CLINICIAN'S CAPSULE
What is known about the topic?
Literature regarding the impact of incentive spirometry on patients with rib fractures is unclear; there are no recommendations for its use in the emergency department (ED).
What did this study ask?
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of incentive spirometry on delayed complications in patients with rib fractures in the ED.
What did this study find?
Unsupervised incentive spirometry use does not have a protective effect against delayed pulmonary complications after a rib fracture.
Why does this study matter to clinicians?
Clear guidelines for incentive spirometry use for patients with rib fractures and further research to assess its usefulness in other ED populations are needed.
INTRODUCTION
Incentive spirometry is commonly used after surgery to maximize lung inflation.Reference Brunner, Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle and Cheever1 Full lung expansion and decreased pleural pressure are known to prevent fluid build-up and complications such as atelectasis and pneumonia.Reference Brunner, Smeltzer, Bare, Hinkle and Cheever1, Reference Branson2
There are currently no recommendations regarding incentive spirometry use in patients with a rib fracture in the emergency department (ED). Chest injuries are a common complaint in the ED,Reference Rui and Kang3 and 75% of ED patients consulting for a minor thoracic injury (with or without a rib fracture) are not hospitalized. However, the risk of pulmonary complications increases with the number of rib fractures,Reference Chien, Chen and Han4 and patient management and admission/discharge follow-up plans are highly heterogeneous.Reference Shields, Emond, Guimont and Pigeon5 Clear recommendations should be made for incentive spirometry use in patients with a rib fracture consulting to the ED.
The objective of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the impact of incentive spirometry use in patients with a rib fracture discharged from the ED.
METHODS
Setting
This is a planned sub-analysis of a multicentre prospective cohort study.Reference Émond, Guimont and Chauny6 Patients were included if they 1) were ≥16 years old; 2) presented to a participating ED with at least one confirmed rib fracture on radiographs between 2006 and 2012; and 3) were discharged from the ED. An incentive spirometry prescription was left to the discretion of the attending physician. Participants received a five-minute teaching session by the ED nurse before discharge. Follow-up was conducted 7 and 14 days after the ED visit, with standard upright chest radiographs to ascertain potential delayed complications.
Outcomes
Three main delayed complications were assessed: hemothorax (any new pleural fluid collection), atelectasis (based on blinded radiologist reports), and pneumonia (according to the medical follow-up done by a physician) within 14 days of the ED visit. Because of the lower number of pneumonia cases, they were combined with atelectasis.
Statistical analysis
As the decision to prescribe incentive spirometry highly depends on a patient's clinical presentation, matching by propensity score was used to ensure a balance of covariates between the groups (incentive spirometry v. no incentive spirometry).Reference Williamson, Morley, Lucas and Carpenter7 Propensity scores were estimated using a logistic regression. We performed 1:1 matching based on logit of propensity scores.Reference Austin8 Matched analyses estimate the average treatment effect on the treated. The standardized difference (SD) was used to check the balance of covariates between matched and unmatched.Reference Austin8 Bootstrapping was used to estimate the confidence intervals (CI). All analyses were performed using SAS 9.4.Reference Coca-Perraillon9
Statistical Power
A propensity score match is a good alternative when adjusting for potential confounders is impossible with traditional conditional methods. Anticipating that about 30% of patients on IS would not be matched, we estimated a power of 80% (alpha of 0.05) to detect any relative risks outside the (0.6 and 1.67) interval.Reference Brookhart, Schneeweiss and Rothman10, Reference Stuart11
RESULTS
The initial cohort for the main study included a total of 1,474 patients.Reference Émond, Guimont and Chauny6 Of those, patients without a confirmed rib fracture (997), patients on warfarin (11), and patients lost to follow-up (27) were excluded, leaving a sample of 439 patients. Incentive spirometry was prescribed to 41.5% of these patients at ED discharge. Predictors of incentive spirometry administration include initial saturation, opiates, and number of rib fractures (Table 1 – Supplemental files). There were 99 (22.6%) cases of hemothorax (53 with incentive spirometry), 103 (23.5%) cases of atelectasis (49 with incentive spirometry), and 4 cases of pneumonia (0.9%) within the 14-day follow-up period.
Crude analyses reported a relative risk (RR) between incentive spirometry and hemothorax of 1.63 (95% CI 1.15–2.3) and 1.29 (95% CI 0.93–1.79) for atelectasis/pneumonia (Table 2).
Figures 1, 2, and 3 (Supplemental files) show the propensity score matching results. Balance of almost all covariates was achieved (SD < 0.1).
The RR of the matched sample was 1.03 (95% CI 0.66–1.61) for hemothorax and 1.07 (95% CI 0.68–1.72) for atelectasis or pneumonia (Table 2). Similar results were obtained, while adjusting for covariates with a standardized mean difference >0.1 (sex, trauma mechanism, and respiration rate); RR of 0.98 (95% CI 0.62–1.55) was determined for delayed hemothorax, and RR of 1.15 (95% CI 0.71–1.85) was demonstrated for delayed atelectasis or pneumonia.
DISCUSSION
Our results suggest that unsupervised incentive spirometry does not prevent delayed atelectasis, pneumonia, or delayed hemothorax within 14 days of an ED visit for a rib fracture. However, our 95% CIs were large and contained the null value, leading to similar results demonstrated by Tyson et al.,Reference Tyson, Kendig, Mabedi, Cairns and Charles12 who concluded that the use of unmonitored incentive spirometry after laparotomy did not demonstrate a significant improvement in pulmonary function.
Medical literature is not clear on the effect incentive spirometry on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC). A 2001 systematic review showed no evidence supporting incentive spirometry use to decrease the incidence of PPC following cardiac or upper abdominal surgery.Reference Overend, Anderson and Lucy13 However, incentive spirometry was shown to reduce the incidence of PPC after coronary artery bypass grafts or major abdominal surgery.Reference Haeffener, Ferreira, Barreto, Arena and Dall'Ago14, Reference Westwood, Griffin and Roberts15 A more recent systematic review concluded that incentive spirometry has positive effects on preventing PPC.Reference Rupp, Miley and Russell-Babin16 Literature regarding incentive spirometry use in patients who sustained minor thoracic trauma is sparse, and current evidence concludes that the decision to use incentive spirometry following thoracic surgery should be made by physiotherapists.Reference Agostini and Singh17 To our knowledge, there is no specific study regarding incentive spirometry use in the ED, and, therefore, its use is based on surgical guidelines. Our findings suggest that unsupervised incentive spirometry does not impact the incidence of delayed complications in patients who are discharged with a rib fracture.
The absence of unmeasured confounders is one of the key assumptions while using propensity scores to estimate causal effects.Reference Stuart11 Therefore, if incentive spirometry assignment to patients is based on clinical judgment, controlling for prognostic factors alone in our propensity model leaves residual confounding by indication.Reference Bosco, Silliman and Thwin18 Age and a higher complication risk are confounding factors that could have influenced the medical decision to offer incentive spirometry. However, the majority of patients (75%) in the matched population were under the age of 65 years. Because of the limited number of seniors, further statistical analyses were not possible.
Patient adherence to the incentive spirometry treatment was not monitored that may have skewed results. Furthermore, chest X-rays were used to diagnose pulmonary complications. A new pleural effusion was considered a hemothorax, so the incidence of this complication may have been overestimated. Finally, 59 (32%) patients who used incentive spirometry were not matched, limiting the generalization of our findings.
CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this study was the first to assess the use of unsupervised incentive spirometry for patients with a rib fracture in the ED. Our results were similar to those obtained in postoperative care studies. There was no decrease in post-discharge complications (pneumonia, atelectasis, and hemothorax) for rib fractures in patients who used incentive spirometry. A randomized control study should be done to assess the use of supervised incentive spirometry specifically in seniors or patients at high risk of delayed complications who are discharged from the ED.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all Emergency Physicians and research assistants at our participating centres who recruited and followed our study participants.
Competing interests
This work was supported by a grant from Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ 14056).
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.492.
