Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-nf276 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-14T09:39:27.055Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Roy Haines-Young  and
Marion Potschin
Edited by
David G. Raffaelli  and
Christopher L. J. Frid
Roy Haines-Young
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Management, School of Geography, University of Nottingham
Marion Potschin
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Management, School of Geography, University of Nottingham
David G. Raffaelli
Affiliation:
University of York
Christopher L. J. Frid
Affiliation:
Griffith University, Queensland
Get access

Summary

The degradation of ecosystem services poses a significant barrier to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the MDG targets for 2015.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005, p. 18

Introduction: managing ecosystems for people

No matter who we are, or where we live, our well-being depends on the way ecosystems work. Most obviously, ecosystems can provide us with material things that are essential for our daily lives, such as food, wood, wool and medicines. Although the other types of benefit we get from ecosystems are easily overlooked, they also play an important role in regulating the environments in which we live. They can help ensure the flow of clean water and protect us from flooding or other hazards like soil erosion, land-slips and tsunamis. They can contribute to our spiritual well-being, through their cultural or religious significance or the opportunities they provide for recreation and the enjoyment of nature.

In this chapter, we will look at the goods and services that ecosystems can provide and the role that biodiversity may play in producing them, specifically the contribution that biodiversity makes to people's livelihoods, to their security and to their health. In other words, we will concentrate mainly on the utilitarian value of biodiversity. We will also explore how these ideas link up with those of the Ecosystem Approach to environmental management and policy, and some of the implications of this for how sustainable development is defined.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Ecosystem Ecology
A New Synthesis
 , pp. 110 - 139
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Aarssen, L. W. (1997) High productivity in grassland ecosystems: affected by species diversity or productive species?Oikos, 80, 183–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderies, J. M., Janssen, M. A. and Ostrom, E. (2004) A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecology and Society, 9(18) [online] available at: www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss1/art18 (Accessed 24 July 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balvanera, P., Pfisterer, A. B., Buchmann, N., He, J.-S., Nakashizuka, T., Raffaelli, D. and Schmid, B. (2006) Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecology Letters, 9, 1146–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Banzhaf, S., and Boyd, J. (2005) The Architecture, and Measurement of an Ecosystem Service Index. Discussion Paper, Resources for the Future DP 05–22.
Barrios, E. (2007) Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity. Ecological Economics, 64(2), 269–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgärtner, S. (2007) The insurance value of biodiversity in the provision of ecosystem services. Natural Resource Modeling, 20(1), 87–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesmeijer, J. C., Roberts, S. P. M., Reemer, M., Ohlemüller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P., Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., Settele, J. and Kunin, W. E. (2006) Parallel declines in pollinators and insect-pollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science, 313, 351–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binning, C., Cork, S., Parry, R. and Shelton, D. (2001) Natural assets: an inventory of ecosystem goods and services in the Goulburn Broken Catchment. CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra. Download; www.ecosystemservicesproject.org/html/publications/index.htm (accessed 24 August 2008).
Bosch, J. M. and Hewlett, J. D. (1982) A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration. Journal of Hydrology, 55, 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, J., and Banzhaf, S. (2005) Ecosystem services and government accountability: the need for a new way of judging Nature's Value. Resources, Summer, 16–19.Google Scholar
Boyd, J. and Banzhaf, S. (2006) What are Ecosystem Services? Discussion Paper Resources for the Future DP 06–02.
Brussaard, L., Ruiter, P. C. and Brown, G. G. (2007) Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 121(3), 233–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, I. R. (2002) Forests and hydrological services: reconciling public and science perceptions. Land Use and Water Resources Research, 2, 2.1–2.12Google Scholar
Cardinale, B. J., Wright, J. P., Cadotte, M. C., Carroll, I. T., Hector, A., Srivastava, D. S., Loreau, M. and Weis, J. J. (2007) Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity, Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, 104(46), 18123–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carpenter, S. R., Bennett, E. M., and Peterson, G. D. (2006) Scenarios for ecosystem services: an overview. Ecology and Society, 11(1), 29. [online] URL: www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art29/CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chan, K. M., Pringle, R. M., Ranganathan, J., Boggs, C. L., Chan, Y. L., Ehrlich, P. R., Haff, P. K., Heller, N. E., Al-Khafaji, K. and Macmynowski, D. P. (2007) When agendas collide: human welfare and biological conservation. Conservation Biology, 21(1), 51–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cork, S., Shelton, D., Binning, C. and Parry, R. (2001) A framework for applying the concept of ecosystem services to natural resource management in Australia. Third Australian Stream Management Conference, August 27–29, 2001, Brisbane. Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology.
Costanza, R. (2008) Ecosystem services: multiple classification systems are needed. Biological Conservation, 141, 350–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanza, R., D'Arge, R., DeGroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'Neill, R., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R., Sutton, P. and Belt, M. (1997) The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387, 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Mulder, K., Liu, S. and Christopher, T. (2007) Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multi-scale empirical study of the relationship between species richness and net primary production. Ecological Economics, 61, 478–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daily, G. C. (1997) Introduction: what are ecosystem services? In: Daily, G. C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, 1–10.Google Scholar
Bello, F., Lavorel, S., Díaz, S., Harrington, R., Bardgett, R., Berg, M., Cipriotti, P., Cornelissen, H., Feld, C., Hering, C., Martins da Silva, P., Potts, S., Sandin, L., Sousa, J. S., Storkey, J. and Wardle, D. (2008) Functional traits underlie the delivery of ecosystem services across different trophic levels. Deliverable of the Rubicode Project (download: www.rubicode.net/rubicode/outputs.html).
Groot, R. S. (1992) Functions of Nature: Evaluation of Nature in Environmental Planning, Management and Decision Making. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen.Google Scholar
Groot, R. S., Wilson, M. A. and Boumans, R. M. J. (2002) A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services. Ecological Economics, 41, 393–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, P. C., Neutel, A. M. and Moore, J. C. (2005). The balance between productivity and food web structure in soil ecosystems. In: Bardgett, R. D., Usher, M. B. and Hopkins, D. W. (Eds.), Biological Diversity and Function in Soil. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 139–53.Google Scholar
Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S. III and Tilman, D. (2006) Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLOS Biology, 4(8), e277. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E. (2001) Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland ecosystem functioning and services. Nature, 411, 687–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Commission, Europea (2008) The economics of ecosystems and biodiversity. Interim report. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/pdf/teeb_report.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2008).
Fagan, K. C., Pywell, R. F., Bullock, J. M. and Marrs, R. H. (2008) Do restored calcareous grasslands on former arable fields resemble ancient targets? The effect of time, methods and environment on outcomes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(4), 1293–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, A. and Young, J. C. (2007) Understanding mental constructs of biodiversity: Implications for biodiversity management and conservation. Biological Conservation, 136, 271–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, B. and Turner, K. (2008) Ecosystem services: Classification for valuation. Biological Conservation, 141, 1167–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, C. (2006) Resilience: the emerging of a perspective for socio-ecological system analysis. Global Environmental Change, 16, 253–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, C. (2007) Social-ecological systems and adaptive governance of the commons. Ecological Research, 22, 14–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J. (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giller, K. E., Bignell, D., Lavelle, P., Swift, M. J., Barrios, E., Moreira, F., Noordwijk, M., Barois, I., Karanja, N. and Huising, J. (2005) Soil biodiversity in rapidly changing tropical landscapes: scaling down and scaling up. In: Bardgett, R., Usher, M. B., Hopkins, D. W. (Eds.), Biological Diversity and Function in Soils. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 295–318.Google Scholar
Görgens, A. H. M.and Wilgen, B. W. (2004) Invasive alien plants and water resources: an assessment of current understanding, predictive ability and research challenges. South African Journal of Science, 100, 27–34.Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. (1997) Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the debate deepens. Science, 277, 1260–1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grumbine, R.E. (1998) Seeds of ecosystem management in Leopold's A Sand County Almanac. Commemorative Issue Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of ‘A Sand County Almanac’ and the Legacy of Aldo Leopold. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 26(4), 757–60.Google Scholar
Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D. I. and Gemmill-Herren, B. (2008) The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 123(4), 261–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Hartje, V., Klaphake, A. and Schliep, R. (2003) The international debate on the ecosystem approach: Critical Review, international actors, obstacles and challenges. BfN Skripten 80.
Holdren, J. P. and Ehrlich, P. R. (1974) Human population and the global environment. American Scientist, 62, 282–92.Google ScholarPubMed
Hooper, D. U. (1998) The role of complementarity and competition in ecosystem responses to variation in plant diversity. Ecology, 79, 704–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setälä, H., Symstad, A. J., Vandermeer, J. and Wardle, D. A. (2005) Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs, 75(1), 3–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, D. and Vitousek, P. M. (1997) The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science, 277, 1302–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hooper, D. U. and Vitousek, P. M. (1998) Effects of plant composition and diversity on nutrient cycling. Ecological Monographs, 68, 121–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huston, M. A. (1997) Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia, 110, 449–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huston, M. A. and McBride, A. C. (2002) Evaluating the relative strengths of biotic versus abitoic controls on ecosystem processes. In: Loreau, M.Naeem, S. and Inchausti, P. (Eds.), Biodiversity of Ecosystem Functioning: Synthesis and Perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 47–60.Google Scholar
Jax, K. (2005) Function and ‘functioning’ in ecology: what does it mean?Oikos, 111(3), 641–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jax, K. (2007) Can we define Ecosystems? On the confusion between definition and description of ecological concepts. Acta Biotheoretica, 55(4), 341–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kearns, C., Inouye, D. and Waser, N. (1998) Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 29, 83–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, A-M., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T. (2003) Fruit set of highland coffee increases with the diversity of pollinating bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 955–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, A-M., Vaissière, B. E., Cane, J. H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C. and Tscharntke, T. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 274(1608), 303–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klironomos, J. N. (2002) Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities. Nature, 417, 67–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kremen, C. (2005) Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?Ecological Letters, 8, 468–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kremen, C., Williams, N. M., Bugg, R. L., Fay, J. P. and Thorp, R. W. (2004) The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters, 7, 1109–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremen, C., Williams, N. M. and Thorp, R. W. (2002) Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 16812–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lavelle, P., Decaens, T., Aubert, M., Barot, S., Blouin, M., Bureau, F., Margerie, P., Mora, P. and Rossi, J-P. (2006) Soil invertebrates and ecosystem services. European Journal of Soil Biology, 42(Supplement 1), S3–S15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavelle, P. and Spain, A. V. (2001) Soil Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H., Bignell, D. E., Bolton, B., Bloemers, G. F., Eggleton, P., Hammond, P. M., Hodda, M., Holt, R. D., Larsen, T. B., Mawdsley, N. A.et al. (1998) Biodiversity inventories, indicator taxa and effects of habitat modification in tropical forest. Nature, 391, 72–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P., Bengtsson, J., Grime, J. P., Hetcor, A., Hooper, D. U., Huston, M. A., Raffaelli, D., Schmid, B., Timan, D. and Wardle, D. A. (2001) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294, 804–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Losey, J. E. and Vaughan, M. (2006). The economic value of ecological services provided by insects. Bioscience, 56(4), 311–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luck, G. W., Daily, G. C. and Ehrlich, P. R. (2003) Population diversity and ecosystem services. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 331–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,MA [,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment]. (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Marrs, R. H., Galtress, K., Tong, C., Cox, E. S., Blackbird, S. J., Heyes, T. J., Pakeman, R. J. and Duc, M. G. (2007) Competing conservation goals, biodiversity or ecosystem services: Element losses and species recruitment in a managed moorland-bracken model system. Journal of Environmental Management, 85(4), 1034–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mooney, H. A. and Ehrlich, P. R. (1997) Ecosystem Services: a fragmentary history. In: Daily, G. C. (Ed.), Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC, 11–19.Google Scholar
Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H. and Woodfin, R. M. (1995) Empirical evidence that declining species diversity may alter the performance of terrestrial ecosystems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B347, 249–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naidoo, R., Balmford, A., Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Green, B., Lehner, B., Malcolm, T. R. and Ricketts, T. H. (2008) Global mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, 105(28), 9495–500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naidoo, R. and Ricketts, T. H. (2006) Mapping the economic costs and benefits of conservation. PLOS Biology, 4(11), 2153–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niklaus, P.A., Kandeler, E., Leadley, P.W., Schmid, B., Tscherko, D. and Körner, C. (2001) A link between plant diversity, elevated CO2 and soil nitrate. Oecologia, 127, 540–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oyarzún, C. and Huber, A. (1999) Water balance in young plantations of Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata in southern Chile. Terra, 17, 35–44.Google Scholar
Pimm, S. (1984) The complexity and stability of ecosystems. Nature, 307, 321–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potschin, M. and Haines-Young, R. H. (2006) Rio + 10, sustainability science and Landscape Ecology. Landscape and Urban Planning, 75, 3–4, 162–74.Google Scholar
Quaas, M. F. and Baumgärtner, S. (2007) Natural vs. financial insurance in the management of public-good ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 65, 397–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, A. (2001) Does low biodiversity resulting from modern agricultural practice affect crop pollination and yield?Annals of Botany, 88, 165–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richmond, A., Kaufmann, R. K. and Mynenib, R. B. (2007) Valuing ecosystem services: A shadow price for net primary production. Ecological Economics, 64, 454–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricketts, T. H., Daily, G. C., Ehrlich, P. R., and Michener, C. D. (2004) Economic value of tropical forest to coffee production. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 12579–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, M., Cognard-Plancq, A.-L., Cosandey, C., David, J., Durand, P., Führer, H.-W., Hall, R., Hendriques, M. O., Marc, V., McCarthy, R., McDonnell, M., Martin, C., Nisbet, T., O'Dea, P., Rodgers, M. and Zollner, A. (2003) Studies of the impact of forests on peak flows and baseflows: a European perspective. Forest Ecology and Management, 186, 1–3, 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rounsevell, M. D. A., Dawson, T. P. and Harrison, P. A. (in press) A conceptual framework to assess the effects of environmental change on ecosystem services. Submitted to Biodiversity and Conservation (June 2009).
,SCEP [,Study of Critical Environmental Problems]. (1970) Man's impact on the global environment. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Schimel, J. P. and Gulledge, J. (1998) Microbial community structure and global trace gases. Global Change Biology, 4(7), 745–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, M. W., Bringham, C., Hoeksema, J. D., Lyons, K. G., Mills, M. H. and Mantgem, P. J. (2000) Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: implications for conservation ecology. Oecologia, 122, 297–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
,Secretariat of the Convention for Biological Diversity. (2004) How the Convention on Biological Diversity promotes nature and human well-being. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Government of the United Kingdom.
Smith, K. R. (2006) Public payments for environmental services from agriculture: precedents and possibilities. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 88(5), 1167–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. E. and Read, D. J. (1997) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, 2nd Edn. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Steffan-Dewenter, I., Kessler, M., Barkmann, J., Boss, M. M., Buchori, D., Erasmi, S., Faust, H., Gerold, G., Glenk, K., Gradstein, S. R., Guhardja, E., Harteveld, M., Hertel, D., Hohn, P., Kappas, M., Kohler, S., Leuschner, C., Maertens, M., Marggraf, R., Migge-Kleian, S., Mogea, J., Pitopang, R., Schaefer, M., Schwarze, S., Sporn, S. G., Steingrebe, A., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. S., Tjitrosoedirdjo, S., Twele, A., Weber, R., Woltmann, L., Zeller, M. and Tscharntke, T. (2007) Tradeoffs between income, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning during tropical rainforest conversion and agroforestry intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, 104, (12), 4973–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swallow, B., Kallesoe, M., Iftikhar, U., Noordwijk, M., Bracer, C., Scherr, S., Raju, K. V., Poats, S., Duraiappah, A., Ochieng, B., Mallee, H. and Rumley, R. (2007) Compensation and Rewards for Environmental Services in the Developing World: Framing Pan-Tropical Analysis and Comparison. ICRAF Working Paper no. 32. Nairobi: World Agroforestry Centre.Google Scholar
Swift, M. J., Izac, A. -M. N. and Noordwijk, M. (2004) Biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes – are we asking the right questions?Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 104, 113–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, K., Askew, A. P., Grime, J. P., Dunnett, N. P. and Willis, A. J. (2005) Biodiversity, ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities. Functional Ecology, 19(2), 355–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D. (1996) Biodiversity: population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology, 77, 350–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D., Wedin, D. and Knops, J. (1996) Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature, 379, 718–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Reich, P., Ritchie, M. and Siemann, E. (1997a) The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 277, 1300–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D., Lehman, C. L. and Thomson, K. T. (1997b) Plant diversity and ecosystem productivity: theoretical considerations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 1857–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troy, A. and Wilson, M. A. (2006a) Mapping ecosystem services: Practical challenges and opportunities in linking GIS and value transfer. Ecological Economics, 60(2), 435–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Troy, A. and Wilson, M. A. (2006b) Erratum to ‘Mapping ecosystem services: Practical challenges and opportunities in linking GIS and value transfer’. Ecological Economics, 60(4), 435–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilgen, B. W., Reyers, B., Maitre, D. C., Richardson, D. M. and Schonegevel, L. (2008) A biome-scale assessment of the impact of invasive alien plants on ecosystem services in South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 89(4), 336–49, on-line August 2007.doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.06.015 (accessed 24 August 2008).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandewalle, M., Sykes, M. T., Harrison, P. A., Luck, G. W., Berry, P., Bugter, R., Dawson, T. P., Feld, C. K., Harrington, R., Haslett, J. R., Hering, D., Jones, K. B., Jongman, R., Lavorel, S., Martins da Silva, P., Moora, M., Paterson, J., Rounsevell, M. D. A., Sandin, L., Settele, J., Sousa, J. P. and Zobel, M. (2007) Review paper on concepts of dynamic ecosystems and their services. www.rubicode.net/rubicode/RUBICODE_Review_on_Ecosystem_Services.pdf (Accessed 24 July 2008).
Walker, B. (1995) Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience. Conservation Biology, 9(4), 747–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, K. J. (2007) Classification of ecosystem services: problems and solutions. Biological Conservation, 139, 235–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, K. (2008) Ecosystem services: Multiple classifications or confusion?Biological Conservation, 141, 353–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, D. A., Zackrisson, O., Hörnberg, G. and Gallet, C. (1997) The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 1296–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, D.A., Bardgett, R.D., Klironomos, J.N., Setälä, H., Putten, W.H. and Wall, D.H. (2004) Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science, 304, 1629–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Westman, W. E. (1977) How much are Nature's services worth?Science, 197, 960–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Worm, B., Barbier, E. B., Beaumont, N., Emmett Duffy, J., Folke, C., Halpern, B. S., Jackson, J. B. C., Lotze, H. K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S. R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K. A., Stachowicz, J. J. and Watson, R. (2006) Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science, 314, 787–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, W., Ricketts, T. H., Kremen, C., Carney, K. and Swinton, S. M. (2007) Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics, 64(2), 253–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×