Difficult past: contextualization of the siege in the socio-political and cultural contexts

Before delving into the heart of the performance's objective, it is important to contextualize the complexity of the representation of the siege in the post-war memory of the Soviet and later Russian socio-political and cultural narrative. The siege and the narratives constructed around it belong to a co-called difficult past, which emphasizes a historical period or an event, that does not create a clear consensus in the society it addresses.Footnote ⁷ It is often entangled in the discrepancy between how that past is seen in personal narratives and represented in the official discourse. Historian Tatiana Voronina emphasizes that war was an important component of the political legitimization of Soviet authority. Therefore, narratives of war were not seen as means of psychological therapy for the post-war generation but as tools in solving the urgent political tasks of the Soviet leadership.Footnote ⁸ Thus, the official history of the siege of Leningrad influenced by Soviet ideology was called to mark only those sides of everyday life that serve the heroic narrative of successes and achievements while leaving traumatic everyday experience aside.Footnote ⁹ The language of heroism became, what Voronina calls, a special method to narrate stories of the war and siege, which consolidate only one side of human experience. Another side – marginal, painful, shameful – disappeared along with witnesses and it could not be discovered and comprehended fully by descendants.Footnote ¹⁰ This shadowing of personal experience that prevailed in the official narrative adds to the complexity of the presentation and understanding of the siege from the perspective of the traumatic experience, disrupting the connection between individual suffering and collective struggle during the siege. A specialist in Russian culture, Catriona Kelly, addresses this specific phenomenon as ‘war glory minus war suffering’.Footnote ¹¹

The cultural sphere mirrored this complexity. Some examples of cultural expressions, written ones especially, showed the tragedy and loss as a result of the siege through the prism of human experience; for instance, diaries, memoirs, and collections of reminiscences.Footnote ¹² Publication of these works during different periods of Soviet history was prohibited or heavily censored, however, and with many corrections that most of the time did not reflect the truth. Leningrad Under Siege: First-hand Accounts of the Ordeal, the book on which the performance is partly based, is one of the well-known examples of a written work – a collection of witness accounts of the siege. The extensive research, interviewing, and writing of the book was conducted by Ales’ Adamovich and Daniil Granin between 1977 and 1982, with parts being published as early as 1977. The censorship, however, prohibited the publication of the book due to the depiction of looting and similar narratives that might, according to officials, highlight the siege from a wrong side. The whole book was first published in 1984.Footnote ¹³

The lack of available scholarship that engages with the representation of the siege in theatre highlights the fact that the big cinema screen might have been a much more desirable platform for engaging with the subject.Footnote ¹⁴ In the 1960s, the so-called Thaw period, temporary relief from strict censorship created a possibility for an attentive reflection on the siege as an episode of the war that was not yet so long back in time. Movies such as Winter Morning directed by Nikolay Lebedev and Daytime Stars by Igor Talankin and Olga Berggolts addressed the experience of suffering of citizens of Leningrad during the siege. However, in the 1970s a new approach to the subject was demanded by the Brezhnev government.Footnote ¹⁵ The biggest project of that time was the movie Blokada. The main focus of the movie was to show the siege in epic proportions and to move away from the intimacy and darkness of the earlier cinematic works by creating a patriotic blockbuster.Footnote ¹⁶

During the historical period of Perestroika and Glasnost, when traumatic experience of the siege's witnesses could have been uncovered from a different angle, the socio-economic aspect came to influence how it was once again viewed and formulated. In order to qualify for support from the State during the deep economic crisis that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, witnesses of the siege needed to be accepted as heroes of the war, which would put them on the same level of benefits as those who actively fought for and defended the city.Footnote ¹⁷ Thus, the narrative of victimization, of comparing themselves to the victims of the Holocaust, for instance, was not accepted by witnesses of the siege because it would mean their role in the war was different from that of the soldiers and civil defenders. As a result, as social theorist Elena Trubina underlines, the construction of history and memory of the siege is primarily dictated by a system of values, discursive practices, systematic mechanisms and configurations of power rather than by uncensored human experience.Footnote ¹⁸

The unexpected and difficult freedom of the transition period of the 1990s inadvertently created a space to address the difficult past, including the tragedy of the siege. Already existing texts of memoirs and biographies were openly published. To ask uneasy questions about the siege became possible even if still limited due to new apparent politics of silencing and secrecy. The cultural landscape in general made clear complexities and controversies surrounding the subject of the siege, understanding of it in the public space and wariness of the discussion. The significant example of the gap between the ways the siege is perceived is the controversial discussion around the attempts to establish a museum dedicated to the siege that in the end was never built. While one group of people wanted the siege to be shown from the perspective of heroism and strength, another wanted to emphasize the struggles, uncertainties and suffering of ordinary people, and a third group wanted to highlight the responsibility of the political power of the country for the mass death of civilians.Footnote ¹⁹

During this period, theatre also became one of those public platforms that took on itself the serious task to speak of the difficult past, thus attempting to make peace with it.Footnote ²⁰ Among the most recent performances that address the siege is 67/871 staged by Teater Pokoleniy (Theatre of Generations).Footnote ²¹ Based on the play written by the late playwright and leader of Teater.doc Elena Gremina, the performance uses the strategies of verbatim theatre to explore the painful past through interviews with witnesses of the siege. Furthermore, Hecatomb. Siege Diary directed by Yana Tumina and 900 snowflakes directed by Tatiana Sidorova do not only address the tragedy from the perspective of human experience but target young audiences, exploring possibilities of talking to children about that difficult past.

Right now, in Russia one is witnessing a rapid deterioration of that relative freedom of the past two decades that allowed a space for reflexivity and exploration of the difficult history. The fast-paced militarization of major sectors of society, including cultural, once again pushes historical events, such as the siege of Leningrad, towards the moralistic narrative of great victory at all costs.Footnote ²² This narrative serves the agenda of the political regime much better than attention to human suffering and value of the life of an individual.Footnote ²³ Furthermore, alternative narratives that would not only see the siege as a crime against humanity but inadvertently point out the role that the Soviet leadership and Stalin himself played in the siege's horrible losses are directly threatening to the present-day political regime that in many aspects inherits structures of the Soviet regime.Footnote ²⁴

Why struggle to understand and address past trauma when what is at hand is already ungraspable and unimaginable? The past holds a lesson, however, when it comes to the construction of memory and history and the strive for its representation in the present, which allows for recognition of past traumatic experiences that are devaluated by the narrative constructed in the duration of time by the political regime that succeeds in ‘calculated misrepresentation of the memory of the past’.Footnote ²⁵ As reliable sources of free speech, information and critique in Russia are being gradually persecuted, prosecuted and cancelled, strangling any attempts to build and maintain a civil society, it is more important than ever to acknowledge the sources of alternative thinking and understanding that appeal not only to knowledge, as it can be easily disrupted and deformed, but to empathy. To work through trauma is not only important on a personal level but on a much wider social level. This performance is one of the small contributions to critical thinking through empathy, which allows one to acknowledge the traumatic past and to hope for a different future to arrive through the alleviation of that past trauma.

Touching from a distance: scenographic ecology and empathic unsettlement

Arguably, any presentation and perception of other people's trauma are a negotiation of possibilities, attempts and expectations, rather than a concrete set of rules and actions. In her work on affect, trauma and contemporary art, Jill Bennett emphasizes that once trauma is represented and seen as ‘an expression of personal experience’ it becomes susceptible to ‘appropriation, to reduction, and to mimicry’.Footnote ²⁶ Bennett wonders if by means of art and performative expressions, trauma can become something beyond ‘the deposit of primary experience’, which, as she claims, is potentially unshareable, even if it is communicated.Footnote ²⁷ At this, she argues that trauma-related art forms ‘are best understood as transactive rather than communicative’, and instead of conveying others’ personal experiences, ‘it might lead us towards a conceptual engagement’ with it.Footnote ²⁸ In his turn, theatre scholar Patrick Duggan, in his exploration of the trauma–tragedy concept, suggests that instead of focusing on representation, which can be claimed impossible, theatre and performance can try to ‘bear witness to trauma’ so that the audience members could, in fact, experience the void in articulation of trauma, which would ‘put them in the region of re-witnessing or rehearsing their own trauma’.Footnote ²⁹

I lay a challenge to the potentially unshareable quality of trauma in the ground of my exploration of the performance's scenography and its connection to and influence on the spectator's encounter with the traumatic experience of others. In the analysis of 872 days. Voices of the besieged city, I rely on the turn in scenography studies that advocate a holistic approach to scenography and see it as ‘a way of constructing the physical, perceptual, and emotional environment of/for the event’.Footnote ³⁰ The holistic approach allows us to move away from seeing scenography from the perspective of a static scene towards understanding it as a multisensorial, affective and interactive practice that includes material relations between human and non-human actors, material and immaterial elements, affective atmospheres and cognitive processes.Footnote ³¹ I address the connection between scenography and spectator in the words of Joslyn McKinney and Scott Palmer as ‘an experience or a set of potentialities rather than a singular message’ that take place through direction of the encounter with multifaceted qualities of space, materials, visual and sonic elements.Footnote ³² This specific idea of a set of potentialities is crucial when it comes to the exploration of trauma and traumatic experience that are claimed to perpetually evade representation and comprehension.

In the context of representation of trauma, my exploration of the performance's scenography takes root in the work of scenography scholar Rachel Hann and her interpretation of scenography as ‘a crafted ecology or system of affective materials, atmospheres and orientations’.Footnote ³³ Hann's definition emphasizes the processual qualities of scenography as an action of coordination and suggests that scenographic ecology manifests itself in ‘how the material elements of theatre orientate a feeling of place, where the act of placing is an ongoing experiential process (rather than a set object) that recognizes how our bodies acclimatize to, and literately make sense of, an environment’.Footnote ³⁴

Scenography as a process of place orientation, according to Hann, includes diverse aspects of actions that take place in the time and space of the performance. As place orientation considers ‘personal and social decisions, atmospheric and affective qualities of physical environment, stage formats, and relations between the stage and the spectator’,Footnote ³⁵ it is responsible for the experience of the spectator, which happens in the process of a material encounter. Furthermore, Hann underlines that materials in scenography possess a scenographic trait which ‘isolates and affords a particular perspective, or critical framework, that identifies the potentiality of stage architecture’.Footnote ³⁶ Hann emphasizes that materials can be scenographic in their nature, that is they have a ‘distinct potential for dramatic action’.Footnote ³⁷ Thus, I centralize scenographic ecology and the operation of scenographic materials as a key element in the representation and communication of traumatic experience of others and take embodied exploration as a method of encounter or, as Hann calls it, the ‘bodily act of place orientation’.Footnote ³⁸

An encounter with scenographic traits of the performance's materials generates an active participation on the side of the spectator, which triggers their cognitive, emotional and aesthetic response, and what is crucial in engagement with the representation of trauma, the spectator's response-ability.Footnote ³⁹ By this, Duggan emphasizes that the spectator is never really a passive perceiver but exists in the condition of embodied empathic witnessing.Footnote ⁴⁰ In her turn, Bennett indicates that empathy ‘is characterized by a distinctive combination of affective and intellectual operation’ and underlines that, while an art form cannot transmit ‘the essence of a memory that is “owned” by a subject’, it can potentially ‘envisage a form of memory for more than one subject, inhabited in different modalities by different people’.Footnote ⁴¹ Empathy, however, even with Bennett's and Duggan's careful consideration of its role in the perception and engagement on the spectator's side, is a precarious feeling that can turn from commitment to the understanding of others’ experiences to its appropriation.

In this case, considering my experience as a spectator as it is generated through a material encounter with the performance's scenography, scenographic traits of those materials, and a complex context of the crossing of my knowledge of the siege and decades of the political, economic and socio-cultural narratives, I wish to address a possibility of empathic unsettlement, a concept coined by the American historian Dominick LaCapra.Footnote ⁴² According to LaCapra, empathic unsettlement signifies engagement with trauma of others as ‘a kind of virtual experience through which one puts oneself in the other's position while recognizing the difference of that position and hence not taking the other's place’.Footnote ⁴³ Therefore, he proposes to approach empathy as ‘a form of virtual, not vicarious, experience’ where ‘emotional response comes with respect for the other and the realization that experience of the other is not one's own’.Footnote ⁴⁴ Empathic unsettlement implies engagement with critical thinking and practice of learning, and one who engages with trauma of others, in this case me as a spectator, needs to expose themselves to unsettlement to be ‘cognitively and ethically responsible’.Footnote ⁴⁵

Throughout the analysis of 872 days. Voices of the besieged city, I argue that the staging of trauma is akin to LaCapra's notion of writing trauma, as opposed to writing about trauma.Footnote ⁴⁶ It is not about staging as true to reality as possible but about conditioning aspects of reality that could help the spectator approach the unimaginable. Scenographic materials tune the atmosphere to create an affective encounter with the traumatic experiences of others, thus generating a possibility of empathic unsettlement in the active role of the spectator as an agent, or, as Maaike Bleeker refers to them, a seer ‘who combines what they think they see with subjective experience to augment and extend scenography’.Footnote ⁴⁷ This conditioning happens through the orientation of scenographic materials and how relations are constructed between human and non-human actors, including immaterial aspects, such as light and the sound of voices. Acts of scenographic materials create a fertile soil for empathic unsettlement on the part of the spectator as an affectively engaged witness and as a co-creator of the performance. Scenography can be seen as a kind of tuning of the spectator's perception that challenges them not just to listen but to hear and not just imagine but come as close as possible to understanding the trauma of others.

Through the glass, darkly: staging the experience of others

To engage with the performance 872 days. Voices of the besieged city is to start outside of those clearly demarcated spaces of the theatre's building, foyer, and the room where the designated stage is located. The performance happens in the heart of the city where the traumatic experience of millions took place, now bustling and busy with everyday life. The theatre building was once already a scene of the original tragedy. Its official address, 30 Zvenigorodskay Street, housed communal living compartments in which eighty people died of starvation during the siege.Footnote ⁴⁸ Before it even starts, the performance is site-specific, for the place and the memory of it. The entire city is a stage in which the space of the representation, filled with affective experiences, is only a small part.

To access the room where the performance takes place, the audience needs to go upstairs from the foyer of the theatre. The stage is located on the second floor, but the deafness of the isolated space, the dim light and the brick wall on one side of the stage turn the architectural construction of the building upside down. One enters a space that is no longer a second floor of a theatre but a dark basement, a bomb shelter, a tense environment of encounter with the experiences of others. For the duration of time, it is a living body of the performance of which all human and non-human agents become a part, creating together a specific material situation that allows the spectator to engage with the complexity of the performative world.

The entire performance takes place behind transparent walls that separate the actors from the audience on three sides, meeting at the brick wall in the back. Lacking a visible entrance, the space inside these walls appears airtight as if the actors are sealed in. The seemingly simple interior of the enclosed space consists of several simple furniture pieces, tables and chairs, dimly lit lamps hanging from the ceiling, music stands, and pages of books scattered in a thick layer on the floor (Figs 1 and 2). Throughout the performance, as the characters narrate their stories, these objects are moved around almost automatically, disengaged from the stories’ content. Lamps are manipulated to hang lower or higher depending on the desired dimness of the space. They are pushed around in imitation of air raid commotion. Pages of books are blown around by the current from the actors’ movements. In some scenes, the actors glue them with water to the transparent walls. In others, they are falling, following unpredictable logic as the water dries.

Fig. 1

872 days. Voices of the besieged city, photograph courtesy of theatre Subbota's press service.

Fig. 2

872 days. Voices of the besieged city, photograph courtesy of theatre Subbota's press service.

Hann emphasizes that scenography as place orientation ‘amounts to a crafting of stage geographies as felt atmospheres through material and technological intervention’.Footnote ⁴⁹ Objects provide a recognizable connotation of what one experiences in everyday life, thereby object manipulations carried out by the actors bring possible meanings forward, rendering scenes familiar. The tables are moved around, building different constellations together with human bodies. Sometimes, the actors sit by the tables, as if in school. Sometimes, they hide under them, as if taking shelter from bombs. Automatization of these manipulations with familiar objects and their apparent detachment from the narratives add a sense of mechanized routines and everydayness to what in its core is a recollection of the traumatic experience.

The presentation space is simultaneously a bomb shelter, a basement, a room in an apartment block.Footnote ⁵⁰ It is demarcated not only physically by means of the transparent walls but also atmospherically, by means of light and sound, which spread throughout the dim deafness of the performance space as if through a concrete chamber. While the walls create a physical distance between the actors’ bodies and the spectators, sounds and light travel freely, distorted by the artificial border, often making it impossible to identify at once who is speaking and where that person is standing.

The plot of 872 days. Voices of the besieged city is built on two parallel timelines. The first timeline opens the performance in the form of an interview with a woman, a surviving witness of the siege. She is the only one who can be seen as some sort of protagonist as she is the sole actor who appears to interact with the spectator, for instance, by establishing and maintaining direct and intense eye contact with the audience. At first, she is seated on a stool right in front of the transparent wall, as if addressing the audience, but as the performance unravels, she proceeds to walk among the nameless characters; where the spotlight finds her every time the plot returns to the present moment of the interview (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3

872 days. Voices of the besieged city, photograph courtesy of theatre Subbota's press service.

The interview is not contextualized in time, and it is not clear how long after the siege it was taken, yet she is seemingly invited to talk to a public, to educate them – us. The practice of education about the siege as a part of the great victory, to induce the sense of patriotism, especially among school children, was common practice throughout Soviet history.Footnote ⁵¹ Yet, unlike in real-life educational practice of the post-war era, the interviewee shows clear disturbance by the questions and seems unwilling to answer them, repeating that it is painful to remember and talk about the siege. The interviewee's presence becomes a manifestation of the discrepancy that, according to trauma theorist Cathy Caruth, lies ‘between the story of the unbearable nature of event and the story of the unbearable nature of its survival’.Footnote ⁵² She is a personification of a traumatic experience, as her clear belonging to the past, among the ghosts, is akin to the repetitive nature of trauma, which the victim is unable to work through, and as a result, remains stuck in the past through compulsive repetition of the traumatic memory.

The plotline of the interview returns repeatedly throughout the performance, interrupting the second timeline, which presents a complex web of stories told by actors who portray those who found themselves in Leningrad at the time of the siege. Stories are narrated from the perspective of people of different ages, genders and occupations. Each story is told in fragments that interlace with each other to create an emotionally charged, verbal image of the besieged city. A child wishes for their stepfather to die because he eats more food than them. A man lies next to his pregnant wife, unable to sleep from hunger. A boy decides to steal food from a man on a market when he laughs at the object the boy tries to exchange.

Despite the same background, these fragmented stories do not communicate with each other or with the plotline of the surviving heroine. They all talk about a tragedy that is associated with one specific period in the history of the war, but it does not unite their experience or create one specific narrative that can be used to teach the spectator about the sacrifice of each in the name of glory for the country. The monologues scatter, fall apart, as the actors do not look at each other and their distant gazes are directed somewhere above the audience, which makes the narration of their traumatic experience as if they themselves are perpetually reliving it. The detailed descriptions lack a closure to traumatic experience in a verbal narrative as the stories are left unconcluded, hinting at their inescapable nature.

All characters apart from the interviewee are dressed in simple grey clothes that allow them to almost merge together. The bleak colour scheme is reminiscent of blurry black-and-white photographs from the war as well as of prisoners' robes, referring to their perpetual imprisonment in their traumatic past. As their personalities are painfully reduced to a grey mass, they become victims not of this specific tragedy but victims of any war and crime against human life, that even in the twenty-first century we are failing to understand.Footnote ⁵³ The interviewee is dressed somewhat differently. Her clothes are similar shades of grey, but she wears a dress and a coat, her hair is done up, and, most strikingly, she is wearing shoes while the others move around barefoot. The shoes refer to the difference between the worlds of those who survived and those who did not. The barefooted characters belong to the world of the dead, as they most likely were buried without their shoes, which were either kept by others or sold even before the victim's death. The shoes become what Duggan refers to as ‘a constructed performative Barthesian punctum’.Footnote ⁵⁴ Together with other recognizable materials of the production's scenography, these shoes become an important punctum of the connection between the spectator's haptic knowledge and the act of representation of traumatic experience.

Unsettling distance: negotiation of space as the practice of working with trauma

From the moment one enters the performance's space, and the presentation starts, material qualities of the transparent walls take a central place in communicating effects and affects in the production's ecology. It also immediately becomes an unsettling, uneasy object when it appeals to the spectator's orientation, which is connected to the ‘learned orders of knowledge’.Footnote ⁵⁵ The walls trigger a system of knowledge that refers to distancing oneself from others, not unlike to save one's life as during the recent COVID-19 pandemic. On the one hand, it is transparent, allowing no visual obstruction of the presentation. On the other hand, it is an insurmountable, physical obstacle that creates constraints to moving closer. It brings about the metaphorical existence of a theatre's fourth wall into material presence, turning it into a recurring negotiation of its presence and absence in the spectator's perception. Hann emphasizes that scenography can be understood as ‘a richness of lived materiality and the orientations that proceed from this experiential context’.Footnote ⁵⁶ Thus, a cognitive distance of time, space, and, ultimately, the traumatic experience of others, take on a material shape and become haptic, present, and in it – painful. The possibility to see but not to influence, offered by the transparent walls, reminds of mediatized representation of the suffering of others, and, possibly, of the numbness we learn to feel when confronted by it.

These walls carry sets of potential connotations that are negotiated repeatedly throughout the performance as a part of the material encounter that navigates the space. The walls are perpetually distancing and protecting the outside from what is inside and vice versa. They are a division that cannot or should not be overcome, to let those outside, the spectators, come too close to something unbearable. The past becomes a dusty museum artefact and memory turned into history where it can never truly reach us and communicate its story. Simultaneously, the walls mark a sealed, protected space where air should not get in, as it could endanger and start a process of rotting of that which is preserved inside the demarcated space. They visualize a paradox of memory of the siege of Leningrad as something holy, unquestionable, that should not be disturbed, and at the same time, something distant that should not affect us today.

The scenographic traits of these transparent walls are not called to reinforce one particular reading of the performance, however, but to challenge the spectator's understanding through material means, to unsettle, and to disturb. This disturbance happens in between the actors’ actions and the spectator's perception in which scenographic traits of the transparent walls are activated and their materiality becomes flexible. By interacting with actors and the spectator's perception, the agentic capacity of the material is activated. McKinney and Palmer emphasize that the agentic capacity of materials in scenography is linked to understanding how they respond to ‘the physical capacities of the stage’ as well as to how actors improvise with them.Footnote ⁵⁷ Furthermore, agentic capacity is directly connected to perception, in which the spectator takes on an active role by engaging with the scenographic materials through available means, in this specific case, through vision.

Due to the specificity of human vision, once the spectator becomes focused on the actors’ bodies and objects behind the transparent wall, the surface temporarily disappears from one's view. It dissolves when material qualities of other surfaces take over the spectator's attention. The surface of the fabric of clothes and desks, light from the lamps, and the play of shadows on actors’ skin acts as orientation of the spectator's attention. Every time the actors come in direct or indirect contact with the wall's surface, however, its material qualities are rendered present in the spectator's vision. At different points throughout the performance, the actors come very close to the front of the transparent wall, stopped by it in the middle of the action, unable to reach from a distance, which is as much physical as it is temporal. In one scene, the actors violently topple over the tables towards the front wall as if trying to smash it, but the tables do not reach the surface. In another, they are glueing pages of books on the walls with water, activating their surface through touch. Similarly, the interviewee is touching the surface of the wall as she answers some of the questions addressed to her, moving slowly within the perimeter of the walls, activating haptic perception through the spectator recognition of the touch.

Furthermore, these walls are subject to a perpetual negotiation in their purpose of surface and border. During one of the scenes, movie projections appear on the front wall, drawing everyone's attention to them. Black and white movies, ghostly, barely visible no matter from which angle one looks at them, and, yet, painfully melancholic even if unrecognizable. Projections once again create a material shift, suddenly making tangible the materiality of the transparent walls from a different perspective (Fig. 4). The projected images pass through the transparent surface, falling on the actors gathered behind it as in cinema theatre, and on the background wall. In this scene, the actors are watching imagery unravel on the wall in the same way the spectator does. As Duggan underlines, ‘the very nature of bodies witnessing bodies creates a visceral human connection, enabling the audience to be physically and emotionally moved by what they are presented with’.Footnote ⁵⁸ The wall is a surface that we all see from our respective sides that suddenly brings the spectator closer to those behind the wall, stuck in their remote past and whose experiences are meant to be unreachable. Yet, the projections on the wall create a shared experience that could never take place in real life.

Fig. 4

872 days. Voices of the besieged city, photograph courtesy of theatre Subbota's press service.

As McKinney and Palmer rightfully notice, ‘bodily-based and affective responses to the aesthetics of performance might in themselves constitute a kind of understanding’.Footnote ⁵⁹ The practice of distancing through scenographic traits of the walls is a part of the orientation process of scenographic ecology that directly influences the experience of the spectator. Challenged by means of scenographic materiality, the spectator refers to the learned order, which creates a possibility for recognition of the experience of others without appropriation of it. Constant negotiation of distancing and coming closer is directed towards the experience of the empathic unsettlement, which comes in realization of seeing and even knowing but also being unable to fully grasp and to come closer, therefore never appropriating it as one's own. LaCapra emphasizes that with empathic unsettlement as a main tool of one's approach to trauma of others, it is important to remember that, when working with trauma through rituals and mourning, one ‘can viably come to terms with (without even fully healing and overcoming) the divided legacies, open wounds, and unspeakable losses of a dire past’.Footnote ⁶⁰

In the final scene, the actors start to glue pages on the transparent walls, as if sealing themselves inside, behind the pages of books through which one often learns about the past. In doing so, they change the material conditions of both the pages and the walls. The walls become tangible, apprehended. There is no more going back and forth in the spectator's vision, and the walls’ presence is cemented throughout the act in which they become solid by means of a contrast between the tangible and haptic qualities of the paper and the transparent qualities of the walls. The barrier between us and them becomes more present and feasible.

The ending of the performance does not provide any closure. In 872 days. Voices of the besieged city, the survival or death is not placed in the context of glory or gratified sorrow, which would allow for it to come to some form of closure. Instead, it is the roughness of it that seizes the attention front and centre when addressing the perception of the spectator. As LaCapra emphasizes, empathic unsettlement ‘poses a barrier to closure in discourse and places in jeopardy harmonizing or spiritual uplifting accounts of extreme events from which we attempt to derive reassurance or a benefit’.Footnote ⁶¹

Scenographic rendering of the siege of Leningrad and its traumatic experience re-appropriate the narrative, attempting to come as close as possible to the ungraspable trauma of others, beyond the construction of time that rendered the tragedy unapproachable. It does not allow the narrative to disappear into an umbrella term of greatness, where the experience of one is deemed insignificant in contrast to the mythology of mass heroism and conscious sacrifice. It also does not allow me, as a spectator, to approach the narratives of others’ trauma from the perspective of vicarious victimhood, that is to identity myself with victims.Footnote ⁶² Instead, from a comfortable cognitive category of knowing facts, the spectator is moving to a visceral category of sensing, of being unsettled, which allows for new forms of understanding to appear. That understanding is not connected to historical knowledge of the tragedy but to the bodily knowledge of trauma, not necessarily connected to personal experience or to feeling of sympathy that the suffering of others can trigger in the perceiver. It is connected to deeper, empathic referencing that allows one to be aware of the separation of our own experience and the experience of others.

Addressing Marianne Hirsch's definition of postmemory, Milija Gluhovic details that it entails ‘reaching across lines of differences to the experience of others to whom one is not related by blood’, thus establishing ‘a kind of connective memory work’.Footnote ⁶³ The tangible materiality of the walls that repeatedly appears and disappears in the spectator's perception, the atmospheric space created by scenographic materials, the city outside the theatre building, that acts as an original stage to the tragedy – all these aspects are working on establishing a connection between the traumatic experience of others and the immediate perception of the spectator.

Conclusion

The study explored how scenographic ecology and empathic unsettlement create a potential to learn and understand the trauma of others as well as why there needs to be a continuous dialogue with trauma as a process of working through, given that the recognition of trauma is one of the tools to construct a democratic, civil society. Continuous negative shifts in Russian political, economic, sociological and cultural spheres influence the connection between the memory of the country's past and how it is controlled by the current political narratives of the regime.Footnote ⁶⁴ In the Russian context, traumatic historical events are often grounded in ‘underdeveloped and unstable narratives’ and the siege of Leningrad is one of the examples.Footnote ⁶⁵ Nowadays, attempts to approach and collectively work through the traumatic footprint of the siege once again, as throughout the Soviet time, becomes crippled by glorification of a war from the perspective of self-righteousness, where suffering is only seen in the context of a higher purpose.

As Voronina underlines, even at the best of times, the processes of reflexivity about the innermost are not easy.Footnote ⁶⁶ To accept the trauma of others is to accept the reflexivity and diversity of personal experience. Furthermore, it is to potentially run the risk of undermining a carefully constructed ideology of selfless heroism in the name of country. Most importantly perhaps, if the traumatic reality of war, its real causes, and casualties, are left unaddressed for a long time, we see how a plea of ‘Never again!’ may turn into the chilling tagline of ‘We can repeat it!’ as people's reflexivity and critical thinking are gradually replaced by an oblivious bravura of the militant ideology.

Reflecting on the difference between absence and loss, LaCapra underlines that ‘when loss is converted into … absence, one faces the impasse of endless melancholy, impossible mourning, and interminable aporia’.Footnote ⁶⁷ Disregard or lack of access to the graspable knowledge of trauma and loss of others turns experience into the absence of it and excises the possibility to work through trauma. As Haughton poignantly observes, in the space of ‘a post-truth and revisionist historical moment, creating the conditions for analytical engagement, critical thinking, creative inspiration, and personal and collective intimacy and affect is significant, and increasingly rare act’.Footnote ⁶⁸ Thus, right now, maybe more than ever, there is a need to employ all available resources and tools to revise the past traumas, whether those of the siege of Leningrad, political repressions, or the Chechen wars.

Duggan writes that ‘the theatre can provide a space for a safely distanced encounter with and witnessing of trauma in order that it might be more clearly processed and regulated into “normal” consciousness’.Footnote ⁶⁹ In turn, Haughton posits that a performance environment offers ‘a space for release, a space for recognition, and hopefully, a space for sincerity at times’.Footnote ⁷⁰ 872 days. Voices of the besieged city is an attempt to break through the wall of distance and history to show that, no matter the time, the trauma will always be present and will carry its effect on generations to come unless it is worked through.

In the performance, the representation of the traumatic experience of others moves away from seeing the siege as a symbolic capital of the great victory of the nation, towards a painful, complex, unimaginable human experience. It attempts to re-approach its own narrative and to come as close as possible to the ungraspable nature of the trauma of others. In doing so, it takes tentative steps of working through trauma on the collective level to prevent its disturbing repetition. Despite lacking the dramatic, in-your-face message of violence inflicted on people, which can be expected in the representation of a traumatic experience, the performance allows a space for reflexivity, contemplation, learning and empathy. Under the pressure of revisionism, disinformation, propaganda and general numbness to experiences of others, an appeal to deeply human, to empathy, might be one of the key elements of change.