Choice in healthcare
Choice can be defined as the selection of one or more options among a variety available, and in healthcare this can be seen as a guarantor of patient autonomy and dignity. The notion of choice bringing power and control to patients as customers is an attractive one. However, it is important that choice in areas such as mental health is not simply equated with health consumerism and competition, but rather emphasises collaboration between service users and service providers and service user empowerment. Reference Appleby1
Enabling choice for patients and their carers (even when they may disagree with each other) allows them to take more responsibility for the patient's care and to enjoy truly open relationships with treating doctors and other healthcare professionals. For professionals, choice, as part of an honest participative relationship with the patient, is key to the development of professionalism in mental healthcare. Reference Brown and Bhugra2
Trust and information
Trust is a crucial first step on the road to choice-based practice, as is a high level of engagement of the professional in their relationship with the patient. People with mental disorder are often alienated from society and healthcare services. This is especially true of those with serious mental illness, people from Black and minority ethnic groups, detained individuals, those in prison, and the young (who may feel more strongly about choice than their elders). Such groups in reality often have little choice. Therefore, a dialogue building trust between patients and professionals in many settings is required to improve awareness and participation, and eventually give the individual the choice to accept, or reject, a service. It is only through dialogue that many disparities in the effective delivery of treatment to those with mental ill health can be addressed. Those disparities notably include both mental and physical healthcare for people with mental illness.
Effective choice in mental health requires trustworthy information. Psychiatrists have been better served in this regard than patients, for whom reliable and understandable guidance on mental health problems, disorders, treatments and services has been hard to come by. Many internet sources, although widely accessible, remain highly unreliable and even risky, based on individual anecdote in an often stigmatised area of service provision. It is reassuring that the Royal College of Psychiatrists now provides world-leading online mental health information (see www.rcpsych.ac.uk) and UK governments are also developing web-based resources (e.g. www.nhs.uk/Livewell/MentalHealth/Pages/Mentalhealthhome.aspx in England). It is as yet hard to glean a clear user perspective from, for example, the results of Healthcare Commission (Care Quality Commission from April 2009) patient surveys in mental health, although in general healthcare these are becoming a useful measure of overall quality.
Choice-based practice and services
Many contemporary developments in the mental health professions must combine to support the values, Reference Fulford and Radden3 attitudes and skills needed to make patient choice a reality. Those values are: commitment to social inclusion, 4 reflective practice and the principles of recovery, 5 as well as the person-centred skills and competences Reference Bhugra6 central to modern psychiatric training. User-led research Reference Faulkner and Thomas7 complements evidence-based medicine and must inform such commitments.
Patients must be given a chance to choose (or change) their psychiatrist, where possible, just as they choose their family doctor. For example, the current move away in England from purely catchment area-based services may enable this.
Further, unless it is necessary to detain an individual for treatment under mental health legislation or use powers for compulsion in the community, individuals may choose not to see a psychiatrist, nor to accept treatment. Given that the first port of call for mental distress may be a family doctor, a counsellor or perhaps a faith leader, the choice agenda demands further outreach and integration of mental health services into the community. Early contact with psychiatry must become a more natural choice for patients.
Services which embrace choice must be crafted towards the mutual endeavour of excellence in clinical assessment and treatment, and attaining recovery. The development of services should reflect the preferences of patients and carers. Collectively, service users increasingly influence the design, delivery and evaluation of services. Indeed, choice in mental health at times may be exercised more substantially at a collective level, beyond the individual point of contact with services when the person may be at their most vulnerable and unable to participate fully. Advocacy may be particularly helpful to vulnerable individuals, as may new mechanisms for decision-making in advance of illness. For many of the most vulnerable groups, however, a wider range of options of services attuned to their specific local and cultural needs would be the simplest way to enable choice.
Emerging choices
Treatment options
Increasingly, treatment options other than hospital admission are available to service users, for instance crisis resolution and home treatment Reference Glover, Arts and Babu8 and crisis houses, Reference Howard, Rigon, Cole, Lawlor and Johnson9 although patients must not be unreasonably deprived of the choice of hospital admission where this is the safest and most effective place of treatment and when it is preferred by the patient and carer. User-led services, crisis houses and self-help groups may become increasingly important in future years. For young people, the most effective service innovations seem to be the ones that enable choice. Reference Kurtz and James10
Choice of medication
Research comparing medication and psychotherapy in the treatment of depression suggests that preference and strength of preference are important in determining uptake and completion of treatment. Reference Raue, Schulberg, Heo, Klimstra and Brice11 Patients rate the ability to choose their medication as highly important, both in surveys by campaigning groups (e.g. Hill & Laugharne Reference Hill and Laugharne12 ) and also when asked by their own psychiatrist. However, even though a discussion about medication choice is endorsed by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, the performance of psychiatric services in this area is often poor. Reference Olofinjana and Taylor13
Modest choices
Other key areas for choice cover safety, vulnerability and dignity, for example availability of single-gender wards. For those in the most restrictive environments (e.g. forensic in-patients) emerging yet modest avenues of choice and autonomy in the physical environment and in daily life may be particularly important for recovery and should be promoted by psychiatrists. Reference Roberts, Dorkins, Wooldridge and Hewis14
Mechanisms for choice
The agenda of choice and the principle of self-care for individuals with long-term conditions have led to personal budgets in various forms being recently proposed and piloted in England. Many are concerned that imminent public spending cuts will force both budget-holding and non-budget-holding individuals to make difficult price-driven choices.
The consumerist view of choice assumes that patients will benefit from a variety of providers offering a range of services which differ in approach, quality, evidenced outcomes and price. However, a complex diversity of evolving services in mental health has sometimes been associated with unseemly boundary disputes (e.g. diagnostic, geographical, risk) and an interface with patients and carers which places unreasonable burdens on them and damages outcomes. It is to be hoped that innovative solutions will emerge across the UK, proven by systematic comparative evaluation between its different jurisdictions.
Compulsion and choice
In addition to resources, mental incapacity and/or legal compulsion often impose limitations on individual user's choice in psychiatry. Public and collective user participation in service policy and design offer some solution, as does advocacy at the point of service.
The psychiatrist's necessary role in compulsory detention and decision-making dissuades many observers from accepting our commitment to empowerment and choice. This is a stigma the profession has to bear. However, a concern for safety is a values-based approach and should always be understood as the first step in a pathway of empowerment and increasing choice, leading towards recovery and autonomy. Even in the most restrictive or adversarial setting, psychiatrists should always seek to be the early champions for choice, sharing with a disempowered patient a vision of their future freedoms. Reference Roberts, Dorkins, Wooldridge and Hewis14
Conclusion
Choice and participation must be central to future policy of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Many psychiatrists have long supported the participation and empowerment of patients and it is important that all psychiatrists now intelligently champion the idea of choice, as discussed here, with patients, trainees and policy makers.
Acknowledgements
We thank the members of the Working Group on Choice in Mental Health and all the participants in the conference ‘Supporting choice in mental health: dilemmas and possibilities’ held in Liverpool on 22 January 2009.
Open access
eLetters
No eLetters have been published for this article.