Bibliography

Matthijs den Dulk

doi:10.1017/9781009718127.009

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press: aN Invalid Date NaN

Matthijs den Dulk

Show author details

Matthijs den Dulk: Affiliation:
Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen

Book contents

Summary

A summary is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: Ethnic Stereotypes and the Letters of Paul
History and Reception
, pp. 225 - 254

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009718127.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2026
Creative Commons: This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

References

Ainger, Thomas. The Fifteenth Chapter of St. Paul’s First Epistle to the Corinthians: Explained and Illustrated. 2nd ed. London: Gilbert and Rivington, 1860.Google Scholar

Allen, Isaiah Luke. “Paul the Bigot? Reading the Cretan Quotation of Titus 1:12 in Light of Relevance Theory.” Doctoral thesis, Middlesex University/London School of Theology, 2019.Google Scholar

Allen, Pauline. John Chrysostom, Homilies on Titus and Philemon. Writings from the Greco-Roman World. Atlanta: SBL, 2024.Google Scholar

Allibone, Samuel Austin. “Alexander, Right Rev. William.” In A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors: Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century, Supplement, 24. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1891.Google Scholar

Almagor, Eran. “Who Is a Barbarian? The Barbarians in the Ethnological and Cultural Taxonomies of Strabo.” In Strabo’s Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia, edited by Dueck, Daniela, Lindsay, Hugh, and Pothecary, Sarah, 42–55. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Amidon, Philip R. Philostorigus: Church History. Writings from the Greco-Roman World. Atlanta: SBL, 2007.Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict R. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised and extended edition. London: Verso, 1991.Google Scholar

Anderson, Graham. “Alciphron’s Miniatures.” In ANRW, edited by Haase, Wolfgang, 34.3: 2188–207. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1997.Google Scholar

Andrade, Nathanael J. Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World. Greek Culture in the Roman World. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar

Andrews, W. G. “Foreign Missions in the First Century.” The Spirit of Missions 60 (1895): 191–92.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Are the Unevangelized Heathen in Danger of Perishing?” The Baptist Missionary Magazine 27 (1849): 65–71.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Baddagama.” The Church Missionary Gleaner 20 (1870): 103–6.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “The First Epistle to the Corinthians.” London Quarterly Review 69 (1888): 20–43.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Horae Biblicae: XCIV – The Galatians.” Magazine of the Wesleyan Methodist Church 90 (1867): 996.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . The Missionary World, Being an Encyclopædia of Information. London: Elliot Stock, 1872.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Modern Christian Missions.” The Quarterly Review 163 (1886): 116–50.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Obituary: The Rev. James Spence, D.D.” In The Scottish Congregational Magazine: January to December 1876, 25: 125–27. Edinburgh: Andrew Elliot, 1876.Google Scholar

Anonymous, . “Rev. Dr. C. H. Patton, Minister, Author.” The New York Times, August 18, 1939.Google Scholar

Aune, David E. “Human Rights and Early Christianity.” In Christianity and Human Rights: An Introduction, edited by Witte, John Jr. and Alexander, Frank S., 81–98. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.10.1017/CBO9780511761713.005CrossRef Google Scholar

Baldwin, Barry. “The Minor Characters in Athenaeus.” Acta Classica 20 (1977): 37–48.Google Scholar

Barbour, Reid. Sir Thomas Browne: A Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Barclay, John M. G. Against Apion. Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary 10. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar

Barclay, John M. G. Obeying the Truth: A Study of Paul’s Ethics in Galatians. Studies of the New Testament and Its World. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988.Google Scholar

Barclay, John M. G. Paul and the Gift. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2015.Google Scholar

Barigazzi, Adelmo. Favorino di Arelate, Opere. Introduzione, testo critico e commento. Florence: Le Monnier, 1966.Google Scholar

Barr, James. Biblical Faith and Natural Theology: Gifford Lectures for 1991. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Barreto, Eric D. Ethnic Negotiations: The Function of Race and Ethnicity in Acts 16. WUNT 2/294. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010.10.1628/978-3-16-151637-5CrossRef Google Scholar

Barth, Markus, and Blanke, Helmut. Colossians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Translated by Astrid B. Beck. AB 34B. New York: Doubleday, 1994.10.5040/9780300261714CrossRef Google Scholar

Bassler, Jouette M. 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Bates, William. “The Four Last Things: Namely: Death, Judgement, Heaven and Hell, Practically Considered and Applied: In Several Discourses.” In Select Practical Theology of the Seventeenth Century: Comprising the Best Practical Works of the Great English Divines, and Other Congenial Authors of That Age, edited by Marsh, James, 325–550. New York: Burlington, 1830.Google Scholar

Beard, Mary, and Henderson, John. “With This Body I Thee Worship: Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity.” Gender & History 9 (1997): 480–503.10.1111/1468-0424.00072CrossRef Google Scholar

Beekes, Robert. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. 2 vols. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar

Beet, Joseph Agar. A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1881.Google Scholar

Beet, Joseph Agar. A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistles to the Corinthians. 3rd ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1882.Google Scholar

Behr, Charles A. Aelius Aristides: The Complete Works. Leiden: Brill, 1986.Google Scholar

Beller, Manfred. “Perception, Image, Imagology.” In Imagology: The Cultural Construction and Literary Representation of National Characters. A Critical Survey, edited by Beller, Manfred and Leerssen, Joep, 1–16. Studia Imagologica 13. Leiden: Brill, 2007.10.1163/9789004358133CrossRef Google Scholar

Benedict, Jennifer. “Alpha, 878.” Suda On Line. Accessed February 11, 2025. www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/787.Google Scholar

Bengel, Johann Albrecht. Gnomon Novi Testamenti. Tübingen: J. G. P. Schrammi, 1742.Google Scholar

Benjamin, S. G. W. “Historical Sketch of Crete.” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 34 (1867): 758–63.Google Scholar

Berger, Philippe. “La xénophobie de Polybe.” Revue des Études Anciennes 97 (1995): 517–25.10.3406/rea.1995.4626CrossRef Google Scholar

Berger, Philippe. “Le portrait des Celtes dans les Histoires de Polybe.” Ancient Society 23 (1992): 105–26.10.2143/AS.23.0.2005876CrossRef Google Scholar

Berthelot, Katell. “Grecs, Barbares et Juifs dans l’oeuvre de Philon.” In Philon d’Alexandrie. Un penseur à l’intersection des cultures gréco-romaine, orientale, juive et chrétienne, edited by Decharneux, Bernard and Inowlocki, Sabrina, 47–61. Monothéismes et Philosophie 12. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011.10.1484/M.MON-EB.4.00060CrossRef Google Scholar

Berzon, Todd S. “‘O, Foolish Galatians’: Imagining Pauline Community in Late Antiquity.” Church History 85 (2016): 435–67.10.1017/S0009640716000433CrossRef Google Scholar

Best, Ernest. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Ephesians. ICC. London: T&T Clark, 1998.10.5040/9781472555991Google Scholar

Betz, Hans Dieter. Galatians: A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1979.Google Scholar

Bidez, J. and Winkelmann, F.. Philostorgius. Kirchengeschichte. GCS. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1981.10.1515/9783112757611CrossRef Google Scholar

Binyam, Yonatan. “Race, Racism, and Ethnicity: Category Criticism in the Study of Antiquity.” Studies in Late Antiquity 8 (2024): 137–58.10.1525/sla.2024.8.2.137CrossRef Google Scholar

Bird, Michael F. Colossians and Philemon. New Covenant Commentary. Eugene: Cascade Books, 2009.Google Scholar

Blomfield, Ezekiel. The Life of Jesus Christ; with a History of the First Propagation of the Christian Religion, and the Lives of the Most Eminent Persons Mentioned in the New Testament. Bungay: Brightly, 1809.Google Scholar

Blunt, Henry. Lectures Upon the History of St. Paul: Delivered during Lent, at the Church of the Holy Trinity, Upper Chelsea. 1st American from the 7th London edition. Philadelphia: Hooker & Claxton, 1839.Google Scholar

Bolt, Christine. “Race and the Victorians.” In British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Eldridge, C. C., 126–47. London: Macmillan, 1984.Google Scholar

Boring, M. Eugene. I & II Thessalonians: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: WJK, 2015.Google Scholar

Bormann, Lukas. “Barbaren und Skythen im Lykostal? Epigraphischer Kommentar zu Kol 3:11.” In Epigraphical Evidence Illustrating Paul’s Letter to the Colossians, edited by Verheyden, Joseph, Öhler, Markus, and Corsten, Thomas, 161–98. WUNT 411. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.Google Scholar

Bormann, Lukas. Der Brief des Paulus an die Kolosser. THKNT. Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2012.Google Scholar

Bormann, Lukas. “Griechen und Juden? Skythen und Barbaren: Ethnizität, kulturelle Dominanz und Marginalität im Neuen Testament.” In Alternative Voices: A Plurality Approach for Religious Studies (Essays in Honor of Ulrich Berner), edited by Adogame, Afe, Echtler, Magnus, Freiberger, Oliver, and Berner, Ulrich, 116–33. Critical Studies in Religion/Religionswissenschaft 4. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013.Google Scholar

Bormann, Lukas. “‘Nicht mehr Barbar, Skythe, Sklave, Freigeborener’ (Kol 3,11): Personenrechtlicher Status, Geschlecht und Ethnizität in Colossae.” Annali di storia dell’esegesi 36 (2019): 393.Google Scholar

Bormann, Lukas. “Weltbild und gruppenspezifische Raumkonfiguration des Kolosserbriefs.” In Kolosser-Studien, 83–102. Biblisch Theologische Studien 103. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 2009.Google Scholar

Bourdillon, Francis William. Lesser Lights: Or, Some of the Minor Characters of Scripture Traced with a View to Instruction and Example. London; New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; E. & J. B. Young, 1875.Google Scholar

Bracic, Ana. Breaking the Exclusion Cycle: How to Promote Cooperation Between Majority and Minority Ethnic Groups. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2020.10.1093/oso/9780190050672.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Brake, Laurel, and Demoor, Marysa, eds. “Evangelical Magazine (1793–1904).” In Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland, 208. London: Academia Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Brantlinger, Patrick. Taming Cannibals: Race and the Victorians. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011.10.7591/cornell/9780801450198.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Braun, Willi, and McCutcheon, Russell T., eds. Reading J. Z. Smith: Interviews and Essay. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Bray, Gerald L. Ambrosiaster: Commentaries on Galatians–Philemon. Ancient Christian Texts. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Breytenbach, Cilliers. Paulus und Barnabas in der Provinz Galatien: Studien zu Apostelgeschichte 13f.;16,6;18,23 und den Adressaten des Galaterbriefes. AGJU 38. Leiden: Brill, 1996.10.1163/9789004332485CrossRef Google Scholar

Broadbent, Ralph. “The Bible and the British Empire.” In The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Biblical Criticism, edited by Sugirtharajah, R. S., 329–52. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Brown, Eric. “Hellenistic Cosmopolitanism.” In A Companion to Ancient Philosophy, edited by Gill, Mary Louise and Pellegrin, Pierre, 549–58. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.Google Scholar

Brown, John. “Crete.” In A Dictionary of the Bible, 172. Edinburgh: Oliphant, 1866.Google Scholar

Brownstein, Michael, and Saul, Jennifer Mather, eds. Implicit Bias and Philosophy. Volume 1, Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Brox, Norbert. Die Pastoralbriefe: 1 Timotheus, 2 Timotheus, Titus. Regensburger Neues Testament. Regensburg: Pustet, 1969.Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers. Ethnicity without Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004.10.4159/9780674258143CrossRef Google Scholar

Brubaker, Rogers, Loveman, Mara, and Stamatov, Peter. “Ethnicity as Cognition.” Theory and Society 33 (2004): 31–64.10.1023/B:RYSO.0000021405.18890.63CrossRef Google Scholar

Bruce, F. F. The Epistle to the Galatians. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.Google Scholar

Bruce, F. F. The Epistles to the Colossians, to Philemon, and to the Ephesians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1984.10.5040/bci-0k3aCrossRef Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. “Aristotle and Slavery.” In Studies in Greek History and Thought, 343–88. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Brunt, P. A. Studies in Stoicism. Edited by Griffin, Miriam, Samuels, Alison, and Crawford, Michael. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Bucchi, Federica. S. Hieronymus presbyter: Commentarii in epistulas Pauli Apostoli ad Titum et ad Philemonem. CCSL 77C. Turnhout: Brepols, 2003.Google Scholar

Budin, Stephanie Lynn. The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.10.1017/CBO9780511497766CrossRef Google Scholar

Buell, Denise K. “Early Christian Universalism and Modern Forms of Racism.” In The Origins of Racism in the West, edited by Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin H., and Ziegler, Joseph, 109–31. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Buell, Denise K. Why This New Race: Ethnic Reasoning in Early Christianity. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005.10.7312/buel13334CrossRef Google Scholar

Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd. Book III of the Sibylline Oracles and Its Social Setting. SVTP 17. Leiden: Brill, 2003.10.1163/9789004496774CrossRef Google Scholar

Burnet, Régis. Exegesis and History of Reception. WUNT 455. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021.Google Scholar

Burnet, Régis. “Why ‘Reception History’ Is Not Just Another Exegetical Method: The Case of Mark’s Ending.” NTS 69 (2023): 277–90.10.1017/S0028688522000406CrossRef Google Scholar

Burton, Ernest DeWitt. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1921.Google Scholar

Cain, Andrew. “Tertullian, Cyprian, and Lactantius in Jerome’s Commentary on Galatians.” Revue d’études Augustiniennes et Patristiques 55 (2009): 23–51.10.1484/J.REA.5.101039CrossRef Google Scholar

Calvin, John. The Second Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians, and the Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon. Edited by Torrance, David W and Torrance, Thomas F.. Translated by T. A. Smail. Calvin’s New Testament Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964.Google Scholar

Campbell, Douglas A. Framing Paul: An Epistolary Biography. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014.Google Scholar

Campbell, Douglas A. The Deliverance of God: An Apocalyptic Rereading of Justification in Paul. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009.Google Scholar

Campbell, Douglas A. “The Scythian Perspective in Col. 3:11: A Response to Troy Martin.” NovT 39 (1997): 81–84.Google Scholar

Campbell, Douglas A. “Unravelling Colossians 3.11b.” NTS 42 (1996): 120–32.10.1017/S0028688500017112CrossRef Google Scholar

Caragounis, Chrys. “‘Fornication’ and ‘Concession’? Interpreting 1 Cor 7, 1–7.” In The Corinthian Correspondence, edited by Bieringer, Reimund, 543–59. BETL 125. Leuven: Peeters, 1996.Google Scholar

Casson, Lionel. The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.Google Scholar

Chadwick, Henry. Origen: Contra Celsum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.Google Scholar

Chow, John K. Patronage and Power: A Study of Social Networks in Corinth. JSNTSup 75. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Clarke, Andrew D. “Secular Practices of Christian Leadership: II. Beyond Reproach.” In Secular and Christian Leadership in Corinth: A Socio-Historical and Exegetical Study of 1 Corinthians 1–6, 73–88. AGJU 18. Leiden: Brill, 1993.10.1163/9789004332713_007CrossRef Google Scholar

Clavel-Lévêque, Monique. “Les Gaules et les Gaulois: Pour une analyse du fonctionnement de la Géographie de Strabon.” Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 1 (1974): 75–94.10.3406/dha.1974.1367CrossRef Google Scholar

Collicutt, Joanna. “Bringing the Academic Discipline of Psychology to Bear on the Study of the Bible.” JTS 63 (2012): 1–48.10.1093/jts/fls059CrossRef Google Scholar

Concannon, Cavan W. “When You Were Gentiles”: Specters of Ethnicity in Roman Corinth and Paul’s Corinthian Correspondence. Synkrisis. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2014.10.12987/yale/9780300197938.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Conzelmann, Hans. “Korinth und die Mädchen der Aphrodite: Zur Religionsgeschichte der Stadt Korinth.” Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen 1 (1967): 245–61.Google Scholar

Cook, John Granger. “Titus 1,12: Epimenides, Ancient Christian Scholars, Zeus’s Death, and the Cretan Paradox.” Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum/Journal of Ancient Christianity 25 (2021): 367–94.10.1515/zac-2021-0032CrossRef Google Scholar

Lutz, Cora. “Musonius Rufus, the Roman Socrates.” Yale Classical Studies 10 (1947): 3–147.Google Scholar

Coşkun, Altay. “Belonging and Isolation in Central Anatolia: The Galatians in the Graeco-Roman World.” In Belonging and Isolation in the Hellenistic World, edited by Ager, Sheila L. and Faber, Riemer A., 73–95. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Coşkun, Altay. “Die lokalen Eliten der Galater in hellenistischer Zeit.” In Lokale Eliten und hellenistische Könige. Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation, edited by Dreyer, Boris and Mittag, Peter Franz, 80–104. Berlin: Verlag Antike, 2011.Google Scholar

Cousar, Charles B. The Letters of Paul. Interpreting Biblical Texts. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Cowie, Leonard W. “Robertson, Frederick William (1816–1853), Church of England Clergyman.” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Cranfield, C. E. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. Vol. 1. 2 vols. ICC. London; New York: T&T Clark, 1975.Google Scholar

Cyrino, Monica S. Aphrodite. New York: Routledge, 2010.Google Scholar

Czachesz, István. Cognitive Science and the New Testament: A New Approach to Early Christian Research. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198779865.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Dabelstein, Rolf. Die Beurteilung der “Heiden” bei Paulus. BBET 14. Frankfurt a.M: P. D. Lang, 1981.Google Scholar

Dale, Robert William. The Epistle to the Ephesians: Its Doctrine and Ethics. 6th ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1892.Google Scholar

Danylak, Barry. Paul and Secular Singleness in 1 Corinthians 7. SNTSMS 184. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2024.10.1017/9781009373838CrossRef Google Scholar

Darley, John M., and Gross, Paget H.. “A Hypothesis-Confirming Bias in Labeling Effects.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983): 20–33.10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.20CrossRef Google Scholar

David, E. J. R., Schroeder, Tiera M., and Fernandez, Jessicaanne. “Internalized Racism: A Systematic Review of the Psychological Literature on Racism’s Most Insidious Consequence.” Journal of Social Issues 75 (2019): 1057–86.10.1111/josi.12350CrossRef Google Scholar

Davis, Ellen F. “Critical Traditioning: Seeking an Inner Biblical Hermeneutic.” The Anglican Theological Review 82 (2000): 733–51.Google Scholar

Dawes, Elizabeth A.S. Anna Comnena: The Alexiad. London: Paul, 1928.Google Scholar

Dawson, William. “The Doctrine of St. Paul.” Church Work N.S. 5 (1878): 446–52.Google Scholar

de Boer, Martinus C. Galatians: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: WJK, 2011.Google Scholar

Del Pinal, Guillermo, and Spaulding, Shannon. “Conceptual Centrality and Implicit Bias.” Mind & Language 33 (2018): 95–111.10.1111/mila.12166CrossRef Google Scholar

Delacampagne, Christian. L’invention du racisme: Antiquité et Moyen Age. Paris: Fayard, 1983.10.3917/fayar.delac.1983.01CrossRef Google Scholar

Deming, Will. “The Unity of 1 Corinthians 5–6.” JBL 115 (1996): 289–312.Google Scholar

den Dulk, Matthijs. “Aquila and Apollos: Acts 18 in Light of Ancient Ethnic Stereotypes.” JBL 139 (2020): 177–89.Google Scholar

den Dulk, Matthijs. “David G. Horrell, Ethnicity and Inclusion: Religion, Race, and Whiteness in Constructions of Jewish and Christian Identities – Erich S. Gruen, Ethnicity in the Ancient World: Did It Matter?” EC 13 (2022): 133–39.Google Scholar

den Dulk, Matthijs. “Origen of Alexandria and the History of Racism as a Theological Problem.” JTS 71 (2020): 164–95.Google Scholar

den Dulk, Matthijs. “Pauline Biography and the Letter to Titus: A Response to Jens Herzer.” Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters 9 (2019): 52–61.10.5325/jstudpaullett.9.1-2.0052CrossRef Google Scholar

den Dulk, Matthijs. “The Salvation of the Scythians: Early Christian Ethnography and the Reception History of Colossians 3:11.” In Aspects of Soteriology in John and Paul, edited by van der Watt, Jan, Verheyden, Joseph, and Frey, Jörg, 251–62. WUNT 529. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2025.Google Scholar

Derbew, Sarah F. Untangling Blackness in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781108861816CrossRef Google Scholar

DeSilva, David A. The Letter to the Galatians. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2018.10.5040/bci-0004CrossRef Google Scholar

Deslauriers, Marguerite. “Aristotle on the Virtues of Slaves and Women.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 25 (2003): 213–31.10.1093/oso/9780199268245.003.0007CrossRef Google Scholar

Dibelius, Martin, and Conzelmann, Hans. The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1972.Google Scholar

Dindorf, Wilhelm. Aelius Aristides. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Reimer, 1829.Google Scholar

Dobschütz, Ernst von. Die Thessalonicherbriefe. Nachdr. d. Ausg. von 1909. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1974.Google Scholar

Dodd, Charles H. Epistle of Paul to the Romans. New York: HarperCollins, 1959.Google Scholar

Dods, Marcus. An Introduction to the New Testament. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1888.Google Scholar

Donaldson, Terence L. Judaism and the Gentiles: Jewish Patterns of Universalism (to 135 CE). Waco: Baylor University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Dovidio, John F., and Fiske, Susan T.. “Under the Radar: How Unexamined Biases in Decision-Making Processes in Clinical Interactions Can Contribute to Health Care Disparities.” American Journal of Public Health 102 (2012): 945–52.10.2105/AJPH.2011.300601CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Drijvers, H. J. W. The Book of the Laws of Countries: Dialogue on Fate of Bardaisan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1964.Google Scholar

Dueck, Daniela. “‘Bird’s Milk in Samos’: Strabo’s Use of Geographical Proverbs and Proverbial Expressions.” Scripta Classica Israelica 23 (2004): 41–56.10.71043/sci.v23i.3547CrossRef Google Scholar

Dueck, Daniela. “Ethnic Types and Stereotypes in Ancient Latin Idioms.” In Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity, edited by Price, Jonathan J., Finkelberg, Margalit, and Shahar, Yuval, 2nd ed., 42–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781009256193.004CrossRef Google Scholar

Dueck, Daniela. Illiterate Geography in Classical Athens and Rome. Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2023.Google Scholar

Duff, Paul B. Moses in Corinth: The Apologetic Context of 2 Corinthians 3. NovT Supplements 159. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2015.10.1163/9789004289451CrossRef Google Scholar

Duncan, Birt L. “Differential Social Perception and Attribution of Intergroup Violence: Testing the Lower Limits of Stereotyping of Blacks.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34 (1976): 590–98.10.1037/0022-3514.34.4.590CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Dunn, James D. G. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. London: A. C. Black, 1993.Google Scholar

Dunn, James D. G. “Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul’s Letter to the Galatians.” JBL 112 (1993): 459–77.Google Scholar

Dunn, James D. G. The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. NIGTC 11. Grand Rapid: Eerdmans, 1996.Google Scholar

Dunning, David, and Sherman, David A.. “Stereotypes and Tacit Inference.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997): 459–71.10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.459CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Duval, Y.-M. “Gerolamo tra Tertulliano e Origene.” In Motivi letterari ed esegetici in Gerolamo: Atti del Convegno tenuto a Trento il 5–7 dicembre 1995, edited by Moreschini, Claudio and Menestrina, Giovanni, 107–35. Brescia: Morcelliana, 1997.Google Scholar

Eadie, John. A Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Colossians. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1884.Google Scholar

Eccleston, Sasha-Mae and Patrice Rankine, eds. “Race and Racism: Beyond the Spectacular.” Special issue, TAPA 154, no. 1 (Spring 2024).10.1353/apa.2024.a925506CrossRef Google Scholar

Edwards, Mark J. Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians. Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture VIII. Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 1998.Google Scholar

Eisenbaum, Pamela. Paul Was Not a Christian: The Real Message of a Misunderstood Apostle. New York: HarperOne, 2009.Google Scholar

Eliav-Feldon, Miriam, Isaac, Benjamin H., and Ziegler, Joseph, eds. The Origins of Racism in the West. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Elliott, Neil. Liberating Paul: The Justice of God and the Politics of the Apostle. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Engels, Donald. Roman Corinth: An Alternative Model for the Classical City. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1990.Google Scholar

Esler, Philip F. Conflict and Identity in Romans: The Social Setting of Paul’s Letter. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Evans, Robert. Reception History, Tradition and Biblical Interpretation: Gadamer and Jauss in Current Practice. Scriptural Traces: Critical Perspectives on the Reception and Influence of the Bible 4. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.Google Scholar

Exell, Joseph S. No. 1–3. I–II Corinthians. Vol. 7. The Biblical Illustrator. Ada: Fleming H. Revell, 1887.Google Scholar

Faber, Riemer A. “‘Evil Beasts, Lazy Gluttons’: A Neglected Theme in the Epistle to Titus.” Westminster Theological Journal 67 (2005): 135–45.Google Scholar

Fairbairn, Patrick. The Pastoral Epistles: The Greek Text and Translation with Introduction, Expository Notes, and Dissertations. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1874.Google Scholar

Farrar, Frederic W. “Aptitudes of Races.” Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London 5 (1867): 115–26.10.2307/3014218CrossRef Google Scholar

Farrar, Frederic W. The Life and Work of St. Paul. London: Cassell & Co., 1883.Google Scholar

Farrar, Frederic W. The Messages of the Books: Being Discourses and Notes on the Books of the New Testament. London: Macmillan, 1884.Google Scholar

Fee, Gordon D. 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus. New International Biblical Commentary. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1984.Google Scholar

Fee, Gordon D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. Revised edition. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2014.Google Scholar

Findlay, George G. “The Reproach of the Cretans.” Expositor II:4 (1882): 401–10.Google Scholar

Fiske, Susan T., and Taylor, Shelley E.. Social Cognition. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2007.Google Scholar PubMed

FitzGerald, Chloë, Martin, Angela, Berner, Delphine, and Hurst, Samia. “Interventions Designed to Reduce Implicit Prejudices and Implicit Stereotypes in Real World Contexts: A Systematic Review.” BMC Psychology 7 (2019): 29.10.1186/s40359-019-0299-7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. First Corinthians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 32. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.10.5040/9780300261943CrossRef Google Scholar

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. Romans: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 33. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2008.Google Scholar

Forscher, Patrick S., Lai, Calvin K., Axt, Jordan R., Ebersole, Charles R., Herman, Michelle, Devine, Patricia G., and Nosek, Brian A.. “A Meta-Analysis of Procedures to Change Implicit Measures.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 117 (2019): 522–59.10.1037/pspa0000160CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Foster, Paul. Colossians. BNTC. London: Bloomsbury, 2016.10.5040/9781474217576CrossRef Google Scholar

Foulon, É. “Polybe et les Celtes, I.” Les Études Classiques 68 (2000): 319–54.Google Scholar

Foulon, E. “Polybe et les Celtes, II.” Les Études Classiques 69 (2001): 35–64.Google Scholar

Francis, Charlotte. “Martial Epigrammata, Book X: A Commentary.” PhD dissertation, University of Otago, 2007.Google Scholar

Frank, Nicole. Der Kolosserbrief im Kontext des paulinischen Erbes. WUNT 2/271. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009.10.1628/978-3-16-151614-6CrossRef Google Scholar

Fredriksen, Paula. “Paul, Pagans and Eschatological Ethnicities: A Response to Denys McDonald.” JSNT 45 (2022): 51–65.Google Scholar

Fredriksen, Paula. Paul: The Pagans’ Apostle. New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2017.10.12987/yale/9780300225884.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik. 5th ed. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1986.Google Scholar

Gale, Liam. “Hellenistic Galatians: Representation and Self-Presentation.” PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2017.Google Scholar

Gardner, Jane F. “The ‘Gallic Menace’ in Caesar’s Propaganda.” Greece & Rome 30 (1983): 181–89.10.1017/S0017383500027133CrossRef Google Scholar

Garland, David E. Colossians, Philemon. The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.Google Scholar

Garnsey, Peter. Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine. The W. B. Stanford Memorial Lectures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Gathercole, Simon J. “A Law unto Themselves: The Gentiles in Romans 2.14–15 Revisited.” JSNT 24 (2002): 27–49.Google Scholar

Gaventa, Beverly Roberts. Romans: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: WJK, 2024.Google Scholar

Gawronski, Bertram, Hofmann, Wilhelm, and Wilbur, Christopher J.. “Are ‘Implicit’ Attitudes Unconscious?” Consciousness and Cognition 15 (2006): 485–99.10.1016/j.concog.2005.11.007CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gealy, F. D. “I Timothy, II Timothy, Titus: Exegesis.” In The Interpreter’s Bible, edited by Buttrick, George Arthur et al., vol. 11. Nashville: Abingdon, 1955.Google Scholar

Geikie, Cunningham. The Apostles: Their Lives and Letters. London: Nisbet, 1895.Google Scholar

Gench, Frances Taylor. Encountering God in Tyrannical Texts: Reflections on Paul, Women, and the Authority of Scripture. Louisville: WJK, 2015.Google Scholar

Gibson, Craig A. “Temple Prostitution at Aphaca: An Overlooked Source.” The Classical Quarterly 69 (2019): 928–31.10.1017/S0009838819000697CrossRef Google Scholar

Gilhuly, Kate. Erotic Geographies in Ancient Greek Literature and Culture. London: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar

Gill, John. An Exposition of the New Testament, Etc. Volume 3. London: Matthew & Leigh, 1809.Google Scholar

Gilliard, Frank D. “The Problem of the Antisemitic Comma between 1 Thessalonians 2.14 and 15.” NTS 35 (1989): 481–502.10.1017/S0028688500015162CrossRef Google Scholar

Gillingham, Susan. “Biblical Studies on Holiday? A Personal View of Reception History.” In Reception History and Biblical Studies: Theory and Practice, edited by England, Emma and Lyons, William John, 17–30. Scriptural Traces: Critical Perspectives on the Reception and Influence of the Bible 6. London: Bloomsbury, 2015.Google Scholar

Glancy, Jennifer A. Slavery in Early Christianity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.10.1093/0195136098.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Glaser, Timo. Paulus als Briefroman erzählt: Studien zum antiken Briefroman und seiner christlichen Rezeption in den Pastoralbriefen. NTOA 76. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009.10.13109/9783666533891CrossRef Google Scholar

Glazebrook, Allison. “Is There an Archaeology of Prostitution?” In Houses of Ill Repute: The Archaeology of Brothels, Houses, and Taverns in the Greek World, edited by Glazebrook, Allison and Tsakirgis, Barbara, 169–96. University Park: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.10.9783/9780812292695CrossRef Google Scholar

Gnilka, Joachim. Der Kolosserbrief. HThKNT. Basel: Herder, 1980.Google Scholar

Goldenberg, David M. “Geographia Rabbinica: The Toponym Barbaria.” JJS 50 (1999): 53–73.10.18647/2166/JJS-1999CrossRef Google Scholar

Goldenberg, David M. “Scythian-Barbarian: The Permutations of a Classical Topos in Jewish and Christian Texts of Late Antiquity.” JJS 49 (1998): 87–102.10.18647/2058/JJS-1998CrossRef Google Scholar

Goodhugh, William. The Bible Cyclopaedia: Or, Illustrations of the Civil and Natural History of the Sacred Writings. London: J. W. Parker, 1841.Google Scholar

Goulder, Michael D. “Libertines? (1 Cor. 5–6).” NovT 41 (1999): 334–48.Google Scholar

Granholm, Patrik. “Alciphron: Letters of the Courtesans.” PhD dissertation, University of Uppsala, 2012.Google Scholar

Gray, Patrick. “The Liar Paradox and the Letter to Titus.” CBQ 69 (2007): 302–14.Google Scholar

Griffith-Jones, Robin Guthrie. “Beyond Reasonable Hope of Recognition? Prosopopoeia in Romans 1:18–3:8.” In Beyond Old and New Perspectives on Paul: Reflections on the Work of Douglas Campbell, edited by Tilling, Chris, 161–74. Eugene: Cascade Books, 2014.Google Scholar

Gruen, Erich S. Ethnicity in the Ancient World – Did It Matter? Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2020.10.1515/9783110685657CrossRef Google Scholar

Gruen, Erich S. “Greeks and Non-Greeks.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, edited by Bugh, Glenn R., 295–314. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.10.1017/CCOL0521828791.015CrossRef Google Scholar

Gruen, Erich S. Rethinking the Other in Antiquity. Martin Classical Lectures. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Guthrie, Donald. The Pastoral Epistles. TNTC. Leicester; Grand Rapids: IVP; Eerdmans, 1990.Google Scholar

Häfner, Gerd. “Polemik in den Pastoralbriefen.” In Polemik in der frühchristlichen Literatur: Texte und Kontexte, edited by Wischmeyer, Oda and Scornaienchi, Lorenzo, 295–329. BZNW 170. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 2011.Google Scholar

Haidt, Jonathan. The Righteous Mind. London: Penguin Books, 2013.Google Scholar

Hall, Edith. Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.Google Scholar

Hall, Jonathan M. Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.10.1017/CBO9780511605642CrossRef Google Scholar

Hall, Jonathan M. Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Hallmannsecker, Martin. Roman Ionia: Constructions of Cultural Identity in Western Asia Minor. Greek Culture in the Roman World. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781009150194CrossRef Google Scholar

Hamer, Katarzyna, McFarland, Sam, Czarnecka, Barbara, Golińska, Agnieszka, Cadena, Liliana Manrique, Łużniak-Piecha, Magdalena, and Jułkowski, Tomasz. “What Is an ‘Ethnic Group’ in Ordinary People’s Eyes? Different Ways of Understanding It Among American, British, Mexican, and Polish Respondents.” Cross-Cultural Research 54 (2020): 28–72.10.1177/1069397118816939CrossRef Google Scholar

Hamilton, David L., and Rose, Terrence L.. “Illusory Correlation and the Maintenance of Stereotypic Beliefs.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (1980): 832–45.10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.832CrossRef Google Scholar

Hanson, Anthony T. The Pastoral Epistles. New Century Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.Google Scholar

Hardin, Justin K. Galatians and the Imperial Cult: A Critical Analysis of the First-Century Social Context of Paul’s Letter. WUNT 2/237. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008.10.1628/978-3-16-151580-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Harker, Christina. The Colonizers’ Idols: Paul, Galatia, and Empire in New Testament Studies. WUNT 2/460. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2018.10.1628/978-3-16-155904-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Harper, Kyle. “Porneia: The Making of a Christian Sexual Norm.” JBL 131 (2012): 363–83.Google Scholar

Harrill, J. Albert. Slaves in the New Testament: Literary, Social, and Moral Dimensions. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2006.Google Scholar

Harrill, J. Albert. “‘Without Lies or Deception’: Oracular Claims to Truth in the Epistle to Titus.” NTS 63 (2017): 451–72.10.1017/S0028688517000054CrossRef Google Scholar

Harris, J. Rendel. “The Cretans Are Always Liars.” Expositor 7 (1906): 305–17.Google Scholar

Harrison, James R. “Paul’s ‘Indebtedness’ to the Barbarian (Rom 1:14) in Latin West Perspective.” NovT 55 (2013): 311–48.Google Scholar

Hart, James D. “Taylor, [James] Bayard (1825–78).” The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature, 395–95. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Hartin, Cole William. Anglican Biblical Interpretation in the Nineteenth Century: A Critical Evaluation. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2024.10.1163/9789004694057CrossRef Google Scholar

Hartley, John. Researches in Greece and the Levant. 2nd ed. cor. and rev. London: Seeley and Burnside, 1833.Google Scholar

Hasler, Victor. Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus. Zürcher Bibelkommentare Neues Testament 12. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1978.Google Scholar

Hawke, Joanna. “Eadie, John (1813/14–1876).” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Hays, J. Daniel. From Every People and Nation: A Biblical Theology of Race. Downers Grove: IVP, 2003.Google Scholar

Headland, Edward, and Swete, Henry Barclay. The Epistle to the Galatians: With an Introduction, Explanatory Notes, and Practical Thoughts and Prayers. London: Hatchard, 1866.Google Scholar

Heath, Malcolm. “Aristotle on Natural Slavery.” Phronesis 53 (2008): 243–70.10.1163/156852808X307070CrossRef Google Scholar

Heath, Malcolm. “John Chrysostom, Rhetoric and Galatians.” Biblical Interpretation 12 (2004): 369–400.10.1163/1568515042418578CrossRef Google Scholar

Hendriksen, William. Exposition of Colossians and Philemon. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapid: Baker Books, 1964.Google Scholar

Heng, Geraldine. The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.10.1017/9781108381710CrossRef Google Scholar

Henry, Madeleine. “Athenaeus, the Ur-Pornographer.” In Athenaeus and His World: Reading Greek Culture in the Roman Empire, edited by Braund, David, Wilkins, John, and Bowersock, Glen, 503–10. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Henry, Madeleine. “The Edible Woman: Athenaeus’s Concept of the Pornographic.” In Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome, edited by Richlin, Amy, 261–63. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Henry, Matthew. Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the Whole Bible. 6 vols. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2014.Google Scholar

Hermann, Theodor. “Barbar und Skythe: Ein Erklärungsversuch zu Kol 3, 11.” Theologische Blätter 9 (1930): 106–7.Google Scholar

Herzer, Jens. “Narration, Genre, and Pseudonymity: Reconsidering the Individuality and the Literary Relationship of the Pastoral Epistles.” Journal for the Study of Paul and His Letters 9 (2019): 30–51.10.5325/jstudpaullett.9.1-2.0030CrossRef Google Scholar

Herzer, Jens. “Zwischen Mythos und Wahrheit: Neue Perspektiven auf die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe.” NTS 63 (2017): 428–50.10.1017/S0028688517000066CrossRef Google Scholar

Heschel, Susannah. “The Slippery Yet Tenacious Nature of Racism: New Developments in Critical Race Theory and Their Implications for the Study of Religion and Ethics.” Journal of the Society of Christian Ethics 35 (2015): 3–27.10.1353/sce.2015.0018CrossRef Google Scholar

Hinson, E. Glenn. “1–2 Timothy and Titus.” In 2 Corinthians-Philemon, edited by Allen, Clifton J.. The Broadman Bible Commentary, vol 11. Nashville, TN: Broadman, 1971.Google Scholar

Hodge, Caroline E. Johnson. If Sons, Then Heirs: A Study of Kinship and Ethnicity in the Letters of Paul. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182163.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Hodge, Charles. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. London: Religious Tract Society, 1837.Google Scholar

Hoehner, Harold W. Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002.Google Scholar

Hoenselaars, A. J. Images of Englishmen and Foreigners in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries: A Study of Stage Characters and National Identity in English Renaissance Drama, 1558–1642. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992.Google Scholar

Hofmann, Johann Christian Conrad von. Die heilige Schrift Neuen Testaments zusammenhängend untersucht. 2,1: Der Brief Pauli an die Galater. Nördlingen: E. H. Beck, 1869.Google Scholar

Hoklotubbe, T. Christopher. “Civilized Christ-Followers among Barbaric Cretans and Superstitious Judeans: Negotiating Ethnic Hierarchies in Titus 1:10–14.” JBL 140 (2021): 369–90.Google Scholar

Holtz, Traugott. Der erste Brief an die Thessalonicher. KEK 13. Zürich: Benziger, 1986.Google Scholar

Holtzmann, Heinrich Julius. Die Pastoralbriefe, kritisch und exegetisch behandelt. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1880.Google Scholar

Hoppe, Rudolf. Der Erste Thessalonikerbrief: Kommentar. Freiburg: Herder, 2016.Google Scholar

Hornblower, Simon. A Commentary on Thucydides. Vol. 2, Books IV–V. 24. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.10.1093/actrade/9780198148814.book.1CrossRef Google Scholar

Horrell, David G. Ethnicity and Inclusion: Religion, Race, and Whiteness in Constructions of Jewish and Christian Identities. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2020.Google Scholar

Horrell, David G. “Paul, Inclusion and Whiteness: Particularizing Interpretation.” JSNT 40 (2017): 123–47.Google Scholar

Hoyland, Robert. “A New Edition and Translation of the Leiden Polemon.” In Seeing the Face, Seeing the Soul: Polemon’s Physiognomy from Classical Antiquity to Medieval Islam, edited by Swain, Simon, 329–464. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Huartes, Juan. Examen de Ingenios, or, The Tryal of Wits: Discovering the Great Difference of Wits among Men, and What Sort of Learning Suits Best with Each Genius. London: Richard Sare, 1698.10.1037/11666-000CrossRef Google Scholar

Huizenga, Annette Bourland. 1–2 Timothy, Titus. Wisdom Commentary. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Hutchinson, John, and Smith, Anthony D.. “Introduction.” In Ethnicity, 3–14. Oxford Readers. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Hutton, William. “Eta, 11.” Suda On Line. Accessed February 11, 2025. www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/eta/11.Google Scholar

Isaac, Benjamin H. “Ethnic Prejudice and Racism.” In The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies, edited by Boys-Stones, G. R., Graziosi, Barbara, and Vasunia, Phiroze, 328–39. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Isaac, Benjamin H. The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.10.1515/9781400849567CrossRef Google Scholar

James, Drexler. “Health and Health-Related Correlates of Internalized Racism Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities 7 (2020): 785–806.10.1007/s40615-020-00726-6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

James, Sarah. “The Last of the Corinthians? Society and Settlement from 146 to 44 BCE.” In Corinth in Contrast, edited by Friesen, Steven J., James, Sarah, and Schowalter, Daniel, 15–37. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.Google Scholar

Jervis, Alexa. “Gallia Scripta: Images of Gauls and Romans in Caesar’s ‘Bellum Gallicum.’” PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2001.Google Scholar

Jewett, Robert. Romans. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2007.Google Scholar

Johnson, Luke Timothy. The First and Second Letters to Timothy: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 35A. New York: Doubleday, 2001.10.5040/9780300261721CrossRef Google Scholar

Johnson, Luke Timothy. “The New Testament’s Anti-Jewish Slander and the Conventions of Ancient Polemic.” JBL 108 (1989): 419–41.Google Scholar

Jung, Deok Hee. “Barbarian and Scythian in Col 3,11.” Biblica 99 (2018): 414–30.Google Scholar

Jüthner, Julius. Hellenen und Barbaren aus der Geschichte des Nationalbewusstseins. Das Erbe der Alten: Schriften über Wesen und Wirkung der Antike Neue Folge. Leipzig: Dieterich, 1923.Google Scholar

Kahl, Brigitte. Galatians Re-Imagined: Reading with the Eyes of the Vanquished. Paul in Critical Contexts. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2010.10.2307/j.ctv19cwb7nCrossRef Google Scholar

Kahn, Arthur D. “Vercingetorix- A New Play by C. Iulius Caesar.” Classical World 65 (1971): 249–54.Google Scholar

Kaplan, M. Lindsay. Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.10.1093/oso/9780190678241.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Karlins, M., Coffman, T. L., and Walters, G.. “On the Fading of Social Stereotypes: Studies in Three Generations of College Students.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 13 (1969): 1–16.10.1037/h0027994CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Keener, Craig S. Galatians: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2019.Google Scholar

Keesling, Catherine. “Heavenly Bodies: Monuments to Prostitutes in Greek Sancturies.” In Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Ancient World, edited by Faraone, Christopher A. and McClure, Laura K., 59–76. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Kelley, Shawn. Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship. Biblical Limits. London; New York: Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar

Kelly, J. N. D. Pastoral Epistles. London: A&C Black, 1963.Google Scholar

Kennedy, C. J. Nature and Revelation Harmonious: A Defence of Scriptural Truths Assailed in Mr. G. Combe’s Work on “The Constitution of Man, Considered in Relation to External Objects.” Edinburgh: William Oliphant and Sons, 1846.Google Scholar

Kidd, Reggie M. “Titus as Apologia: Grace for Liars, Beasts, and Bellies.” Horizons in Biblical Theology 21 (1999): 185–209.10.1163/187122099X00146CrossRef Google Scholar

Killeen, Kevin, ed. Thomas Browne: Selected Writings. 21st-Century Oxford Authors. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Klein, Günter. “Individualgeschichte und Weltgeschichte bei Paulus.” In Rekonstruktion und Interpretation: Gesammelte Aufsätze zum Neuen Testament, 180–221. München: Christian Kaiser, 1969.Google Scholar

Kloppenborg, John S. “Egalitarianism in the Myth and Rhetoric of Pauline Churches.” In Reimagining Christian Origins: A Colloquium Honoring Burton L. Mack, edited by Castelli, Elizabeth A. and Taussig, Hal, 247–63. Valley Forge: Trinity Press International, 1996.Google Scholar

Knight, George W. The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids; Carlisle: Eerdmans; Paternoster, 1992.Google Scholar

Knight, Mark. “Wirkungsgeschichte, Reception History, Reception Theory.” JSNT 33 (2010): 137–46.Google Scholar

Kondratieff, Eric J. “West Forum Temples and Terrace - Corinth Computer Project.” Accessed January 25, 2025. www.corinthcomputerproject.org/records/west-forum-temples-and-terrace/.Google Scholar

König, Jason. “Favorinus’ Corinthian Oration in Its Corinthian Context.” The Cambridge Classical Journal 47 (2001): 141–71.Google Scholar

Konradt, Matthias. Ethik im Neuen Testament. Grundrisse zum Neuen Testament. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2022.10.13109/9783666513640CrossRef Google Scholar

Köstenberger, Andreas. Commentary on 1–2 Timothy and Titus. Nashville: Holman Reference, 2017.Google Scholar

Koster, Severin. Die Invektive in der griechischen und römischen Literatur. Meisenheim am Glan: Hain, 1980.Google Scholar

Krauter, Stefan. “Cretan Memories: Crete in the Letter to Titus and the Acts of Titus.” EC 13 (2022): 455–67.Google Scholar

Kremer, Bernhard. Das Bild der Kelten bis in augusteische Zeit: Studien zur Instrumentalisierung eines antiken Feindbildes bei griechischen und römischen Autoren. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1994.Google Scholar

Kunda, Ziva. Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Kunda, Ziva, and Oleson, Kathryn C.. “Maintaining Stereotypes in the Face of Disconfirmation: Constructing Grounds for Subtyping Deviants.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995): 565–79.10.1037/0022-3514.68.4.565CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kunda, Ziva, and Sherman-Williams, Bonnie. “Stereotypes and the Construal of Individuating Information.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993): 90–99.10.1177/0146167293191010CrossRef Google Scholar

Kunda, Ziva, Sinclair, Lisa, and Griffin, Dale. “Equal Ratings but Separate Meanings: Stereotypes and the Construal of Traits.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997): 720–34.10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.720CrossRef Google Scholar

Kurke, Leslie. “Pindar and the Prostitutes, or Reading Ancient ‘Pornography.’” Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics 4 (1996): 49–75.Google Scholar

Laato, Timo. Paulus und das Judentum: Anthropologische Erwägungen. Åbo: Åbo Akademis Förlag, 1991.Google Scholar

Lähnemann, Johannes. Der Kolosserbrief: Komposition, Situation, und Argumentation. Gütersloh: Güthersloher Verlagshaus, 1971.Google Scholar

Lai, Calvin K., Skinner, Allison L., Cooley, Erin, Murrar, Sohad, Brauer, Markus, Devos, Thierry, Calanchini, Jimmy, et al. “Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: II. Intervention Effectiveness across Time.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145 (2016): 1001–16.Google Scholar PubMed

Lanci, John R. “The Stones Don’t Speak and the Texts Tell Lies: Sacred Sex at Corinth.” In Urban Religion in Roman Corinth: Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by Schowalter, Daniel N. and Friesen, Steven J., 205–20. Harvard Theological Studies 53. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Lange, J. P., and Fay, F. R.. The Epistle of Paul to the Romans. New York: Charles Scribner, 1874.Google Scholar

Langlands, Rebecca. Exemplary Ethics in Ancient Rome. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018.10.1017/9781139629164CrossRef Google Scholar

Larcher, Fabian, and Lamb, Matthew. St. Thomas Aquinas: Commentary on the Letters of Saint Paul to the Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. Lander: Emmaus Academic, 2012.Google Scholar

Larsen, Timothy. A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570096.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Lau, Te-Li. Defending Shame: Its Formative Power in Paul’s Letters. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2020.Google Scholar

Le Mercier, Andrew. A Treatise against Detraction, in Ten Sections. Boston: Daniel Henchman, 1733.Google Scholar

Lemme, Lüdwig. “Über Tit 1,12.” Theologische Studien und Kritiken 55 (1882): 133–44.Google Scholar

Leppä, Outi. The Making of Colossians: A Study on the Formation and Purpose of a Deutero-Pauline Letter. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003.Google Scholar

Leutsch, E. L. von, and Schneidewin, F. G., eds. Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum: Paroemiographi Graeci: Zenobius, Diogenianus, Plutarchus, Gregorius Cyprius cum Appendice Proverbiorum. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1839.Google Scholar

Levy, Ian Christopher. The Letter to the Galatians. The Bible in Medieval Tradition. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.Google Scholar

Lewis, David. “The Cretan Way of War: Status, Violence and Values from the Classical Period to the Roman Conquest.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 143 (2023): 24–48.10.1017/S0075426923000654CrossRef Google Scholar

Liew, Tat-siong Benny, and Matthews, Shelly, eds. Race and Biblical Studies: Antiracism Pedagogy for the Classroom. Atlanta: SBL, 2022.10.2307/j.ctv31zqj5zCrossRef Google Scholar

Liew, Tat-siong Benny, and Segovia, Fernando F., eds. Colonialism and the Bible: Contemporary Reflections from the Global South. Postcolonial and Decolonial Studies in Religion and Theology. Lanham: Lexington, 2018.10.5040/9781666987898CrossRef Google Scholar

Lightfoot, J. B. St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. 3rd ed. London; Cambridge: Macmillan, 1869.Google Scholar

Lightfoot, J. B. Saint Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, and Dissertations. London: MacMillan, 1879.Google Scholar

Lincoln, Andrew T. “Colossians.” In New Interpreter’s Bible, 553–669. 11. Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 2000.Google Scholar

Lindemann, Andreas. Der Kolosserbrief. Zürcher Bibelkommentare 10. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1983.Google Scholar

Lippmann, Walter. Public Opinion. Reprinted edition. New York: Macmillan, 1945.Google Scholar

Lohse, Eduard. Colossians and Philemon: A Commentary on the Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971.Google Scholar

Longenecker, Richard N. Galatians. WBC 41. Dallas: Word Books, 1990.Google Scholar

Longenecker, Richard N. The Epistle to the Romans: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2016.Google Scholar

Lord, Charles G., Lepper, Mark R., and Preston, Elizabeth. “Considering the Opposite: A Corrective Strategy for Social Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47 (1984): 1231–43.10.1037/0022-3514.47.6.1231CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lorimer, Douglas. Science, Race Relations and Resistance: Britain, 1870–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.10.7228/manchester/9780719033575.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Losemann, Volker. “Barbarians.” Brill’s New Pauly Online. Leiden: Brill. Accessed February 11, 2025. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e212470.Google Scholar

Luckritz Marquis, Timothy. Transient Apostle: Paul, Travel, and the Rhetoric of Empire. Synkrisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.10.12987/yale/9780300187144.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Luraghi, Nino. “The Study of Greek Ethnic Identities.” In A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by McInerney, Jeremy, 213–27. Malden: Wiley, 2014.Google Scholar

Luther, Martin. Luther’s Works: Lectures on Galatians 1535, Chapters 1–4. Edited by Pelikan, Jaroslav and Hansen, Walter A. Translated by Jaroslav Pelikan. American Edition. Vol. 26. 79 vols. Saint Louis: Concordia, 1955.Google Scholar

Maas, Michael. “Ethnography.” In Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World, edited by Bowersock, G. W., Brown, Peter, and Grabar, Oleg, 435–36. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Macaskill, Grant. “Review Article: The Deliverance of God.” JSNT 34 (2011): 150–61.Google Scholar

MacDonald, Margaret Y. Colossians and Ephesians. Sacra Pagina 17. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2008.Google Scholar

MacGregor, James. The Epistle of Paul to the Churches of Galatia. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1879.Google Scholar

Macknight, James. A New Literal Translation from the Original Greek of All the Apostolical Epistles: With a Commentary and Notes Philological, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical, to Which Is Added a History of the Life of the Apostle Paul. Vol. 3. London: Longman, Hurst, Reese, and Orme, 1809.Google Scholar

Macrae, C., Bodenhausen, Galen, Milne, Alan, and Jetten, Jolanda. “Out of Mind but Back in Sight: Stereotypes on The Rebound.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994): 808–17.10.1037/0022-3514.67.5.808CrossRef Google Scholar

Madon, Stephanie, Guyll, Max, Aboufadel, Kathy, Montiel, Eulices, Smith, Alison, Palumbo, Polly, and Jussim, Lee. “Ethnic and National Stereotypes: The Princeton Trilogy Revisited and Revised.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001): 996–1010.10.1177/0146167201278007CrossRef Google Scholar

Maier, Harry. “Barbarians, Scythians, and Imperial Iconography in the Epistle to the Colossians.” In Picturing the New Testament: Studies in Ancient Visual Images, edited by Weissenrieder, Annette, Wendt, Friederike, and von Gemünden, Petra, 385–406. WUNT 193. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2005.Google Scholar

Maisch, Ingrid. Der Brief an die Gemeinde in Kolossä. Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament 12. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2003.Google Scholar

Malherbe, Abraham J. The Cynic Epistles. Missoula: Scholars Press, 1977.Google Scholar

Malherbe, Abraham J. The Letters to the Thessalonians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 32B. New York: Doubleday, 2000.10.5040/9780300261684CrossRef Google Scholar

Malkin, Irad. “Greek Ambiguities: Between ‘Ancient Hellas’ and ‘Barbarian Epirus.’” In Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, edited by Malkin, Irad, 187–212. Washington, DC; Cambridge, MA: Center for Hellenic Studies, 2001.Google Scholar

Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.10.1093/oso/9780195300512.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Marshall, I. Howard, and Towner, Philip. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1999.Google Scholar

Martin, Clarice J. “A Chamberlain’s Journey and the Challenge of Interpretation for Liberation.” Semeia 47 (1989): 105–35.Google Scholar

Martin, Ralph P. 2 Corinthians. 2nd ed. WBC 40. Grand Rapid: Zondervan, 2014.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. By Philosophy and Empty Deceit: Colossians as Response to a Cynic Critique. JSNTSup 118. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. “Entextualized and Implied Rhetorical Situations: The Case of 1 Timothy and Titus.” Biblical Research 45 (2000): 5–24.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. “Pagan and Judeo-Christian Time-Keeping Schemes in Gal 4.10 and Col 2.16.” NTS 42 (1996): 105–19.10.1017/S0028688500017100CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. “Scythian Perspective or Elusive Chiasm: A Reply to Douglas A. Campbell.” NovT 41 (1999): 256–64.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. “The Scythian Perspective in Col 3:11.” NovT 37 (1995): 249–61.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. “The Voice of Emotion: Paul’s Pathetic Persuasion (Gal 4:12–20).” In Paul and Pathos, edited by Olbricht, Thomas H. and Sumney, Jerry L., 181–202. SBL Symposium Series 16. Atlanta: SBL, 2001.Google Scholar

Martin, Troy W. Theology and Practice in Early Christianity. WUNT 442. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2020.10.1628/978-3-16-159488-5CrossRef Google Scholar

Martyn, J. Louis. Galatians: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. AB 33A. New York: Doubleday, 1998.Google Scholar

Mason, Steve. Judean War 2. Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary 1b. Leiden: Brill, 2000.Google Scholar

Matera, Frank J. II Corinthians: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: WJK, 2003.Google Scholar

Matlock, R. Barry. “Zeal for Paul but Not According to Knowledge: Douglas Campbell’s War on ‘Justification Theory.’” JSNT 34 (2011): 115–49.Google Scholar

Maynard, Doug, and Brooks, Margaret. “The Persistence of Stereotypes in the Context of Familiarity.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology 1 (2008): 417–19.10.1111/j.1754-9434.2008.00078.xCrossRef Google Scholar

McCaulley, Esau. Sharing in the Son’s Inheritance: Davidic Messianism and Paul’s Worldwide Interpretation of the Abrahamic Land Promise in Galatians. LNTS 608. London; New York: T&T Clark, 2019.10.5040/9780567685940CrossRef Google Scholar

McClure, Laura. “Subversive Laughter: The Sayings of Courtesans in Book 13 of Athenaeus’ Deipnosophistae.” American Journal of Philology 124 (2003): 259–94.10.1353/ajp.2003.0035CrossRef Google Scholar

McCoskey, Denise Eileen, ed. A Cultural History of Race in Antiquity. Cultural History of Race. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021.Google Scholar

McCoskey, Denise Eileen, Race: Antiquity and Its Legacy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.10.5040/9780755697878CrossRef Google Scholar

McDonald, Denys N. “‘Ex-Pagan Pagans’? Paul, Philo, and Gentile Ethnic Reconfiguration.” JSNT 45 (2022): 23–50.Google Scholar

McDonald, H. D. Commentary on Colossians & Philemon. Waco: Word Books, 1980.Google Scholar

McGee, J. Vernon. Thru the Bible – Vol. 5: 1 Corinthians–Revelation. Nashville: Nelson, 1983.Google Scholar

McKnight, Scot. The Pastoral Epistles. New Cambridge Bible Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.10.1017/9781316481677CrossRef Google Scholar

McLaren, Scott, ed. The Bible in the Age of Empire: A Cultural History. London: Bloomsbury, 2024.Google Scholar

Meeks, Wayne A. The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Meinardus, Otto F. A. “Cretan Traditions about St. Paul’s Mission to the Island.” Ostkirchliche Studien 22 (1973): 172–83.Google Scholar

Memmi, A. “Rassismus.” In Was heißt Rassismus?, edited by Claussen, Detlev, 203–22. Darmstadt: Wbg Academic, 1994.Google Scholar

Mercier, H. “Confirmation Bias – Myside Bias.” In Cognitive Illusions: Intriguing Phenomena in Judgement, Thinking and Memory, edited by Pohl, Rüdiger, 2nd edition, 99–114. Abingdon; New York: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar

M’Gilvray, Walter. The Portable Folio Family Bible. Glasgow: M’Phun, 1851.Google Scholar

Miles, Robert, and Brown, Malcolm. Racism. 2nd ed. Key Ideas. London; New York: Routledge, 2003.Google Scholar

Millis, Benjamin W. “The Social and Ethnic Origins of the Colonists in Early Roman Corinth.” In Corinth in Context: Comparative Studies on Religion and Society, edited by Friesen, Steve, Schowalter, Dan, and Walters, James, 10–33. NovT Supplements 134. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2010.Google Scholar

Milne, Kenneth. “Alexander, William (1824–1911), Archbishop of Armagh.” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Margaret M. John Chrysostom on Paul: Praises and Problem Passages. Writings from the Greco-Roman World. Atlanta: SBL, 2022.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Margaret M. Paul, the Corinthians, and the Birth of Christian Hermeneutics. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Margaret M. “Paul’s Letters to Corinth: The Interpretive Intertwining of Literary and Historical Reconstruction.” In Urban Religion in Roman Corinth: Interdisciplinary Approaches, edited by Schowalter, Daniel N. and Friesen, Steven J., 307–38. Harvard Theological Studies 53. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Margaret M. “‘Problems and Solutions’ in Early Christian Biblical Interpretation: A Telling Case from Origen’s Newly Discovered Greek Homilies on the Psalms (Codex Monacensis Graecus 314).” Adamantius 22 (2016): 40–55.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Margaret M. “The Life, Letters, and Thought of Paul.” In The Cambridge Companion to the New Testament, edited by Gray, Patrick, 73–92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Stephen. Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Stephen. “The Galatians: Representation and Reality.” In A Companion to the Hellenistic World, edited by Erskine, Andrew, 280–93. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden: Blackwell Pub., 2003.Google Scholar

Moffatt, James. The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1938.Google Scholar

Momigliano, Arnaldo. Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.10.1017/CBO9780511583773CrossRef Google Scholar

Moo, Douglas J. Galatians. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013.Google Scholar

Moore, Stephen D., and Sherwood, Yvonne. The Invention of the Biblical Scholar: A Critical Manifesto. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Morgan, Teresa. Popular Morality in the Early Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Morgan, Teresa. Roman Faith and Christian Faith: Pistis and Fides in the Early Roman Empire and Early Churches. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198724148.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Morgan, Teresa. “Society, Identity, Ethnicity in the Hellenistic World.” In Ethnicity, Race, Religion: Identities and Ideologies in Early Jewish and Christian Texts, and in Modern Biblical Interpretation, edited by Hockey, Katherine M. and Horrell, David G., 23–45. London; New York: Bloomsbury, 2018.10.5040/9780567677334.0008CrossRef Google Scholar

Morris, Errol. “The Certainty of Donald Rumsfeld (Part 2).” New York Times: Opinionator, March 26, 2014. https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/the-certainty-of-donald-rumsfeld-part-2/.Google Scholar

Morris, Leon. The Epistle to the Romans. PNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1988.10.5040/bci-0k3bCrossRef Google Scholar

Mortensen, Jacob P. B. “Anthropology or Ethnic Stereotyping in Paul?.” In What Is Human? Theological Encounters with Anthropology, edited by Becker, Eve-Marie, Dietrich, Jan, and Holm, Bo Kristian, 135–54. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017.Google Scholar

Moskowitz, Gordon B. Social Cognition: Understanding Self and Others. New York: Guilford Press, 2005.Google Scholar

Moskowitz, Gordon, and Carter, Devon. “Confirmation Bias and the Stereotype of the Black Athlete.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 36 (2018): 139–46.10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.02.010CrossRef Google Scholar

Moss, Candida R. “The Secretary: Enslaved Workers, Stenography, and the Production of Early Christian Literature.” JTS 74 (2023): 20–56.10.1093/jts/flad001CrossRef Google Scholar

Mounce, William D. Pastoral Epistles. WBC 46. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2000.Google Scholar

Mullen, Brian, Rozell, Drew, and Johnson, Craig. “Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups: Cognitive Representation of ‘the Minority’ and ‘the Foreigner.’” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 3 (2000): 5–24.10.1177/1368430200031001CrossRef Google Scholar

Müller, Peter. Kolosserbrief. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2022.10.13109/9783666573330CrossRef Google Scholar

Murphy, G. Martin. “Trevor, George (1809–1888), Writer and Church of England Clergyman.” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome. St. Paul’s Corinth: Texts and Archaeology. 3rd ed. Collegeville: Liturgical Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Nanos, Mark D., and Zetterholm, Magnus, eds. Paul within Judaism: Restoring the First-Century Context to the Apostle. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2015.Google Scholar

Nasrallah, Laura S. Archaeology and the Letters of Paul. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Nasrallah, Laura S., and Fiorenza, Elisabeth Schüssler, eds. Prejudice and Christian Beginnings: Investigating Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in Early Christian Studies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Ngewa, Samuel. 1 & 2 Timothy and Titus. Africa Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009.Google Scholar

North, J. Lionel. “Paul’s Protest That He Does Not Lie in the Light of His Cilician Origin.” JTS 47 (1996): 439–63.Google Scholar

Novenson, Matthew V. “Gentile Sinners: A Brief History of an Ancient Stereotype.” In Negotiating Identities: Conflict, Conversion, and Consolidation in Early Judaism and Christianity (200 BCE–600 CE), edited by Zetterholm, Karin Hedner, Runesson, Anders, Wassén, Cecilia, and Zetterholm, Magnus. Lanham: Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2022.Google Scholar

Novenson, Matthew V. Paul and Judaism at the End of History. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2024.10.1017/9781009019354CrossRef Google Scholar

O’Brien, Peter T. Colossians and Philemon. WBC 44. Grand Rapid: Zondervan, 1982.Google Scholar

Oepke, Albrecht, and Rohde, Joachim. Der Brief des Paulus an die Galater. THKNT 9. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1973.Google Scholar

O’Neill, J. C. Paul’s Letter to the Romans. PNTC. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975.Google Scholar

Ophir, Adi, and Rosen-Zvi, Ishay. Goy: Israel’s Multiple Others and the Birth of the Gentile. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.10.1093/oso/9780198744900.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Osterhammel, Jürgen. Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Historische Bibliothek der Gerda Henkel Stiftung. München: C. H. Beck, 2020.10.17104/9783406751653CrossRef Google Scholar

Pao, David W. 1–2 Timothy, Titus. Brill Exegetical Commentary. Leiden: Brill, 2024.Google Scholar

Parker, Joseph. Apostolic Life as Revealed in the Acts of the Apostles. Vol. 2. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884.Google Scholar

Pashley, Robert. Travels in Crete. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Murray, 1837.Google Scholar

Patton, Cornelius H. “Universal Brotherhood through Christ.” Fifty-Third Annual Report of the American Missionary Association. October 1899.Google Scholar

Pearson, Adam R., Dovidio, John F., and Gaertner, Samuel L.. “The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3 (2009): 314–38.Google Scholar

Peppard, Michael. “Personal Names and Ethnic Hybridity in Late Ancient Galilee: The Data from Beth Shearim.” In Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition, edited by Zangenberg, Jürgen, Attridge, Harold W., and Martin, Dale B., 99–113. WUNT 210. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007.Google Scholar

Perkins, Pheme. Abraham’s Divided Children: Galatians and the Politics of Faith. The New Testament in Context. Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2001.Google Scholar

Peters, Uwe. “What Is the Function of Confirmation Bias?” Erkenntnis 87 (2022): 1351–76.10.1007/s10670-020-00252-1CrossRef Google Scholar

Pironti, Gabriella. “L’Afrodite di Corinto e il ‘mito’ della prostituzione sacra.” In Corinto. Luogo di azione e luogo di racconto, edited by Angeli Bernardini, P., 13–26. Pisa-Roma: Fabrizio Serra Editore, 2013.Google Scholar

Pitton de Tournefort, Joseph. A Voyage into the Levant. Translated by John Ozell. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Porter, Calvin L. “Romans 1.18–32: Its Role in the Developing Argument.” NTS 40 (1994): 210–28.10.1017/S0028688500020567CrossRef Google Scholar

Porter, Stanley E. The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on the Greek Text. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2023.Google Scholar

Porter, Stanley E. “Translation, Exegesis, and 1 Thessalonians 2.14–15: Could a Comma Have Changed the Course of History?” The Bible Translator 64 (2013): 82–98.10.1177/0260093513481150CrossRef Google Scholar

Poskett, James. Materials of the Mind: Phrenology, Race, and the Global History of Science, 1815–1920. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2019.10.7208/chicago/9780226626895.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Pothecary, Sarah. Strabo’s Geography: A Translation for the Modern World. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2024.Google Scholar

Poter, Andrew. “Wilson, Daniel.” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Price, Jonathan J., Finkelberg, Margalit, and Shahar, Yuval, eds. Rome: An Empire of Many Nations. New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781009256193CrossRef Google Scholar

Prior, David. The Message of 1 Corinthians: Life in the Local Church. Revised edition. Downers Grove: IVP, 2020.Google Scholar

Radt, Stefan L. Strabons Geographika. 10 vols Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002–2011.Google Scholar

Rahmani Azad, Zahra, Goedderz, Alexandra, and Hahn, Adam. “Self-Awareness and Stereotypes: Accurate Prediction of Implicit Gender Stereotyping.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 49 (2023): 1695–708.10.1177/01461672221120703CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rainey, Brian. Religion, Ethnicity and Xenophobia in the Bible: A Theoretical, Exegetical and Theological Survey. Routledge Studies in the Biblical World. London; New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar

Räisänen, Heikki. The Bible Among Scriptures and Other Essays. WUNT 392. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017.10.1628/978-3-16-155723-1CrossRef Google Scholar

Ramsay, William M. A Historical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1899.Google Scholar

Ramsay, William M. “The ‘Galatia’ of St. Paul and the ‘Galatic Territory’ of Acts.” In Essays in Biblical Archæology and Criticism and Kindred Subjects, 4:15–58. Oxford: Clarendon, 1896.Google Scholar

Rankin, David. Celts and the Classical World. London; New York: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar

Rapa, Robert K. Galatians. Revised ed. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008.Google Scholar

Raspanti, Giacomo. Girolamo di Stridone: Commento alla Epistola ai Galati. CCSL. Turnhout: Brepols, 2010.Google Scholar

Raspanti, Giacomo. S. Hieronymi presbyteri opera. Pars I. Opera Exegetica 6. Commentarii in epistulam Pauli Apostoli ad Galatas. CCSL. Turnhout: Brepols, 2006.Google Scholar

Riches, John Kenneth. Galatians through the Centuries. Blackwell Bible Commentaries. Malden: Blackwell, 2008.10.1002/9781118476369CrossRef Google Scholar

Richter, Daniel S. Cosmopolis: Imagining Community in Late Classical Athens and the Early Roman Empire. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199772681.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Robertson, Frederick W. Sermons on St. Paul’s Epistles to the Corinthians. Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1860.Google Scholar

Robertson, Michael Scott. Reading the Letter to Titus in Light of Crete. Critical Approaches to Early Christianity 3. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2023.Google Scholar

Rodríguez, Rafael, and Thiessen, Matthew, eds. The So-Called Jew in Paul’s Letter to the Romans. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2016.10.2307/j.ctt1b3t70fCrossRef Google Scholar

Rogers, Patrick. Colossians. New Testament Message 15. Wilmington: Michael Glazier, 1980.Google Scholar

Roller, Duane W. The Geography of Strabo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Romeo, Ilaria. “The Panhellenion and Ethnic Identity in Hadrianic Greece.” Classical Philology 97 (2002): 21–40.10.1086/449565CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosner, Brian S. “Temple Prostitution in 1 Corinthians 6:12–20.” NovT 40 (1998): 336–51.Google Scholar

Rothbart, Myron, Evans, Mark, and Fulero, Solomon. “Recall for Confirming Events: Memory Processes and the Maintenance of Social Stereotypes.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 15 (1979): 343–55.10.1016/0022-1031(79)90043-XCrossRef Google Scholar

Roveri, Attilio. Studi su Polibio. Vol. 17. Università degli studi di Bologna. Facoltà di lettere e filosofia. Studi pubblicati dall’Istituto di filologia classica. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1964.Google Scholar

Runia, David T. “Philo and the Gentiles.” In Attitudes to Gentiles in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity, edited by Sim, D. S. and McLaren, J. S., 28–45. LNTS 499. London: Bloomsbury; T&T Clark, 2013.Google Scholar

Sagar, Paul. Basic Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2024.Google Scholar

Sanday, William, and Headlam, Arthur C.. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1895.Google Scholar

Sanders, E. P. Paul, the Apostle’s Life, Letters, and Thought. London: SCM Press, 2016.Google Scholar

Sanders, E. P. Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1983.Google Scholar

Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. Vol. IV. New York: C. Scribner & Co., 1890.Google Scholar

Scheck, Thomas P., trans. St. Jerome’s Commentaries on Galatians, Titus, and Philemon. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2010.10.2307/jj.21995871CrossRef Google Scholar

Schlier, Heinrich. Der Brief an die Galater. 15th ed. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1989.10.13109/9783666515453CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmeller, Thomas. Der zweite Brief an die Korinther. EKK 8/2. Neukirchen-Vluyn; Ostfildern: Neukirchener Theologie; Patmos-Verlag, 2015.Google Scholar

Schmeller, Thomas. Paulus und die “Diatribe”: Eine vergleichende Stilinterpretation. NTAbh 19. Münster: Aschendorff, 1987.Google Scholar

Schmithals, Walter. Der Römerbrief als historisches Problem. SNT 9. Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus Mohn, 1975.Google Scholar

Schmoller, Otto. The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians. Edited by Lange, Johann Peter. Lange’s Commentary on the Holy Scripture. New York: C. Scribner & Co., 1870.Google Scholar

Schrage, Wolfgang. Der erste Brief an die Korinther. EKK 7. Zürich: Benziger; Neukirchen-Vluyn; Neukirchener, 1991.Google Scholar

Schreiner, Thomas R. Romans. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.Google Scholar

Schröter, Jens. From Jesus to the New Testament: Early Christian Theology and the Origin of the New Testament Canon. Translated by Wayne Coppins. Baylor-Mohr Siebeck Studies in Early Christianity. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Scotland, Nigel. “Ellicott, Charles John (1819–1905), Bishop of Gloucester.” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Scott, James M. Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul’s Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians. WUNT 84. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995.Google Scholar

Scott, Thomas. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: With Original Notes, Practical Observation, and Copious Marginal References. Vol. 5. London: Baldwin, 1827.Google Scholar

Sechrest, Love L. Race & Rhyme: Rereading the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2022.Google Scholar

Seel, Otto. Pompeius Trogus Fragmenta. Leipzig: Teubner, 1956.Google Scholar

Sekulic, Dusko. “Ethnic Group.” In Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, edited by Schaefer, Richard, 3:456–59. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2008.Google Scholar

Sellin, Gerhard. Der Brief an die Epheser. KEK 8. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008.Google Scholar

Seth, Sanjay. Subject Lessons: The Western Education of Colonial India. Politics, History, and Culture. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Shaw, Brent D. “Keti, Son of Maswalat: Ethnicity and Empire.” In Rome: An Empire of Many Nations: New Perspectives on Ethnic Diversity and Cultural Identity, edited by Price, Jonathan J., Finkelberg, Margalit, and Shahar, Yuval, 2nd ed., 58–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.10.1017/9781009256193.005CrossRef Google Scholar

Sherwin-White, A. N. Racial Prejudice in Imperial Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967.Google Scholar

Sider, Robert D. Erasmus: Paraphrases on Romans and Galatians. New Testament Scholarship 42. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Sime, William. Sacred Geography, or a Dictionary Historical and Descriptive of Every Place Mentioned in the Bible. Edinburgh: Oliphant, 1835.Google Scholar

Simpson, E. K. The Pastoral Epistles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. London: Tyndale Press, 1954.Google Scholar

Sloan, Paul T. “Paul’s Jewish Addressee in Romans 2–4: Revisiting Recent Conversations.” JTS 74 (2023): 516–66.Google Scholar

Snowden, Frank M. Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman Experience. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1970.Google Scholar

Soards, Marion L., and Pursiful, Darrell J.. Galatians. Smyth & Helwys Bible Commentary 26a. Macon: Smyth & Helwys, 2015.Google Scholar

Spence, H. D. M. “Titus.” In The New Testament Commentary for Schools: The Epistles to Titus, Philemon, the Hebrews and the Epistle of St. James, edited by Ellicott, C. J., 5–39. London: Cassell & Co., 1879.Google Scholar

Spence, James. Sunday Mornings with My Flock, on St. Paul’s Letter to the Colossians: A Series of Discourses, Forming an Exposition on That Epistle. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1875.Google Scholar

Stählin, Otto, and Früchtel, Ludwig. Clemens Alexandrinus, Band II: Stromata, Buch I–VI. GCS. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1960.Google Scholar

Stangor, Charles, and Ruble, Diane N.. “Strength of Expectancies and Memory for Social Information: What We Remember Depends on How Much We Know.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 25 (1989): 18–35.10.1016/0022-1031(89)90037-1CrossRef Google Scholar

Stanley, A. P. The Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians: With Critical Notes and Dissertations. Vol. 1. London: Spottiswoode and Co, 1855.Google Scholar

Stanley, Christopher, ed. The Colonized Apostle: Paul through Postcolonial Eyes. Paul in Critical Contexts. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011.10.2307/j.ctv1hqdj44CrossRef Google Scholar

Stanley, Christopher, “The Ethnic Context of Paul’s Letters.” In Christian Origins and Hellenistic Judaism: Social and Literary Contexts for the New Testament, 177–201. Texts and Editions for New Testament Study 10. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2013.10.1163/9789004236394_008CrossRef Google Scholar

Stanovich, Keith E., West, Richard F., and Toplak, Maggie E.. “Myside Bias, Rational Thinking, and Intelligence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 22 (2013): 259–64.10.1177/0963721413480174CrossRef Google Scholar

Staringh, Jacobus Gerardus. Bybels zakelyk-woordenboek: Letter S, zevende deel, tweede stuk. Amsterdam: J. de Groot, 1778.Google Scholar

Stegemann, Wolfgang. “Anti-Semitic and Racist Prejudices in Titus 1:10–16.” In Ethnicity and the Bible, edited by Brett, Mark G., 271–94. Brill: Leiden, 1996.Google Scholar

Stegemann, Wolfgang. “Antisemitische und rassistische Vorurteile in Titus 1, 10–16.” Kirche und Israel 11 (1996): 46–61.Google Scholar

Steinmann, Alphons. Der Leserkreis des Galaterbriefes: Ein Beitrag zur urchristlichen Missionsgeschichte. NTAbh. Münster: Aschendorff, 1908.Google Scholar

Stoler, Laura Ann. “Racial Histories and Their Regimes of Truth.” Political Power and Social Theory 11 (1997): 183–255.Google Scholar

Stowell, Hugh. “The Wonders of the Bible.” In The Evangelical Church: A Series of Discourses by Ministers of Different Denominations, Illustrating the Spiritual Unity of the Church of Christ, edited by Tullidge, Henry, 329–61. New York: Thomas Whittaker, 1879.Google Scholar

Stowers, Stanley K. A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Strecker, Georg, Schnelle, Udo, and Seelig, Gerald. Neuer Wettstein: Texte zum Neuen Testament aus Griechentum und Hellenismus. Bd. II, Texte zur Briefliteratur und zur Johannesapokalypse; Teilbd. 2. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 1996.Google Scholar

Strelan, Richard. “The Languages of the Lycus Valley.” In Colossae in Space and Time: Linking to an Ancient City, edited by Cadwallader, Alan H. and Trainor, Michael, 77–103. NTOA 94. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011.10.13109/9783666533976.77CrossRef Google Scholar

Strobel, Karl. Die Galater: Geschichte und Eigenart der keltischen Staatenbildung auf dem Boden des hellenistischen Kleinasien. Band 1, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und historischen Geographie des hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1996.10.1515/9783050069999CrossRef Google Scholar

Stuart, Moses. A Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. 3rd edition. Andover: Draper, 1854.Google Scholar

Stuurman, Siep. The Invention of Humanity: Equality and Cultural Difference in World History. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.10.4159/9780674977501CrossRef Google Scholar

Sugirtharajah, R. S., ed. The Oxford Handbook of Postcolonial Biblical Criticism. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Sumney, Jerry L. Colossians: A Commentary. NTL. Louisville: WJK, 2013.Google Scholar

Tajfel, Henri, and Turner, John C.. “The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior.” In Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by Worchel, S. and Austin, W. G., 7–24. Chicago: Hall, 1986.Google Scholar

Taschl-Erber, Andrea. “Zwischen Römer- und Epheserbrief: Zur Kontextualisierung des Kolosserbriefs.” In Die Datierung neutestamentlicher Pseudepigraphen: Herausforderungen und neuere Lösungsansätze, edited by Grünstäudl, Wolfgang and Schmidt, Karl Matthias, 133–67. WUNT 470. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2021.Google Scholar

Taylor, Bayard. Travels in Greece and Russia, with an Excursion to Crete. New York: Putnam, 1850.Google Scholar

Theissen, Gerd. Psychological Aspects of Pauline Theology. Translated by John P. Galvin. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Theissen, Gerd. Psychologische Aspekte paulinischer Theologie. FRLANT 131. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1983.10.13109/9783666538032CrossRef Google Scholar

Thernstrom, Stephan, Orlov, Ann, and Handlin, Oscar, eds. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

Thiele, Martina. “Categories, Stereotypes, Images, and Intersectionality.” In New Perspectives on Imagology, edited by Edtstadler, Katharina, Folie, Sandra, and Zocco, Gianna, 277–96. Studia Imagologica 30. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2022.Google Scholar

Thielman, Frank S. Theology of the New Testament: A Canonical and Synthetic Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2011.Google Scholar

Thiessen, Matthew. A Jewish Paul: The Messiah’s Herald to the Gentiles. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2023.Google Scholar

Thiessen, Matthew. Paul and the Gentile Problem. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190271756.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Thiessen, Matthew. “The Construction of Gentiles in the Letter to the Ephesians.” In The Early Reception of Paul the Second Temple Jew: Text, Narrative and Reception History, edited by Oliver, Isaac W., Boccaccini, Gabriele, and Grabbe, Lester L., 13–25. Library of Second Temple Studies 92. London: T&T Clark, 2018.Google Scholar

Thiessen, Werner. Christen in Ephesus: Die historische und theologische Situation in vorpaulinischer und paulinischer Zeit und zur Zeit der Apostelgeschichte und der Pastoralbriefe. Tübingen: Francke, 1995.Google Scholar

Thiselton, Anthony C. Puzzling Passages in Paul: Forty Conundrums Calmy Considered. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2018.Google Scholar

Thiselton, Anthony C. The First Epistle to the Corinthians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000.Google Scholar

Thiselton, Anthony C. “The Logical Role of the Liar Paradox in Titus 1:12,13: A Dissent From the Commentaries in the Light of Philosophical and Logical Analysis.” Biblical Interpretation 2 (1994): 207–23.10.1163/156851594X00222CrossRef Google Scholar

Thompson, Marianne Meye. Colossians and Philemon. Two Horizons New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005.10.5040/bci-0003CrossRef Google Scholar

Thorsteinsson, Runar M. Paul’s Interlocutor in Romans 2: Function and Identity in the Context of Ancient Epistolography. Coniectanea Biblica: New Testament Series. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 2003.Google Scholar

Thorsteinsson, Runar M. “Paul’s Missionary Duty towards Gentiles in Rome: A Note on the Punctuation and Syntax of Romans 1.13–15.” NTS 48 (2002): 531–47.10.1017/S0028688502000322CrossRef Google Scholar

Thrall, Margaret E. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Second Epistle to the Corinthians. 2 vols. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994.Google Scholar

Trevor, George. “Missionary Recollections, No. 10.” In The Parochial Missionary Magazine, 82–88. London: Bell, 1849.Google Scholar

Tuckett, Christopher M. Galatians. ICC. London: T&T Clark, 2024.10.5040/9780567716422CrossRef Google Scholar

Tupamahu, Ekaputra. Contesting Languages: Heteroglossia and the Politics of Language in the Early Church. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.10.1093/oso/9780197581124.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Tupamahu, Ekaputra. “Language Politics and the Constitution of Racialized Subjects in the Corinthian Church.” JSNT 41 (2018): 223–45.Google Scholar

Tuplin, Christopher. “Greek Racism? Observations on the Character and Limits of Greek Ethnic Prejudice.” In Ancient Greeks West and East, edited by Tsetskhladze, Gocha R., 47–75. Mnemosyne Supplements 196. Leiden: Brill, 1999.10.1163/9789004351257_003CrossRef Google Scholar

Twomey, Jay. The Pastoral Epistles through the Centuries. Chichester; Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.Google Scholar

Ubbink, Johan Theodoor. “Het eeuwige leven bij Paulus: Een Godsdiensthistorisch onderzoek.” PhD dissertation, University of Groningen, 1917.Google Scholar

Uhlmann, Eric Luis, and Cohen, Geoffrey L.. “Constructed Criteria: Redefining Merit to Justify Discrimination.” Psychological Science 16 (2005): 474–80.10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01559.xCrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Urban, Ralf. “Die Kelten in Italien und in Gallien bei Polybios.” In Hellenistische Studien: Gedenkschrift für Hermann Bengtson, edited by J. Seibert, 135–57. M?nchen: Maris, 1991.Google Scholar

VanderKam, James C. Jubilees 24–50: A Commentary on the Book of Jubilees. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2018.10.2307/j.ctt21c4sk7CrossRef Google Scholar

Verhasselt, Gertjan. “5271. [Plutarch], De Proverbiis Alexandrinorum 50 (?).” In The Oxyrhynchus Papyri Volume LXXXI, edited by Brusuelas, J. H. and Meccariello, C., 67–70. Wakefield: Egypt Exploration Society, 2016.Google Scholar

Vickders, John A. “Beet, Joseph Agar.” DMBI: A Dictionary of Methodism in Britain and Ireland. Accessed January 28, 2025. https://dmbi.online/index.php?do=app.entry&id=286.Google Scholar

Vinzent, Markus. “Race, Ethnicity and Family in Late Antique Judaism and Early Christianity.” Religions 14, no. 5 (2023): 603.10.3390/rel14050603CrossRef Google Scholar

Vogel, Manuel. “Die Kreterpolemik des Titusbriefes und die antike Ethnographie.” Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 101 (2010): 252–66.10.1515/zntw.2010.016CrossRef Google Scholar

Vogels, H.J. Ambrosiastri qui dicitur Commentarius in epistulas Paulinas (ad Galatas, ad Efesios, ad Filippenses, ad Colosenses, ad Thesalonicenses, ad Timotheum, ad Titum, ad Filemonem). CSEL 81/3. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1969.Google Scholar

Walbank, F. W. A Historical Commentary on Polybius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.Google Scholar

Walker, William O. “Romans 1.18–2.29: A Non-Pauline Interpolation?” NTS 45 (1999): 533–52.10.1017/S0028688598000538CrossRef Google Scholar

Walls, A. F. “The First Chapter of the Epistle to the Romans and the Modern Missionary Movement.” In Apostolic History and the Gospel: Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F. F. Bruce on His 60th Birthday, edited by Gasque, W. Ward and Martin, Ralph P., 346–57. Exeter: Paternoster Press, 1970.Google Scholar

Warneck, Johannes. Paulus im Lichte der heutigen Heidenmission. Berlin: Martin Warneck, 1913.Google Scholar

Watson, Francis. Paul, Judaism, and the Gentiles: Beyond the New Perspective. Rev. and expanded ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007.Google Scholar

Watson, Patricia, and Watson, Lindsay, eds. Martial: Select Epigrams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.Google Scholar

Weber, Valentin. Die Adressaten des Galaterbriefes. Ravensburg: Kitz, 1900.Google Scholar

Weemes, John. The Christian Synagogue: Wherein Is Contained the Diverse Reading, the Right Pointing, Translation, and Collation of Scripture with Scripture [Etc.]. 4th ed. London: Cotes, 1633.Google Scholar

Weidner, Revere Franklin. Studies in the Book: Containing Studies on the Early Epistles of St. Paul, Including I. and II. Thessalonians, Galatians, I. and II. Corinthians, and Romans. Studies in the Book 2. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1890.Google Scholar

Weima, Jeffrey A. D. 1–2 Thessalonians. BECNT. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2014.Google Scholar

Weiß, Alexander. “Einführung: Die Skythen als paradigmatische Nomaden.” In Skythen in der lateinischen Literatur, edited by Gerstacker, Andreas, Kuhnert, Anne, Oldemeier, Fritz, and Quenouille, Nadine, 17–36. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.10.1515/9783110296761.17CrossRef Google Scholar

Whedon, D. D. Commentary on the New Testament, Intended for Popular Use. Volume V: Titus–Revelation. New York; Cincinnati: Phillips & Hunt; Walden & Stowe, 1880.Google Scholar

Wheeler Carlo, Paula. “Huguenot Identity and Protestant Unity in Colonial Massachusetts: The Reverend André Le Mercier and the ‘Sociable Spirit.’” Historical Journal of Massachusetts 40 (2012): 123–47.Google Scholar

Wheeler-Reed, David, Knust, Jennifer W., and Martin, Dale B.. “Can a Man Commit Πορνεία with His Wife?” JBL 137 (2018): 383–98.Google Scholar

Whitaker, Cord J. Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking. University Park: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.Google Scholar

White, James T. “Stuart, Moses.” The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. New York: White, 1896.Google Scholar

Wieland, George M. “Roman Crete and the Letter to Titus.” NTS 55 (2009): 338–54.10.1017/S0028688509000241CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilckens, Ulrich. Der Brief an Die Römer: Röm 1–5. EKK 6/1. Zürich: Benziger, 1978.Google Scholar

William, Alexander. “Colossians.” In The Holy Bible, According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): With an Explanatory and Critical Commentary and a Revision of the Translation, by Bishops and Other Clergy of the Anglican Church, edited by Cook, Frederic Charles, 643–85. London: J. Murray, 1881.Google Scholar

Williams, Chas. B. “Paul’s Testimony to the Doctrine of Sin.” In The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth. Compliments of Two Christian Laymen, 8:49–63. Chicago: Testimony, 1910.Google Scholar

Williams, J. H. C. Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.10.1093/oso/9780198153009.001.0001CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilson, Daniel. Expository Lectures on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Colossians. 3rd ed. London: Daniel Wilson, 1853.Google Scholar

Wilson, Robert McL. Colossians and Philemon. ICC. London: T&T Clark, 2005.Google Scholar

Winter, Bruce W. Roman Wives, Roman Widows: The Appearance of New Women and the Pauline Communities. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.Google Scholar

Wire, Antoinette Clark. The Corinthian Women Prophets: A Reconstruction through Paul’s Rhetoric. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990.Google Scholar

Wischmeyer, Oda, and Scornaienchi, Lorenzo, eds. Polemik in der frühchristlichen Literatur: Texte und Kontexte. BZNW 170. Berlin; New York: De Gruyter, 2011.Google Scholar

Witulski, Thomas. Die Adressaten des Galaterbriefes: Untersuchungen zur Gemeinde von Antiochia ad Pisidiam. FRLANT 193. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000.10.13109/9783666538773CrossRef Google Scholar

Wolter, Michael. Der Brief an die Kolosser: Der Brief an Philemon. Ökumenischer Taschenbuchkommentar zum Neuen Testament 12. Gütersloh; Würzburg: Gerd Mohn; Echter Verlag, 1993.Google Scholar

Wolter, Michael. Der Brief an die Römer: Röm 1–8. Vol. 1. EKK 6. Ostfildern: Patmos Verlag, 2014.Google Scholar

Wright, Benjamin G. The Letter of Aristeas: Aristeas to Philocrates or On the Translation of the Law of the Jews. CEJL 8. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015.10.1515/9783110431346CrossRef Google Scholar

Wright, Stephen. “Bates, William (1625–1699).” In ODNB. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar

Zahn, Theodor. Der Brief des Paulus an die Galater. 2. Aufl. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament 9. Leipzig: A. Deichert, 1907.Google Scholar

Zeilinger, Franz. Der Erstgeborene der Schöpfung: Untersuchungen zur Formalstruktur und Theologie des Kolosserbriefes. Wien: Herder, 1974.Google Scholar

Zelinsky, Wilbur. The Enigma of Ethnicity: Another American Dilemma. Iowa City: University of Iowa City Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Zeman, Mirna. “Volkscharaktere und Nationalitätenschemata: Stereotype und Automatismen.” In Schemata und Praktiken, edited by Conradi, Tobias, Ecker, Gisela, Eke, Norbert Otto, and Muhle, Florian, 97–116. Paderborn: Fink, 2014.Google Scholar

Zimmer, Christoph. “Die Lügner-Antinomie in Titus 1,12.” Linguistica Biblica 59 (1987): 77–99.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

The HTML of this book complies with version 2.2 of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), offering more comprehensive accessibility measures for a broad range of users and attains the highest (AAA) level of WCAG compliance, optimising the user experience by meeting the most extensive accessibility guidelines.

Content Navigation

Table of contents navigation
Allows you to navigate directly to chapters, sections, or non‐text items through a linked table of contents, reducing the need for extensive scrolling.

Index navigation
Provides an interactive index, letting you go straight to where a term or subject appears in the text without manual searching.

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Single logical reading order
You will encounter all content (including footnotes, captions, etc.) in a clear, sequential flow, making it easier to follow with assistive tools like screen readers.

Short alternative textual descriptions
You get concise descriptions (for images, charts, or media clips), ensuring you do not miss crucial information when visual or audio elements are not accessible.

Visualised data also available as non-graphical data
You can access graphs or charts in a text or tabular format, so you are not excluded if you cannot process visual displays.

Visual Accessibility

Use of colour is not sole means of conveying information
You will still understand key ideas or prompts without relying solely on colour, which is especially helpful if you have colour vision deficiencies.

Use of high contrast between text and background colour
You benefit from high‐contrast text, which improves legibility if you have low vision or if you are reading in less‐than‐ideal lighting conditions.

Book contents

Bibliography

Summary

Information

References

Accessibility standard: WCAG 2.2 AAA

Why this information is here

Accessibility Information

Content Navigation

Reading Order & Textual Equivalents

Visual Accessibility

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive