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5. This was the context in which Peter Bardaglio and I wrote “The Transformation of Patriarchy: The Historic Role of the State,” in Diamond, Families, Politics, and Public Policy, 70–93.

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17. See my “‘The Right to Work Is the Right to Live!’ Fair Employment and the Quest for Social Citizenship,” in Berg, Manfred and Geyer, Martin H., eds., Two Cultures of Rights: The Quest for Inclusion and Participation in Modern America and Germany (New York, 2002), 121–141CrossRefGoogle Scholar, in which I consider “working-class voices” in the conception of fair employment; and Kornbluh, Felicia, “‘To Fulfill Their Rightly Needs’: Consumerism and the National Welfare Rights Movement,” Radical History Review, no. 69 (1997): 76–11310.1215/01636545-1997-69-76Google Scholar, for poor women's reconceptualization of their rights. These also take the form of local history or case studies: for one model, see Williams, Rhonda on mid-century Baltimore, The Politics of Public Housing: Black Women's Struggles Against Urban Inequality (New York, 2005)Google Scholar; for another, Lipsitz, George, A Life in the Struggle: Ivory Perry and the Culture of Opposition (Philadelphia, 1988)Google Scholar. Much of the literature on civil rights organizing can be reread through a policy history perspective.

18. For example, Crenshaw, Kimberle, “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Anti-racist Politics,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 139 (1989): 139–167.Google Scholar

19. This process they name “racialization.” Omni, Michael and Winant, Howard, Racial Formation in the United States, 2d ed. (New York, 1994)Google Scholar. See also Winant, Howard, The World Is a Ghetto: Race and Democracy Since World War II (New York, 2001).Google Scholar

20. Winant, Howard, Racial Conditions: Politics, Theory, Comparisons (Minneapolis, 1994), 2310.5749/j.ctttss2bCrossRefGoogle Scholar, as quoted by Gordon, Linda, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Cambridge, 1999), 9910.4159/9780674061712CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Gordon provides an excellent summary of the social constructionist theory of race and of competing and changing racial systems in the Southwest a century ago.

21. For example, Ruiz, Vicki L., “Tapestries of Resistance: Episodes of School Segregation and Desegregation in the U.S. West,” in Lau, Peter, ed., From Grassroots to the Supreme Court: Exploration of Brown V. Board of Education and American Democracy (Durham, forthcoming)Google Scholar, provides a new context for civil rights based on Latina/Latino struggles, showing that these did not necessarily follow the black freedom movement but existed in tandem and perhaps helped to shape its legal strategy.

22. This literature is huge, not usually thought of as part of policy history, but often addresses the impact of policy or state action. See, for example, Fields, Barbara Jeanne, “Slavery, Race, and Ideology in the United States of America,” New Left Review 181 (1990): 95–11810.64590/cfeCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Roediger, David, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991)Google Scholar; Barrett, James R. and Roediger, David, “Inbetween Peoples: Race, Nationality, and the “New Immigrant” Working Class,” Journal of American Ethnic History 16 (1997): 3–45Google Scholar; Jacobson, Matthew Frye, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, 1998)Google Scholar; López, Ian F. Haney, White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race (New York, 1996)Google Scholar; Lipsitz, George, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia, 1998)Google Scholar; Bodkin, Karin, How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says About Race in America (New Brunswick, 1998)Google Scholar; and Hale, Grace Elizabeth, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 (New York, 1999)Google Scholar. For a critical assessment, see Arnesen, Eric, “Whiteness and the Historian's Imagination,” International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (2001): 3–3210.1017/S0147547901004380CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and the rejoinders in the rest of that issue, 33–92.

23. Glenn, Evelyn Nakano, Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor (Cambridge, 2002)Google Scholar, and, most powerfully, Ngai, Mae M., Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton, 2004)Google Scholar, nicely exemplify these trends. See also Yu, Henry, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America (New York, 2001)10.1093/oso/9780195116601.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lowe, Lisa, Immigrant Acts (Durham, 1996)Google Scholar; Foley, Neil, The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1997)Google Scholar; Koshy, Susan, “Morphing Race into Ethnicity: Asian Americans and Critical Transformations of Whiteness,” boundary 2, no. 28 (2001): 151–19110.1215/01903659-28-1-153Google Scholar; Palumbo-Liu, David, Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier (Stanford, 1999)Google Scholar; Gutíerrez, David, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1995)10.1525/9780520916869CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Almaguer, Tómas, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994).Google Scholar

24. The other essays in this special issue testify to that generative scholarship.

25. Weir, Margaret, Orloff, Ann Shola, and Skocpol, Theda, The Politics of Social Policy in the United States (Princeton, 1988).10.1515/9780691222004CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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28. Gilligan, Carol, In a Different Voice (Cambridge, 1982).Google Scholar

29. Kessler-Harris, Alice, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York, 1982)Google Scholar; for how this argument became twisted against her in the 1986 drama of EEOC v. Sears, Roebuck and Co. and the impact of this case on feminist theory, see Scott, Joan W., “Deconstructing Equality-Versus-Difference: or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism,” Feminist Studies 14 (Spring 1988): 32–50.10.2307/3177997CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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33. Ann Shola Orloff made a similar argument for old-age pensions; see The Politics of Pensions: A Comparative Analysis of Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1880–1940 (Madison, 1993).Google Scholar

34. More recently Willrich, Michael has explored the use of the courts to control the working-class, predominantly urban European immigrant, in “Home Slackers: Men, the State, and Welfare in Modern America,” Journal of American History 87 (2000): 460–48910.2307/2568760CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also my Home to Work: Motherhood and the Politics of Industrial Homework in the United States (New York, 1994).Google Scholar

35. Alice Kessler-Harris, review of Skocpol, Theda, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States, The Journal of American History 80 (10 1993): 1035–1037.Google Scholar

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86. I am currently exploring this issue as part of a larger project on bodies on the job. But see Banks, Taunya Lovell, “The Black Side of the Mirror: The Black Body in the Workplace,” in Sister Circle: Black Women and Work, ed. Harley, Sharon and The Black Women and Work Collective (New Brunswick, 2002), 13–28Google Scholar; Hyde, Alan, Bodies of Law (Princeton, 1997), 125–13010.1515/9781400822317CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Klare, Karl E., “Power/Dressing: Regulation of Employee Appearance,” 26 New England Law Review 1395 (1992).Google Scholar