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Are Some Immigrant Entrepreneurs More Privileged Than Others? A Cross-National Comparison of Financial Capital Among Start-ups in the UK and UAE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2025

Naveed Yasin Open the ORCID record for Naveed Yasin [Opens in a new window] ,
Muhibul Haq Open the ORCID record for Muhibul Haq [Opens in a new window] ,
Khalid Hafeez Open the ORCID record for Khalid Hafeez [Opens in a new window]  and
Nadia Zahoor Open the ORCID record for Nadia Zahoor [Opens in a new window]
Naveed Yasin*
Affiliation:
Abu Dhabi School of Management, UAE
Muhibul Haq
Affiliation:
University of Worcester, UK
Khalid Hafeez
Affiliation:
Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Pakistan
Nadia Zahoor
Affiliation:
Queen Mary University of London, UK
*
Corresponding author: Naveed Yasin; Email: n.yasin@adsm.ac.ae
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Abstract

This cross-national study examines how ethnic resources shape access to financial capital among first-generation Punjabi-Pakistani immigrant entrepreneurs in the precious metals industries of Manchester (UK) and Dubai (UAE). Based on 50 semi-structured interviews (August 2022–July 2023) and analyzed through Template Analysis, the findings show that while co-ethnic social capital is widely mobilized across both contexts, significant intra-ethnic variations emerge between Khandani (lineage-based) and non-Khandani entrepreneurs. Khandani entrepreneurs rapidly accumulate start-up capital by leveraging their reputational credibility and transnational embeddedness, securing preferential access to large-scale financing through Rotating Credit Associations (kameti). By contrast, non-Khandani entrepreneurs face delayed entry, relying on modest loans from kin and co-ethnic migrants, with limited capacity to scale. The study highlights how lineage-based prestige intersects with broader kinship networks (Biraderi), producing differentiated trajectories of immigrant entrepreneurship. By foregrounding intra-ethnic stratification, this research extends debates on ethnic resources and mixed embeddedness, demonstrating that not all co-ethnic capital is equally accessible, and that transnational contexts reproduce rather than neutralize status hierarchies.

Keywords

Immigrant entrepreneurshipEthnic resourcesIntra-ethnic variationKhandaniSocial capitalRotating Credit Associations

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics , Volume 11 , Special Issue 2: Race and Migration | Who Is the European Union for? , July 2026 , pp. 669 - 692
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Race, Ethnicity, and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association

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Footnotes

‡

This article has been updated since its original publication. A notice detailing this can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2026.10091

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