Senior house officers (SHOs) spend a significant proportion of their working hours on call, yet there is little published information describing what they actually do on call. Searches of EMBASE (1980-2003), Medline (1966-2003) and PsycLIT (1887-2003) undertaken using the keywords SENIOR HOUSE OFFICERS, TRAINING and ON-CALL found only four papers (Reference Baldwin, Newton and BuckleyBaldwin et al, 1997; Reference Paice, West and CooperPaice et al, 1997; Reference Hurley and Paterson-BrownHurley & Paterson-Brown, 1999; Reference Brown, de Cossart and WiltshireBrown et al, 2002) which were descriptive studies of what medical and surgical SHOs spend their time doing while on call and a survey of SHOs’ perception of training across all specialties. No study looking specifically at the experiences of SHOs in psychiatry was found.

Senior house officer posts are training posts and there may be conflict between training SHOs and delivering service, with ‘service-based training’ being proposed as the most viable solution. This is arguably most easily achievable during conventional working hours when the SHO's work can be overseen and workload manipulated by others on the team to ensure that training needs are being met. Although SHOs have been described as representing cheap labour to the National Health Service (NHS) and as being particularly valuable for out-of-hours emergency work (Reference Harris and FerreiraHarris & Ferreira, 1997), on-call work may offer a unique training opportunity.

The Royal College of Psychiatrists offers little guidance as to what experience psychiatric trainees should expect, and be expected, to gain on call. There is only one relevant sentence in the College's Basic Specialist Training Handbook stating: ‘trainees must have experience in participating in a first on call rota with a minimum of 55 nights on call during the period of basic specialist training’ (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2003, para. 2.7). No advice is offered on what a first on-call rota should involve.

As of 1 August 2004 junior doctors in the NHS are no longer excluded from the provisions of the European Working Time Directive. This limits their working hours first to 58 hours a week, and by 2009 to 48 hours a week. This will inevitably lead to the introduction of shift working in place of more traditional on-call rotas and is likely to affect the training of SHOs.

We wanted to see what SHOs’ experiences of psychiatric on-call work were and what particular concerns trainees might have regarding being on call. We also wanted to directly ask SHOs for their thoughts on the proposed changes to on-call working patterns that will be introduced in order to implement the Working Time Directive.

Method

The authors used the College document Learning Objectives for SHOs (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2002) to inform the design of two questionnaires.

The first questionnaire was in three parts. Respondents were asked to indicate how strongly they agreed with 15 statements about on-call working on a five-point Likert rating scale (Table 1). They were asked to give a yes/no response to two statements — whether or not changing to a shift system would offer benefits to their personal life, and whether or not it would offer better training opportunities. They were also asked to give examples of tasks that they had been asked to do on-call that they considered to have been inappropriate, and were given the opportunity to make any other comments about on-call work.

Table 1. Senior house officers’ opinions about on-call work (n=24)

	Strongly disagree (%)	Disagree (%)	Undecided (%)	Agree (%)	Strongly agree (%)	No answer (%)
On-calls are an important part of training	0	4	0	54	10	0
On-calls are an important part of service provision	0	0	0	63	38	0
On-calls are isolating	0	21	33	29	17	0
Supervision is a good opportunity to discuss difficulties encountered on call	0	21	0	54	25	0
I have an on-going commitment to patients seen on-call	0	33	21	33	8	4
On-calls offer important learning experiences	0	0	4	58	37	0
I know who to contact for advice when I am on call	0	4	0	75	21	0
I am confident in my decision making when I am on call	0	8	29	54	8	0
On-call experience is different to that gained during conventional working hours	0	4	0	63	21	12
I am reluctant to contact senior colleagues when I am on call	17	54	12	17	0	0
I manage my time efficiently when I am on call	8	4	17	66	4	0
On-call experience is important for the MRCPsych exam	4	8	33	42	12	0
I am working as part of a team when I am on call	4	8	33	42	12	0
I am asked to do inappropriate tasks when I am on call	0	21	33	33	12	0
Senior colleagues do not want to be contacted on call	8	58	17	17	0	0

The second questionnaire sought information about tasks during specific on-call periods. Respondents were asked to detail the number of assessments, admissions and risk assessments carried out and to provide brief details about these (Table 2). They were also asked about any management plans they had devised during the on-call period. Information was sought on whether SHOs discussed issues with, or sought advice from, senior medical staff or other colleagues during the on-call period and whether or not they would discuss any aspects of that on-call period during supervision.

Table 2. Tasks carried out by senior house officers on call

	Number
On-call task	Mean	Range
Assessments	1.83	0-10
Admissions	1.08	0-7
Formal admissions	0.44	0-6
Admissions first assessed by senior colleague	0.58	0-5
Admissions first assessed by other mental health professional	0.37	0-5
Risk assessments	1.98	0-10
Risk assessments discussed with a senior colleague	0.35	0-4
Risk assessments discussed with ward staff	1.07	0-5
Management plans	1.95	0-19
Management plans discussed with senior colleagues	0.47	0-7
Management plans discussed with ward staff	0.90	9-19

Senior house officers covering three psychiatry on-call rotas across south Birmingham were invited to participate in the study. These were resident on-call SHOs, covering general practitioner referrals and the wards, and non-resident on-call SHOs, covering accident and emergency and liaison referrals, at a teaching hospital and SHOs on-call at a district general hospital. A brief outline of the study was presented to the SHOs at their respective academic meetings prior to the start of the study period. All SHOs were asked to complete the first questionnaire at the outset of the study. They were asked to complete a second questionnaire for each 24 h on-call period during the study period, which lasted 85 days. Questionnaires were left in the on-call rooms for resident on-call SHOs and in the doctors’ mess for non-resident on-call SHOs. Telephone prompts at the end of the on-call period were undertaken to remind SHOs to complete the questionnaires.

Results

The first questionnaire was returned by 24 of the 32 SHOs, an overall response rate of 75%. The second questionnaire was completed for 207 on-call periods, an overall response rate of 81.2%.

Discussion

This survey suggests that trainees in psychiatry gain a broad range of experience out-of-hours on a traditional on-call rota with responsibility for assessing and admitting patients, making risk assessments and devising management plans. In general, on-call periods were valued as a learning experience, and experience gained on-call was considered to be different from that gained during conventional working hours. Respondents were fairly confident in their decision-making and their ability to manage their time when on call.

Trainees in all medical specialties have expressed concern about whether they can be satisfactorily trained under the European Working Time Directive (Reference PickersgillPickersgill, 2001) with conflict between the intensity of work undertaken and gaining adequate experience. The shift systems, which will inevitably be introduced in order to implement the Directive, were viewed with suspicion by SHOs in this study, with only a minority considering that it would offer benefits to either their personal lives or their training. Comments were made that SHOs ‘strongly feel that changing to partial shift will be detrimental to training and patient care’ and that ‘change to a shift system is likely to have significant effects on personal life and also be disruptive to 9-5 duties’.

There is no doubt that being on call on a traditional rota system, and in particular being sleep-deprived when working the following day, is also disruptive to 9-5 duties and to training and has implications for both staff and patient safety. Provision of a safe working environment has been an important factor driving the implementation of the Working Time Directive and should be welcomed, but in introducing changes, it will be important not to lose sight of those aspects of on-call duty that work well at present and are valued by trainees in offering important learning experiences. In particular, trainees were positive about the different types of experience that on-call work offered, and seemed confident about their abilities to make decisions. As might be expected the main tasks were assessments, in particular risk assessments, which the trainees were usually able to carry out without discussion with a senior.

In psychiatry SHOs are very much on the ‘front line’ while on call and are working with seniors who are usually off-site, and it is recognised that acute on-call work can be very stressful (Reference Guthrie, Tattan and WilliamsGuthrie et al, 1999). Educational supervision can minimise job stress (Reference Guthrie, Tattan and WilliamsGuthrie et al, 1999) and the respondents to our survey recognised this and valued supervision. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many SHOs viewed on-call work as isolating. In this study trainees said that they knew whom to contact to seek advice and said that they were happy to contact seniors and discuss issues with the ward staff. However, there was a noticeable discrepancy between the number of management plans devised by, and risk assessments carried out by, SHOs and those discussed with senior colleagues or ward staff. This is concerning, as a risk assessment undertaken out of hours is meaningless and potentially dangerous if carried out in isolation. Some SHOs in our study said that they did not feel that they worked as part of a team when on call, but this might at least partly be because they did not avail themselves of the opportunity to liaise with medical and nursing colleagues, despite saying that they were happy to do so. Teamwork is viewed as essential in psychiatry, and it is important that as work patterns are about to change SHOs continue to have a role as members of the multi-disciplinary team around the clock. The challenge will be to ensure that SHOs feel less isolated when working on a shift system, not least by encouraging a collaborative approach with their nursing and senior medical colleagues, yet retain the current breadth of experience and responsibility that on-call work seems to provide.

Declaration of interest

None.