In late November of 2019, Congress passed the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 (HKHRDA) with overwhelming bipartisan backing. Although its substantive provisions were modest in scope, this bill sent a strong indication of congressional support for protesters in Hong Kong. Despite having some reservations about this bill, President Trump signed it and a companion bill into law on November 27. The following month, Congress signaled attention to another human rights situation in China—the treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang—by including a provision in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 that requires an executive-branch report on this issue.

In June 2019, large-scale protests broke out in Hong Kong in response to a proposed bill that would have allowed defendants accused of certain crimes to be extradited to mainland China.Footnote ¹ Following clashes with the police and the Hong Kong government, these protests expanded into demands for greater political reforms.Footnote ² The protests continued over the following months, though dwindling by early 2020.Footnote ³

In November 2019, Congress signaled support for the protesters through the passage of the HKHRDA. The section of the act setting forth policy objectives expressed strong support for the people of Hong Kong with respect to autonomy, human rights, and “democratic aspirations.”Footnote ⁴ This section enumerated nine policy objectives, including the following:

The act contained various provisions aimed at supporting the protesters in Hong Kong. Perhaps most importantly, the act requires annual recertification of Hong Kong's special status under the United States-Hong Kong Policy Act of 1992.Footnote ⁶ Under this prior act, Hong Kong retains the same status vis-à-vis the United States as it did before its incorporation into China, meaning that it retains independent agreements with the United States on a number of fronts such as visa protections, trade, and the ability to freely trade the dollar.Footnote ⁷ This special status has significant economic advantages for Hong Kong (and therefore presumably for China as well). Hong Kong's special status can be suspended, however, if “the President determines that Hong Kong is not sufficiently autonomous to justify treatment … different from that accorded the People's Republic of China.”Footnote ⁸ The HKHRDA amends the 1992 act by requiring the secretary of state to certify annually to Congress whether this special status remains justified.Footnote ⁹ In doing so, the secretary of state is to consider the extent to which Hong Kong's government upholds human rights and the rule of law.Footnote ¹⁰ As one commentator has observed, the HKHRDA “sets up an annual ritual … [which] will be noticed in China and Hong Kong and will thus keep Hong Kong high on the agenda of U.S.-China relations well into the next presidential administration.”Footnote ¹¹

The HKHRDA also includes two substantive provisions aimed at supporting the protesters. First, it specifies that Hong Kong students remain eligible for U.S. visas notwithstanding prior “politically-motivated” arrests.Footnote ¹² Second, the act requires the president to report on persons who are responsible for serious human rights violations in Hong Kong and to impose sanctions on these persons.Footnote ¹³ While prior law likely already provided the executive branch with authority in these two areas, the HKHRDA sends a clear congressional message that the executive branch should support the protesters through its visa decisions and its use of individualized sanctions.Footnote ¹⁴

Alongside the HKHRDA, Congress also passed an act “[t]o prohibit the commercial export of covered munitions items to the Hong Kong Police Force.”Footnote ¹⁵ The act forbids the export of items such as tear gas, pepper spray, and rubber bullets.Footnote ¹⁶ The president may waive these restrictions under certain conditions, and the act sunsets after one year.Footnote ¹⁷

Both bills passed with virtually no opposition in Congress,Footnote ¹⁸ notwithstanding the backdrop of comprehensive trade negotiations between the United States and China. In October of 2019, the United States had announced a preliminary “phase one” trade deal, but negotiations to finalize this deal were still ongoing at the time both bills passed in November of 2019.Footnote ¹⁹ After the HKHRDA had passed both houses of Congress, President Trump was asked if he would veto it as requested by China, and he replied: “we have to stand with Hong Kong but I'm also standing with President Xi. He's a friend of mine … we also are in the process of making the largest trade deal in history.”Footnote ²⁰

Nonetheless, on November 27, Trump signed both acts into law. He stated:

In response, China's Foreign Ministry commissioner to Hong Kong stated that the bill was a “violation of China's internal affairs.”Footnote ²² China announced that it would suspend access to Hong Kong for the U.S. military and would take action against several U.S. nonprofit organizations operating in Hong Kong.Footnote ²³ But following Trump's decision to sign the bills, the Chinese Commerce Ministry did not link these bills to the trade negotiations.Footnote ²⁴ The “phase one” trade deal was formally signed on January 15, 2020.Footnote ²⁵

The U.S. government has also signaled concern about human rights violations in the Chinese region of Xinjiang, where Chinese authorities have reportedly orchestrated the detention, indoctrination, and forced labor of over a million Uighurs and other ethnic and religious minorities.Footnote ²⁶ On October 7, 2019, the Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security limited the export of sensitive items to twenty-eight Chinese-associated governmental and commercial organizations “that have been implicated in human rights violations and abuses in China's campaign targeting Uighurs. …”Footnote ²⁷ The following day, the State Department issued visa restrictions on certain “Chinese government and Communist Party officials who are believed to be responsible for … the detention or abuse of Uighurs. …”Footnote ²⁸ In December of 2019, Congress included a provision in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 that required the intelligence agencies to prepare “a report on activity by the People's Republic of China to repress ethnic Muslim minorities in the Xinjiang region of China.”Footnote ²⁹ The report is due in May 2020.Footnote ³⁰