58, 389–390
Article 58(1), 288, 294
Article 58(3), 289
Article 60, 293, 390
Article 61(2), 224
Article 79, 389
Article 79(1), 288
Article 79(2), 288–289
Article 79(4), 284, 289
Article 79(5), 288–289
Article 80, 293
Article 87, 288, 293–294, 383, 389, 391
Article 87(1)(c), 288
Article 87(1)(f), 291, 293
Article 87(2), 292
Article 91, 15, 19, 121, 381
Article 94, 17, 20, 23, 115, 121–122, 381, 383–384, 387
Article 94(2)(b), 121, 123
Article 98, 117, 119, 384, 387
Article 112, 288
Article 112(1), 288
Article 113, 289, 298
Article 114, 298
Article 115, 298
Article 117, 224
Article 118, 224
Article 119(3), 25
Article 129, 9
Article 133(a), 244
Article 136, 388
Article 143, 291
Article 144, 248–249, 251, 389
Article 145, 253, 261, 388
Article 149, 306, 311–315, 319, 390
Article 150, 249
Article 150(b), 252
Article 192, 226
Article 194, 387–388
Article 194(1), 132–133, 385
Article 194(5), 226
Article 196(1), 133–134, 226
Article 202, 150, 390
Article 203, 150
Article 206, 134
Article 211, 12, 136, 381
Article 211(3), 12, 16, 24–25, 381
Article 211(4), 29, 381
Article 217, 115, 384
Article 218, 10, 12, 24, 381
Article 219, 12, 381
Article 227, 25
Article 245, 291
Article 246, 2, 291, 389
Article 246(1), 289
Article 246(5)(a), 291
Article 246(5)(b), 291
Article 246(5)(c), 291, 293
Article 248, 291
Article 249, 291
Article 249(1)(a), 291
Article 249(1)(e), 291
Article 255, 25
Article 256, 293
Article 257, 293
Article 258, 292, 300
Article 273, 248, 250
Article 274, 248, 250
Article 298(1)(b), 391
Article 300, 25
Article 303, 306, 311–314, 319, 390
Article 308, 375
Articles 61–62, 387
Articles 113–115, 297–298
Articles 116–120, 224
Articles 192–194, 383, 386, 391
Articles 202–203, 385
Articles 204–206, 359
conservation of marine biodiversity and, 226–227, 240
conservation of marine resources and, 224–225
cyber threats and, 386–387
definitions in, 9, 380
flag State jurisdiction and, 115, 117, 120–121, 123
floating nuclear power plants and, 334–336, 347–351, 390
jurisdiction and, 8
marine data collection and, 290–292
marine pollution and, 130, 132–133, 385–386
marine scientific research and, 389
MASS Code and, 20, 23, 381
non-proliferation norms and, 343
Part V, 289, 343
Part VI, 288–289, 291, 293
Part VIII, 291
Part XI, 253, 264, 291, 358, 375–376, 388
Part XII, 136, 253, 388
Part XIII, 280, 290–291, 293, 389
Part XIV, 248
port access and, 24–25
port State jurisdiction and, 10–12, 26, 380
preamble, 12, 224–225, 287
protection of marine environement and, 225–226
role of, 12–13, 18
seabed mining and, 244, 246, 248–251, 253
shipwrecks and, 305–307, 309–323, 390
SMART cables and, 292–294
submarine cables and, 287–290, 297–299, 389–390
underwater archaeology and, 312–315
United Nations Development Programme, 222, 233
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, 12
United Nations Environment Programme, 130
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 131–133, 136–137, 139, 142, 147, 153
Annex I, 133
Annex II, 133
Article 2, 132
Article 3(1), 132–133
Article 3(3), 133
Article 3(4), 133
Article 4(1), 133
Article 4(1)(a), 135
Article 4(2), 133
Article 4(3), 133
Article 4(4), 133
Article 4(5), 133
preamble, 132
United Nations Global Compact, 144
United Nations International Computing Centre, 222
United Nations Ocean Conference, 227, 388
United Nations Ocean Decade Conference, 225
United States Air Force, 183
United States Coast Guard (USCG), 169
National Response Center, 191
Navigation Center (NAVCEN), 169, 180, 191–192
United States Maritime Administration (MARAD), 168–169, 191, 212
United States Maritime Advisories
MSCI Advisory 2023-005, 168–169
MSCI Advisory 2023-11, 168
United States Naval War College, 1
United States Navy, 3, 374–375
United States Space Force, 386
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 332–334
University of Michigan, 310
USCG. See United States Coast Guard (USCG)
USS Sturgis, 335
Veripos GAJT-710MS, 193, 386
Vessel Tracking for Sanctions Enforcement Act of 2023 (US), 206
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 372
Article 31, 258
Virginia G, 19, 381
Wärtsilä, 193
Wilberforce, Lord, 49
Windward, 208
WIPO. See World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Workboat Code Edition 3, 45, 61
World Commission on Environment and Development, 225
World Food Programme, 223
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 360, 365–366, 369
World Maritime University, 1, 88, 95
World Meteorological Organization, 56, 130
World Nuclear Transport Institute, 339
World Shipping Council, 173, 178
World Trade Organization (WTO), 26, 365, 381
WTO. See World Trade Organization (WTO)
Yara Birkeland, 39, 43, 46, 53, 90, 382–383
Zephr, 193
Zero Emission Vessels (ZEVs) Incentive Scheme, 148
Zhi Fei, 40

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  • Index
  • Edited by James Kraska, US Naval War College, Khanssa Lagdami, World Maritime University
  • Book: Marine Technology, Ocean Development and the Law of the Sea
  • Online publication: 25 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009760171.024
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  • Index
  • Edited by James Kraska, US Naval War College, Khanssa Lagdami, World Maritime University
  • Book: Marine Technology, Ocean Development and the Law of the Sea
  • Online publication: 25 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009760171.024
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  • Index
  • Edited by James Kraska, US Naval War College, Khanssa Lagdami, World Maritime University
  • Book: Marine Technology, Ocean Development and the Law of the Sea
  • Online publication: 25 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009760171.024
Available formats
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