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Social environment as a modulator of immunosenescence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2022

A. Garrido Open the ORCID record for A. Garrido [Opens in a new window] ,
I. Martínez de Toda ,
E. Díaz del Cerro ,
J. Félix ,
N. Ceprián ,
M. González-Sánchez  and
M. De la Fuente
A. Garrido*
Affiliation:
Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
I. Martínez de Toda
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
E. Díaz del Cerro
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
J. Félix
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
N. Ceprián
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
M. González-Sánchez
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
M. De la Fuente
Affiliation:
Department of Genetics, Physiology, and Microbiology (Physiology Unit), School of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain Institute of Investigation of Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: A. Garrido, E-mail: agarrido@cnb.csic.es
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Abstract

Immune system aging, a process known as immunosenescence, involves a striking rearrangement affecting all immune cells, resulting in an increased rate of infections and a major incidence of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Nonetheless, differences in how individuals of the same chronological age carry out this immunosenescence establishment and thus the aging rate have been reported. In the context of neuroimmunoendocrine communication and its role in the response to stress situations, growing evidence suggests that social environments profoundly influence all physiological responses, especially those linked to immunity. Accordingly, negative contexts (loneliness in humans/social isolation in rodents) were associated with immune impairments and decreased lifespan. However, positive social environments have been correlated with adequate immunity and increased lifespan. Therefore, the social context in which an individual lives is proposed as a decisive modulator of the immunosenescence process and, consequently, of the rate of aging. In this review, the most important findings regarding how different social environments (negative and positive) modulate immunosenescence and therefore the aging rate, as well as the role of stress responses, hormesis, and resilience in these environments will be explained. Finally, several possible molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of negative and positive environments on immunosenescence will be suggested.

Keywords

Aginghomeostatic systemsimmunosenescencelonelinesssocial environmentsocial strategystress response

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Type
Review
Information
Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine , Volume 24 , 2022 , e29
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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