Programme of activities

The World Psychiatry Exchange Program in Iran entailed a 2-week programme of activities under the supervision of faculty members of the Department of Psychiatry at Iran University of Medical Sciences and involving the Iran Psychiatry Hospital, the Rasul-Akram Hospital, the Brain and Cognition Clinic and Tehran Psychiatry Institute.

Rasul-Akram is a general hospital, where ECPs could learn about the interactions between somatic and psychiatric diseases such as multiple sclerosis and psychosis or autoimmune diseases and depression. A day in a child psychiatry out-patient clinic was also scheduled in the Tehran Psychiatry Institute. Unlike with child psychiatry out-patients in Tunisia, psychotherapy is performed separately by specialised psychologists, whereas child psychiatrists are focused on psychoeducation and prescription. Medications such as methylphenidate were more prescribed and more available than is usual for patients in Tunisia.

The Iran Psychiatry Hospital is a spacious, well-organised psychiatric hospital, with five different educational groups: general adult, emergency, addiction, community-based and psychotherapy. The activities comprised visiting several wards, interacting with different academic psychiatrists and attending clinical psychiatric interviews translated into English. Exchange Program participants were also involved in daily medical meetings and discussion of scientific papers. The latter consisted of a meeting where a scientific article was presented by a trainee to their peers and to a senior chief, followed by a discussion about the possibility (or not) of applying the study findings in clinical practice in Iran. The psychotherapy ward of the Iran Psychiatry Hospital was a highlight, as there is no such department in the psychiatric hospital in Tunisia (Razi Hospital). Tunisian patients requiring psychotherapy are usually transferred to out-patient clinics near where they live, and (apart from the Department of Forensic Psychiatry) in-patient admissions are mainly for individuals with psychotic disorders.

In addition, 2 days were set aside to visit the Brain and Cognition Clinic and a primary care facility. The Brain and Cognition Clinic is a semi-state-funded facility with state-of-the-art technology for patient care and research in neurology, cognitive science and psychiatry. The participants experienced a peer-led model of research and were encouraged to collaborate on training, research and publications.^{Reference Ransing, Pinto da Costa, Pereira-Sanchez, Adiukwu, Orsolini and Gonzalez-Diaz6} Importantly, as participants, we were impressed by the way the World Health Organization's Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGap) was implemented in one of Tehran's primary care facilities, how systematic screening for mental disorders was performed for all patients and how data were computerised and collected.

Challenges and opportunities

The language barrier is a challenge to consider during an exchange programme in psychiatry. Participating in an exchange programme in a country whose language we did not understand prevented us from attending long structured psychotherapy sessions, which cannot be simultaneously translated sentence by sentence. During an exchange programme one should also be mindful of the possibility of encountering logistical problems such as visa delays or issues with accommodation and public transport. Visiting the Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran and perhaps attending some of the courses there would also have been a great experience. Nevertheless, these 2 weeks were fulfilling and the lessons we learned during this exchange programme were invaluable.

Adult and child psychiatry training curriculum and practice

The postgraduate training curricula for psychiatry trainees in Tunisia and Iran are different. In Iran, general adult psychiatry training lasts 4 years, which can be followed by 1 to 2 optional years in a subspecialty: child psychiatry, psychotherapy (usually focusing on psychodynamic therapies), psychosexual medicine, psychogeriatrics, liaison psychiatry, neuropsychiatry or addictions. In contrast, in Tunisia, child psychiatry and general adult psychiatry are two different medical specialties, each requiring 5 years’ training. During (or after) these 5 years, trainees can take 1- or 2-year courses – depending on the subject – in psychotherapy based on cognitive–behavioural therapies, brief therapies or interpersonal therapy, in sexology, addiction psychiatry, perinatal care, pharmacotherapy, forensic psychiatry and criminology, and adolescent psychiatry.

One of the core parts of the health system in Iran is the postgraduate medical training. There are daily training sessions in which one learns the techniques of a psychiatric interview, psychopharmacology and psychotherapy. Trainees’ supervision is provided not only by the seniors in the department where trainees are in rotation, but also by all seniors of the hospital, with daily meetings according to a pre-established schedule. Unlike the training of psychiatric trainees in Tunisia, where trainees have to do only a rotation in child psychiatry and neurology, in Iran there is also a mandatory rotation on a psychotherapy ward. In Iran, psychotherapy is integrated into psychiatric training programmes in most educational centres.^{Reference Eissazade, Shalbafan, Eftekhar Ardebili and Pinto da Costa7}

Despite the good quality of medical education in both countries, young Iranian and Tunisian physicians are very interested in migration. Studies have reported that 69% of early career Tunisian family physicians and 83.7% of Iranian psychiatry trainees and early career psychiatrists had considered migrating. The reasons given are similar: work and financial conditions and the political context.^{Reference Ben Slama8,Reference Eissazade, Hemmati, Ahlzadeh, Shalbafan, Askari-Diarjani and Mohammadsadeghi9}

Idioms of distress

Observing how the expression of the same diseases can differ according to the culture (Persian and Arabic) was a unique learning experience.

There is some similarity between the Arabic language and Latin-originated medical terms, and we could therefore decipher parts of the psychiatric interviews before they were translated for us. The interviews seemed fluid and with rich and soothing non-verbal techniques, appropriate posture, calm gestures and a lot of empathy.

The content of the delusional statements made by patients with psychotic diseases had a different focus. Unlike Tunisian patients, there was less thematic content of bewitchment and ‘jinn’ possession. As these beliefs are widely present even in Tunisian patients with non-psychotic disorders, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between cultural expressions of distress and psychotic diseases. Although believing in ‘jinn’ possession is not rare among the Iranian population, related delusions did not seem to be very common. Thematic content such as mysticism and jealousy seemed to be equally present in both cultures. Persecution may be more prevalent among Iranian patients with psychosis. This may be explained by historical facts, as Iranians have been persecuted by religious or political enemies for centuries.

Table 1 summarises some of the differences in services and idioms of distress in Iran and in Tunisia according to our experience.

Table 1 Differences based in our perception of services, training and idioms of distress in Iran and in Tunisia

mhGAP, the World Health Organization's Mental Health Gap Action Programme.