When the wife of the president of the United States has recently been on a lecture tour warning about the dangers of domestic violence we know the subject has at last entered public consciousness. As the authors of our annotation, Terrie Moffitt and Avshalom Caspi, put it “Research on partner violence has struggled to gain scientific legitimacy”. Moffitt and Caspi discuss the topical issue of adult partner violence and its possible consequences for the health and well-being of children. A disturbing number of detrimental consequences for children could arise from their exposure to violence between adult partners in the home. The authors suggest clinical practice with children should take into account those parental influences that children carry forward with them into their own adult family life. They make the point that violence between couples may begin during dating in adolescence, and is as often perpetrated by females as males. They point out that an important but hitherto unappreciated link has been found, from the results of longitudinal epidemiological investigations, between childhood conduct problems and adult partner violence. That link has probably been missed in former retrospective studies of adults who are abusive to their partners, asked about their own upbringing. Interventions for conduct problems in adolescence and beforehand are clearly of importance if the cycle of intergenerational violence is to be broken. Questions we all need to address, as clinicians, include: “What is the impact on young children of violence within the home between adults, to which they may repeatedly be exposed? How is such experience likely to affect their attitudes to violence, especially when in a similar relationship themselves?” Partner violence is concentrated among young men and women who cohabit but are not married, and who bear children at a young age, especially if they have a history of conduct problems themselves. How often is domestic violence a subject of enquiry when drawing up the initial formulation of a new clinical referral?

Violence between adult intimate partners has increasingly attracted the concern of the general public (Hunt & Kitzinger, 1996), medical professionals (Skolnick, 1995), and mental health practitioners who treat adults (Danielson, Moffitt, Caspi & Silva, in press). Yet, it may seem surprising to find an article about adult partner violence in a journal focused on children. We prepared this article because research suggests that adult partner violence has some important consequences for the health and well-being of children. We present four reasons why practitioners who treat children and adolescents should be knowledgeable about adult partner violence:

(1) Partner violence is not confined to adults; it is a feature of adolescents' earliest intimate experiences.

(2) The strongest developmental risk factor for adult partner violence is childhood conduct problems.

(3) Young children are adversely affected by witnessing violence between the adults in their homes.

(4) Adult partners who are violent toward each other are also at increased risk of abusing their children.

Abbreviations: CTS: Conflict Tactics Scale.

Although a role for family and parent factors in the development of behavioral problems in childhood is often acknowledged, the roles of specific parental characteristics in relation to specific child actions need further elucidation. We studied parental “Big Five” personality traits and psychiatric diagnoses in relation to their children's antisocial diagnoses and naturalistically observed antisocial behaviors, in boys with and without the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). First, regardless of comorbid antisocial diagnosis, boys with ADHD, more often than comparison boys, had mothers with a major depressive episode and/or marked anxiety symptoms in the past year, and fathers with a childhood history of ADHD. Second, compared to the nondiagnosed group, boys with comorbid ADHD+Oppositional Defiant or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) had fathers with lower Agreeableness, higher Neuroticism, and more likelihood of having Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Third, regarding linkages between parental characteristics and child externalizing behaviors, higher rates of child overt antisocial behaviors observed in a naturalistic summer program were associated primarily with maternal characteristics, including higher Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, presence of Major Depression, and absence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The association of maternal Neuroticism with child aggression was larger in the ADHD than in the comparison group. In contrast, higher rates of observed child covert antisocial behaviors were associated solely with paternal characteristics, including history of substance abuse and higher Openness. Results provide external validation in parent data for a distinction between overt and covert antisocial behaviors and support inclusion of parent personality traits in family studies. The interaction of maternal Neuroticism and child ADHD in predicting child aggression is interpreted in regard to a conceptualization of child by parent “fit.”

Abbreviations: ADHD: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist; CD: Conduct Disorder; DBD: Disruptive Behaviors Checklist; DIS-3-R: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R; MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; NEO-FFI: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness Five Factor Inventory; ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder; WURS: Wender Utah Rating Scale.

This study examined the parenting and family life correlates of childhood hyperactivity in a community sample of London school children. Twenty-eight boys with pervasive hyperactivity were compared to 30 classroom control children on a range of parenting and family functioning measures. Results showed that poor parent coping and the use of aggressive discipline methods were significantly associated with hyperactivity after adjusting for the effects of conduct disorder and parent mental health. The best parenting predictor of hyperactivity was disciplinary aggression. Findings suggest that the quality of parenting provided for hyperactive children may contribute to their behavioural difficulties, and highlights the need to examine more closely the role of parenting attitudes and behaviour in shaping the course, prognosis, and treatment outcomes for children with hyperactivity.

Abbreviations: BPVS: British Picture Vocabulary Scale; CRPR: Child-Rearing Practices Report; DAS: Dyadic Adjustment Scale; GHQ: General Health Questionnaire; PACS: Parental Account of Children's Symptoms Interview; SOS: Significant Others Scale.

Relatively able children with autism were compared with age- and language-matched controls on assessments of (1) familiar voice–face identity matching, (2) familiar face recognition, and (3) familiar voice recognition. The faces and voices of individuals at the children's schools were used as stimuli. The experimental group were impaired relative to the controls on all three tasks. Face recognition and voice recognition correlated significantly with voice–face identity matching, but not with each other, suggesting that the recognition impairments jointly cause the matching impairment. Neither chronological age nor verbal mental age were consistently related to the recognition and matching impairments.

Abbreviations: APT-I: Action Picture Test Information Scale; CA: chronological age; MLD: moderate learning disability; SLI: specific language impairments

This paper reports the results of cognitive, linguistic, and academic assessments in a representative sample of 62 adults with Williams syndrome. The average age of the group was 26 years and their mean full scale IQ was 61. Differences between Verbal and Performance IQ, and between receptive and expressive language skills, were smaller than generally found in studies of children with this condition. However, an examination of subtest scores revealed an almost identical cognitive profile to that found in children. Skills in other areas, such as reading, spelling, arithmetic, and social adaptation remained at a low level, with functioning generally being around a 6–8-year age equivalent. The consistency of reports on intellectual abilities in both child and adult studies of individuals with Williams syndrome lends increased support to the notion of a syndrome specific pattern of cognitive, linguistic, and adaptive functioning.

Abbreviations: BPVS: British Picture Vocabulary Scale; EOWVT: Expressive One Word Vocabulary Test; WAIS-R: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Revised; WISC (-R): Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (Revised); WORD: Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions (WORD).

Two factors have been associated with the quality of sibling relationships: the sex of the children and their family circumstances. Yet the data on each issue are complex. This study examines the sex constellations of sibling pairs in two groups, one of which had experienced a major family disruption (parental separation), with the aim of assessing both influences more fully. Two 1-hour home observations were conducted on 20 preschool sibling dyads of separated parents and 24 pairs in which the parents were married. In both groups the sex configuration of the sibling pairs was important — same-sex pairs seemed to show closer patterns of interaction, and sister-sister dyads were particularly prosocial. These results suggest that previous research showing that older sisters or same-sex pairs interact more are both partly correct. In addition, preschoolers from separated families interacted more. The results suggest that negative life experiences might promote greater closeness between siblings.

This study aims to identify (1) a core disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) postulated to presage a substance use disorder, and (2) the relative importance of parental DBD phenotypes, and familial and nonfamilial environmental factors in the determination of DBD in male children. DBD symptom counts and measures of familial and nonfamilial environmentals were collected from intact families ascertained through the presence (SA+) or absence (SA−) of substance dependence in fathers. Multivariate analyses revealed that both behavioral symptoms and environmental measures were significant discriminators of the families. In SA+ families, the child's score DBD was best predicted by magnitudes of parental dyssocial behaviors and by familial environmental factors. However, in SA− families only familial environmental factors were significant predictors of the child's DBD. These findings suggest that in addition to independent actions of familial transmissible and nonfamilial factors, strong genotype-environment interactions may determine DBD in children and that may contribute to the liability for a substance use disorder.

Abbreviations: ADD: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ASPD: antisocial personality disorder; CD: conduct disorder; DBD: disruptive behavior disorder; K-SADS-E; author to supply; NCI: Neighborhood Cohesion Index; ODD; oppositional defiant disorder; PSUD: psychoactive substance dependence disorder; SA: substance dependence (+=present, −=absent); SCID: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R; SUD; substance use disorders.

This study reports on the development of a structured interview, My Exposure to Violence (My ETV), that was designed to assess child and youth exposure to violence. Eighty participants between the ages of 9 and 24 were assessed. Data from My ETV were fit to a Rasch model for rating scales, a technique that generates interval level measures and allows the characterization of both chronic and acute exposure. Results indicated that the fit statistics for six scales, covering both lifetime and past year victimization, witnessing of violence, and total exposure, were all good. These scales were found to have high internal consistency (r=.68 to .93) and test–retest reliability (r=.75 to .94). Evidence of construct validity was provided by the item analysis, which revealed a theoretically sensible ordering of item extremity, and also by analysis of bivariate associations. As expected, younger subjects generally reported less exposure to violence than did older subjects, males reported more exposure than did females, African-American subjects reported higher levels of exposure than did White subjects, violent offenders reported more exposure than did non-offenders, and those living in high crime areas reported more exposure than did those residing in low crime areas. Future areas of investigation and the potential contribution to studies of antisocial behavior and post-traumatic stress disorder are discussed.

Abbreviations: ETV: Exposure to Violence; IRT: item response theory; My ETV: My Exposure to Violence; PHDCN: Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder.

The social, behavioural, and school adjustment of 41 9-year-old children in long-term residential group care in Greece was compared with that of children of the same sex and age brought up in two-parent families. Observational, interview, and questionnaire measures were employed. Observations in school classrooms showed that compared with their classmates, the group care children were more inattentive, participated less often in the classroom activities, were more likely to be passive, and tended to be involved in alternative and nonproductive activities. In the playground, they rarely interacted with non-institutional children. On both parent and teacher scales the group care children showed significantly more overall disturbance. The boys showed poor task involvement in the classroom and more emotional difficulties, conduct problems, and hyperactivity, whereas the between-group differences for girls were statistically significant only for emotional disturbance and poor task involvement in the classroom. Both boys and girls in long-term residential care showed less harmonious, confiding relationships with peers than those reared in families, and were more affection-seeking with teachers.

Forty-one children reared in group care were compared with 41 age- and sex-matched family care children according to interview, questionnaire, and observation measures of behavioural and scholastic functioning. Individual differences in outcome within the group care sample were examined in relation to a range of possible risk/protective indicators. The strongest predictor of outcome proved to be the reason for admission into residential care, with the implication that the outcome was best for children who had experienced stable, harmonious family relationships in their early years. The risk and protective effects applied to both the children's behaviour and scholastic attainments but, although the two were intercorrelated, neither accounted for the other. All subgroups of children in institutional care failed to show a lack of confiding peer relationships, with the pattern of findings suggesting that this stemmed from some aspect of experiences (possibly involving peer relationships) during residential care, as well as from discontinuity in caregiving during the early years.

The relationship between age of asthma onset and behavioral adjustment was analyzed using data from a longitudinal prospective investigation of 150 children identified prenatally as at genetic risk for developing asthma (the W. T. Grant Asthma Risk Study). The children's development and asthma status were monitored regularly for 6 years. Mothers were interviewed yearly using the Behavioral Screening Questionnaire (BSQ). Children who had an early onset of asthma (by 3 years of age) had significantly more behavior problems at age 4 than children who developed asthma later (between 3 and 6 years of age). Furthermore, the early-onset group had significantly more problems at age 6 than both children who developed asthma later and children who never developed asthma. Children with early asthma onset were compared to children who were asthma free on individual problem items of the BSQ, revealing a profile of behavior problems that included waking at night, depressed mood, and some indication of increased fearfulness. This profile is consistent with an earlier report of behavior problems among severely asthmatic preschool children (Mrazek, Anderson, & Strunk, 1984), who displayed the same internalizing behavior problems on the BSQ. These results suggest that early asthma onset may have predictable negative influences on behavioral adjustment over a wider range of asthma severity than has previously been reported.

Abbreviations: BSQ: Behavioral Screening Questionnaire.

The current study examined the relationships of anxiety, depression, and self-esteem with Perceived Body Image Dissatisfaction (PBID) in a nonclinical population of 516 adolescents, aged 12 to 18. The prevalence of PBID was comparative with previous findings. Interestingly, actual body mass and psychological well-being variables were found to be significantly related with PBID, whilst being independent of each other. Findings support proposals that PBID arises from a complex interplay of factors, including gender, self-esteem, and actual body mass. In particular, our findings highlight the need for future research of a prospective nature incorporating psychological, sociocultural, and maturational factors.

Abbreviations: BMI: Body Mass Index; EAT-26: Eating Attitudes Test; EDI-2: Eating Disorder Inventory; FRS: Figure Rating Scale; PBID: Perceived Body Image Dissatisfaction; RADS: Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale; RCMAS: Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale; RSES: Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

A community sample of 405 adolescents were given the Youth Self-Report Form (YSR) and the Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire (CNCEQ). Both regression and group comparison analyses, using the full sample and a subset of extreme scorers, respectively, indicated that internalising problems were specifically associated with the various forms of cognitive distortions assessed, namely, selective abstraction, personalising, overgeneralisation, and catastrophising. Furthermore, they displayed a curvilinear relationship; as the severity of internalising problems increased, the magnitude of cognitive distortions grew positively at a quadratic rate, displaying a U-shaped upward curve. However, in view of the potential measurement bias of CNCEQ toward internalising problems, the conclusion was qualified. Although our results found some specific event/schema-linked cognitive distortions that distinguished internalising from externalising problems, we could not conclude that the latter were free from any other event/schema-linked cognitive distortions that the CNCEQ might have failed to elicit.

Abbreviations: CNCEQ: Children's Negative Cognitive Errors Questionnaire; YSR: Youth Self-Report Form.

The Fear Survey Schedule for Children–II (FSSC–II) (Gullone & King, 1992) was modified for parent report and a younger age group. The modified instrument (FSSC–IIP) was completed by 753 parents of children within the age range 3.0 to 8.9 years. Results revealed a stable eight-factor solution that was sensitive to age and gender differences. Parents reported a higher overall level of fear for school children compared to preschool children, and a higher overall level of fearfulness for girls compared to boys. The most common fears reported were getting lost in a crowd and in a strange place.

Abbreviations: FSSC (–II, –IIP): Fear Survey Schedule for Children; PCA: principal components analysis.