As we have seen, the CPP represented a decision by the EPA that the EPA should assume the job of transforming the energy basis of the US electric power industry away from fossil fuels and toward renewables. Congress did not give the EPA this task. To the contrary, as we have seen, for half a century, since the creation of the EPA in 1970, the EPA’s role in regulating the electric power generation industry has been limited to imposing pollution reduction requirements. On several occasions, however, Congress has passed laws directly mandating the use of particular fuels, both by power plants, and by automobiles. The history of these laws displays two patterns: the EPA has never been given a primary role, and typically was given no role, in implementing them; more importantly, such laws have virtually always had perverse effects, causing environmental harm rather than averting it.