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³ The juxtaposition of Austrian and French models of court culture is presented starkly in Duindam, Myths of Power, 49–80. On the development of the French state, see Collins, James B., The State in Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1995).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²⁴ Between the constitutional reforms of 1554 and the end of the Thirty Years' War, at least thirty-seven noblemen served in Freiburg's civic regime. Several families were reservoirs for officials: von Sickingen (4), Stürtzel von Buchheim (3), von Wangen (3), von Reinach (3), Snewlin von Kranznau (2), Snewlin Bärlapp von Bollschweil (2), von Blumeneck (2), von Bernhausen (2), Summerau zu Pressburg (2), von Lichtenfels (2), von Hohlandsberg (2), von Wessenberg (2), and von Ampringen (2). In addition, several other families had one member appear on the electoral rolls: Philip von Schwalpach, Eucharius von Reischach, Hans Thüring Reich von Reichenstein, Marx Joachim Schenk von Castell, Joachim Adolph von Sandizell, Adam von Pforr, JohannChristoph von Baden, and Adolph Rau von Weinenthal. StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr. 3 β, passim.

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²⁷ In 1560 the Oberhauptmann and the Landvogt from the regime at Ensisheim, Philip Graf von Eberstein, witnessed the elections. Only Hans Christoph von Bernhausen agreed to serve as Bürgermeister, and the officials appointed Herr Hans Baldung as Statthalter of the Schultheiss's office, which was “taken from the nobles.” By 1563 Pangratz von Lichtenfels had joined von Bernhausen and secured the office. See StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr. 6, p. 83. The regime regularly sent invitations to the noble officials to attend meetings—even the elections themselves. For example, it reminded Hans Wendel von Bernhausen to attend the election in June 1587 (StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 4, 1445–1776 /2 1587). A similar invitation went out to Ruprecht von Wessenberg in 1645, (StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 4,1445–1776 /2 1645).

²⁸ StAFr, Al Va, June 15,1579.

²⁹ StAFr, Al Va, 30,1596 and Va, 31, Oct. 23,1598. Conditions had returned to normal by 1600 as the Statthalter from Ensisheim, Hans Christoph von Ramstein, and the chancellor, Dr. Andreas Harsch, attended the civic elections, where Hans Wendel von Bernhausen, assumed the office of Bürgermeister and Ulrich Srürtzel von Buchheim became Schultheiss; joining them on the Standing Council were Gabriel Snewlin Bärlapp von Bollschweil, Hans Thüring Reich von Reichenstein, Hans Caspar von Ampringen, and Hans Philip Vogt von Alten Sumerau und Pressberg. StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr. 6, p. 88.

³⁰ Hochenberger, H. Johann, the ObristzunftmeisterGoogle Scholar, and Pflaumen, H. Joachim von, the Statthalter for the Schultheiss post, along with Christoph Mang, a member of the Standing Council. StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr 4–19, pp. 492 's departureGoogle Scholar, see Huggle, , Johann Simler, 137; and Laubenberger, “Die Freiburger Stadtverwaltung,” 57–59.Google Scholar

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³³ StAFr, Al, Di, 8, Sept. 16, 1651. The city retained rights over the officials in several specific areas, which normally resulted in payments of half fees for services. See StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 18, 1525–1881/24 1651.

³⁴ Heinrich, Schreiber, Geschichte der Stadt und Universität Freiburg im Breisgau (Freiburg, 1857), 3:171–72.Google Scholar

³⁵ StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 18, 1525- 1881/24 1651, fol. 3^v. See also Reiling, , Bevölkerung und Sozialtopographie, 33–35. The first Vice-Statthalter was the Breisgau noble Humbert von Wessenberg. He was joined by a jurist, Dr. Johann Theobald Zeller, as vice chancellor. A noble and two jurists rounded out the regime's RegimentsratGoogle Scholar. See Oldendorf, , “Die Errichtung des vorderösterreichischen Regiments,” 30–33.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ StAFr, Al, Ig Priviligia hodierni aevi, 15, Jan. 5, 1666.

⁴² StAFr, Al, Ie Ordnungen, 43, Oct. 2–4, 1666.

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⁴⁴ For the elections of 1650, nobles included Franz Friedrich von Sickingen zu Ebnet, Johann Sebastian Stürtzel von Buchheim, Johann Christoph von Baden, Adolph Rau von Weinenthal, Johann Reinhard von Pfirdt zu Bingen, and Adolph von Roggenbach. StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr 4, p. 595. In ensuing elections for the 1650s and 1660s, Marx Jacob Reich von Reichenstein, Gervasius von Pfort, Franz von Roggenbach, Johann Erhardt von Falckenstein, Franz Ludwig von Kageneck zu Neuershausen, Johann Wilhelm Stürtzel von Buchheim, Franz Schnewlin Barlapp zu Bollschweil und Bietzighofen, Beat Melchior von Reinach zu Munzingen, Otto Heinrich von und zu Schonau, Wolfgang Wilhelm Schnewlin Barlapp zu Bollschweil, and Georg Christoph von Andlau zu Bollingen held office. StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr. 5, passim. On the election of 1675, see Ibid., pp. 89–90.

⁴⁵ Ibid., 90. Outer Austrian officials sent in a report on these leaders to officials at Innsbruck. Laubenberger, “Die Freiburger Stadtverwaltung,” 60”61.

⁴⁶ Detailed in Schreiber, , Geschichte der Stadt, 172–75.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Ibid., 174.

⁴⁸ Ibid., 178.

⁴⁹ Only cammeral officials dealt directly with Vienna. Oldendorf, , “Die Errichtung des vorderosterreichischen Regiments,” 36–38.Google Scholar

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⁵⁷ 57StAFr, B5 (P), la, Nr. 5, 90v–95r.

⁵⁸ StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 4, 1445–1776 /3 1679–1698, fol. 3^r. On Dietremann, see Kettering, , Patrons, 135–37Google Scholar. Compare Wallace, , Communities and Conflict, 223–26.Google Scholar

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⁶⁴ StAFr, Al Ig, 20, Aug. 6, 1686. On Colmar, see Wallace, , Communities and Conflict, 180–206.Google Scholar

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⁶⁸ StAFr, B5 (P), la Nr. 6, p. 101.

⁶⁹ Livet, and Wilsdorf, , Le conseil souverain ďAlsace au XVII^e siécle, 527. See also StAFr, B5 (P), la, Nr. 5,103^v.Google Scholar

⁷⁰ StAFr Cl Diener und Dienste 4, 1445–1776 /3 1698. Compare Laubenberger, “Die Freiburger Stadtverwaltung,” 62.

⁷¹ StAFr, Cl Diener und Dienste 4, 1445–1776 /3, 1698, fol. 2^r-v.

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⁷⁴ StAFr, Cl, Diener und Dienste 4, 1445–1776 /4 1701–1750, fol. 1^r. Compare Laubenberger, , “Die Freiburger Stadtverwaltung,” 62. When the French returned in 1713, they replaced Günther with Franz Michael Gabriel Preis and replaced two other Bürgermeister as well. By 1717 the Outer Austrian Regime had ejected Preis and the other French appointees while restoring the surviving Bürgermeister Johann Christoph Reiher.Google Scholar

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⁷⁹ StAFr, Al Va, 43, 1756.

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