Abbreviations

AAA

American Arbitration Association

AAF

Adverse Analytical Finding

AC

Appeals Cases [Law Reports]

Admin LR

Administrative Law Reports

ADR

alternative dispute resolution

ADRV

anti-doping rule violation

AELTC

All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club

AER

Age Eligibility Rule

AG

Attorney-General

AGM

Annual General Meeting

AHO

Anti-Corruption Hearing Officer

AI

artificial intelligence

AICPA

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants

ALJR

Australian Law Journal Reports

All ER

All England Reports

Am U Bus L Rev

American University Business Law Review

APG

Professional Golfers America, Inc.

Ariz J Int & Comp L

Arizona Journal of International & Comparative Law

Ariz St U Sports & Ent LJ

Arizona State University Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

Ark L Rev

Arkansas Law Review

ATF

Asian Tennis Federation

ATP

Association of Tennis Professionals

Aus & NZ Sports LJ

Australia & New Zealand Sports Law Journal

BAT

Basketball Arbitral Tribunal

BBSA

British Bobsleigh and Skeleton Association

BCL Rev

Boston College Law Review

BIT

bilateral investment treaty

Bost U Int LJ

Boston University International Law Journal

Brigham Young U Pre L Rev

Brigham Young University Pre-Law Review

Brit J Sport Med

British Journal of Sport Medicine

BWF

Badminton World Federation

CADC

Czech Anti-Doping Committee

Camb J Int & Comp L

Cambridge Journal of International & Comparative Law

Canadian J App Sport Sci

Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science

Cardozo Arts & Ent LJ

Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal

CAS

Court of Arbitration for Sport

CAT

Confederation of African Tennis

CBE

Commander, Order of the British Empire

CEO

Chief Executive Officer

Ch

Chancery [Reports]

Child Abuse Neg

Child Abuse & Neglect

CJEU

Court of Justice of the European Union

Colum JL & Arts

Columbia Journal of Law & Arts

Comm Law

Communications Lawyer

CONI

Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano

COSAT

Confederación Sudamericana de Tenis

COTECC

Confederación de Tenis de Centroamérica y el Caribe

Cov LJ

Coventry Law Journal

CRC

Convention on the Rights of the Child

CRPD

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

CtRC

Committee on the Rights of the Child

DePaul J Sport L & Cont Prob

DePaul Journal of Sports Law & Contemporary Problems

ECHR

European Convention on Human Rights

ECLI

European Case Law Identifier

ECR

European Court Reports

ECtHR

European Court of Human Rights

EEA

European Economic Area

EGM

Extraordinary General Meeting

EHRR

European Human Rights Reports

Ent & Sports Lawyer

Entertainment & Sports Lawyer

Ent & Sports LJ

Entertainment & Sports Law Journal

ESL

European Super League

Ethn Racial Stud

Ethnic & Racial Studies

EU

European Union

EUIPO

European Union Intellectual Property Office

Eur Comp L Rev

European Competition Law Review

Eur J Sport Sci

European Journal of Sports Science

Eur Sport Manag Q

European Sport Management Quarterly

EUTMR

European Union Trademark Regulation

EWCA Civ

England and Wales Court of Appeal, Civil Division

EWHC

England and Wales High Court

F.2d

Federal Reporter, Second Series

F.3d

Federal Reporter, Third Series

FA

Football Association

FC

Football Club

FedCFamC2G

Federal Circuit and Family Court [Australia]

FFT

Fédération française de tennis

FIBA

International Basketball Federation

FICA

Federation of International Cricketers’ Associations

FIFA

Fédération International de Football Association

FIFPRO

Fédération Internationale des Associations de Footballeurs Professionnels

FIM

Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme

FITP

Federazione Italiana Tennis e Padel

Fla St UL Rev

Florida State University Law Review

Fordham IP, Media & Ent LJ

Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal

Front Psychol

Frontiers in Psychology

F.Supp.

Federal Supplement

FU Phys Ed Sport

Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education & Sport

GB

Great Britain

Geo LJ

Georgia Law Journal

Geo Mas Int LJ

George Mason International Law Journal

German LJ

German Law Journal

Glob Sports Pol Rev

Global Sports Policy Review

GNOC

Georgian National Olympic Committee

GTF

Georgian Tennis Federation

HRIA

human rights impact assessment

IAP

Internal Adjudication Panel

IBA

International Bar Association

ICC

International Chamber of Commerce

ICCPR

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

ICESCR

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

ICLQ

International & Comparative Law Quarterly

IDTM

International Doping Tests & Management

IFI

international financial institution

IHP

Independent Hearing Panel

ILO

International Labour Organization

ILTF

International Lawn Tennis Federation

IMG

International Management Group

IMTA

International Men’s Tennis Association

Int J Hist Sport

International Journal of the History of Sport

Int JL Manag Human

International Journal of Law, Management & the Humanities

Int J Sport Exerc Psychol

International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology

Int J Sport Manag Mark

International Journal of Sport Management & Marketing

Int J Sport Pol

International Journal of Sport Policy & Politics

& Politics

Int Rev Sociol Sport

International Review for the Sociology of Sport

Int Sports LJ

International Sports Law Journal

Int Sports L Rev

International Sports Law Review

IOC

International Olympic Committee

IP

intellectual property

IPIN

International Player Identification Number

ISF

International Sports Federation

ISU

International Skating Union

ITF

International Tennis Federation

ITIA

International Tennis Integrity Agency

ITPA

International Tennis Players Association

J Advert Res

Journal of Advertising Research

J Appl Bus Ec

Journal of Applied Business & Economics

J Child Sex Abus

Journal of Child Sexual Abuse

J Contemp Athl

Journal of Contemporary Athletics

J Gend Stud

Journal of Gender Studies

J Glob Mark

Journal of Global Marketing

J Int Arb

Journal of International Arbitration

J Leg Aspect Sport

Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport

J Spons

Journal of Sponsorship

J Sport Anal

Journal of Sports Analytics

J Sport Hist

Journal of Sport History

J Strat Mark

Journal of Strategic Marketing

J Strength & Cond Res

Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research

JIDS

Journal of International Dispute Settlement

KEA-CDES-EOSE

European Affairs-Centre de Droit et Economie du Sport-European Observatoire of Sport & Employment

Lewis & Clark L Rev

Lewis & Clark Law Review

LJ

Lord Justice

Lloyd’s Rep

Lloyd’s Reports

Loy LA Int & Comp L Rev

Loyola Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review

LQR

Law Quarterly Review

LTA

Lawn Tennis Association

Manag Leis

Managing Leisure

Manag Mark-Craiova

Management & Marketing-Craiova

Manag Sci

Management Science

Manag Sport Leis

Managing Sport & Leisure

Mark Lett

Marketing Letters

Marq Sports L Rev

Marquette Sports Law Review

Md J Int L

Maryland Journal of International Law

Melb UL Rev

Melbourne University Law Review

MIPTC

Men’s International Professional Tennis Council

MLB

Major League Baseball

MLBPA

Major League Baseball Players Association

MNC

multinational corporation

MTC

Men’s Tennis Council

NBA

National Basketball Association

New Eng J Crim & Civ Confinement

New England Journal on Criminal & Civil Confinement

NFL

National Football League

NFLPA

NFL Players Association

NGO

non-governmental organization

NHL

National Hockey League

NOC

National Olympic Committee

NSF

National Sport Federation

NSPCC

National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

NTL

National Tennis League

NYU J Intell Prop & Ent L

New York University Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law

OHCHR

Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights

OHIM

Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market

OJ

Official Journal [EU]

OTF

Oceania Tennis Federation

Oxford J Leg Stud

Oxford Journal of Legal Studies

PAC

Player Advisory Council

Pace IP Sports & Ent LF

Pace Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law Forum

PD

Practice Directive

PDP

Player Development Program

Pepp Disp Resol LJ

Pepperdine Dispute Resolution Law Journal

Pepp L Rev

Pepperdine Law Review

PFA

Professional Footballers’ Association

PGA

Professional Golfers’ Association

PILA

Private International Law Act (Swiss)

Psychol Sport Exerc

Psychology of Sport & Exercise

PTPA

Professional Tennis Players Association

QB

Queen’s Bench

Qual Res Sport Exerc Health

Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health

Race Soc Probl

Race & Social Problems

RF

Roger Federer

San Diego Int LJ

San Diego International Law Journal

Santa Clara L Rev

Santa Clara Law Review

Scand J Med Sci Sports

Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

SDNY

Southern District of New York

Seton Hall J Sport & Ent L

Seton Hall Journal of Sport & Entertainment Law

SGB

sport governing body

SMU L Rev

Southern Methodist University Law Review

South Carol J Int Law & Bus

South Carolina Journal of International Law & Business

Sport Bus Manag:

Int J Sport, Business & Management: An International Journal

Sport Educ Soc

Sport, Education & Society

Sport Ethics Philos

Sport, Ethics & Philosophy

Sport Hist

Sport in History

Sport Manag Rev

Sport Management Review

Sport Mark Q

Sport Marketing Quarterly

Sport Trad

Sporting Traditions

Sports Coach Rev

Sports Coaching Review

Sports LJ

Sports Law Journal

Stanford J Int L

Stanford Journal of International Law

Stanford L Rev

Stanford Law Review

TACP

Tennis Anti-Corruption Program

TADP

Tennis Anti-Doping Program

TE

Tennis Europe

Technol Forecast Soc Change

Technological Forecasting & Social Change

Tex Rev Ent & Sports L

Texas Review of Entertainment & Sports Law

TFEU

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

TIPP

Tennis Integrity Protection Programme

TISB

Tennis Integrity Supervisory Board

TIU

Tennis Integrity Unit

Tour Econ

Tourism Economics

TRIPS

Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights

TUE

therapeutic use exemption

U Det L Rev

University of Detroit Law Review

U Miami Ent & Sports L Rev

University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review

UAAA

Uniform Athlete Agents Act

UDPR

Universal Declaration of Player Rights

UDRP

Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy

UK

United Kingdom

UKSC

United Kingdom Supreme Court [Reports]

ULEB

Union of European Leagues of Basketball

UN

United Nations

UNCITRAL

UN Commission of International Trade Law

UNDP

UN Development Programme

UNGPs

United Nations Guiding Principles

UNICEF

UN International Children’s Emergency Fund

UNIDROIT

International Institute for the Unification of Private Law

US

United States

USC

United States Supreme Court [Reports]

USLTA

US Lawn Tennis Association

USTA

US Tennis Association

UTC

Ultimate Tennis Showdown

Va Sports & Ent LJ

Virginia Sports & Entertainment Law Journal

VSC

Victoria Supreme Court [Reports, Australia]

WADA

World Anti-Doping Agency

WADC

World Anti-Doping Code

Wake Forest J Bus & IP L

Wake Forest Journal of Business & Intellectual Property Law

WC

wild card

WCT

World Championship Tennis

WIPO

World Intellectual Property Organization

WIPTC

Women’s International Professional Tennis Council

WITF

Women’s International Tennis Federation

WLR

Weekly Law Reports

WLUK

Westlaw United Kingdom

WPA

World Players Association

WTA

Women’s Tennis Association