Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-zzw9c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-17T19:26:12.255Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - When to Consider Deep Brain Stimulation for Patients with Parkinson’s Disease, Essential Tremor, or Dystonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2022

By
Robert R. Coleman ,
Jose Rafael Zuzuarregui  and
Jill L. Ostrem
Edited by
William J. Marks  and
Jill L. Ostrem
William J. Marks
Affiliation:
Stanford University, California
Jill L. Ostrem
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Get access

Summary

The following chapter details factors to consider when evaluating patients with Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, or dystonia for treatment with deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy. An understanding of what factors tend to predict a good outcome from DBS is critical in counseling patients, helping the clinician determine which patients are likely to realize meaningful benefit, and gauging when along the course of each patient’s disease process to intervene. These factors are discussed independently for Parkinson’s disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and dystonia. The risks related to surgical implantation of the system and stimulation itself need to be weighted against the expected benefit.

Information

Type
Chapter
Information
Deep Brain Stimulation Management , pp. 88 - 108
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Okun, MS, Tagliati, M, Pourfar, M, et al. Management of referred deep brain stimulation failures: A retrospective analysis from 2 movement disorders centers. Archives of Neurology. 2005 Aug;62(8):1250–1255. PubMed PMID: 15956104.Google Scholar
Schuepbach, WM, Rau, J, Knudsen, K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Feb 14;368(7):610–622. PubMed PMID: 23406026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, ML, Turchan, M, Heusinkveld, LE, et al. Deep brain stimulation in early-stage Parkinson disease: Five-year outcomes. Neurology. 2020 Jul 28;95(4):e393–e401. PMID: 32601120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronstein, JM, Tagliati, M, Alterman, RL, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: An expert consensus and review of key issues. Archives of Neurology. 2011 Feb;68(2):165. PubMed PMID: 20937936.Google Scholar
Rajput, AH, Rozdilsky, B, Rajput, A. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis in parkinsonism: A prospective study. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science. 1991 Aug;18(3):275–278. PubMed PMID: 1913360.Google Scholar
Defer, GL, Widner, H, Marie, RM, Remy, P, Levivier, M. Core assessment program for surgical interventional therapies in Parkinson’s disease (CAPSIT-PD). Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1999 Jul;14(4):572–584. PubMed PMID: 10435493.3.0.CO;2-C>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helm, B, Krismer, F, and Seppi, K. Structural imaging in atypical parkinsonism. International Review of Neurobiology 2018;142:67–148.Google Scholar
Tatsch, K, Poepperl, G. Nigrostriatal dopamine terminal imaging with dopamine transporter SPECT: An update. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 2013 Aug;54(8):1331–1338. PubMed PMID: 23864718.Google Scholar
Weaver, F, Follett, K, Hur, K, Ippolito, D, Stern, M. Deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease: A metaanalysis of patient outcomes. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2005 Dec;103(6):956–967. PubMed PMID: 16381181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deuschl, G, Schade-Brittinger, C, Krack, P, et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Aug 31;355(9):896–908. PubMed PMID: 16943402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, FM, Follett, K, Stern, M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs. best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):63–73. PubMed PMID: 19126811. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2814800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, A, Gill, S, Varma, T, et al. Deep brain stimulation plus best medical therapy versus best medical therapy alone for advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD SURG trial): A randomised, open-label trial. Lancet Neurology. 2010 Jun;9(6):581–591. PubMed PMID: 20434403. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2874872.Google Scholar
Okun, MS, Gallo, BV, Mandybur, G, et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation with a constant-current device in Parkinson’s disease: An open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology. 2012 Feb;11(2):140–149. PubMed PMID: 22239915.Google Scholar
Odekerken, VJ, Van Laar, T, Staal, MJ, et al. Subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus bilateral deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease (NSTAPS study): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology. 2013 Jan;12(1):37–44. PubMed PMID: 23168021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Follett, KA, Weaver, FM, Stern, M, et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2010 Jun 3;362(22):2077–2091. PubMed PMID: 20519680.Google Scholar
Maurer, C, Mergner, T, Xie, J, et al. Effect of chronic bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on postural control in Parkinson’s disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 2003 May;126(Pt. 5):1146–1163. PubMed PMID: 12690054.Google Scholar
Kim, R, Kim, HJ, Shin, C, et al. Long-term effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2019;131(6):1797–1804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skodda, S. Effect of deep brain stimulation on speech performance in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Disease. 2012;2012:850596. PubMed PMID: 23227426. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3512320.Google Scholar
Troche, MS, Brandimore, AE, Foote, KD, Okun, MS. Swallowing and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2013 Sep;19(9):783–788. PubMed PMID: 23726461. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3775508.Google Scholar
Hauser, RA, Friedlander, J, Zesiewicz, TA, et al. A home diary to assess functional status in patients with Parkinson’s disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia. Clinical Neuropharmacology. 2000 Mar–Apr;23(2):75–81. PubMed PMID: 10803796.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charles, PD, Van Blercom, N, Krack, P, et al. Predictors of effective bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for PD. Neurology. 2002 Sep 24;59(6):932–934. PubMed PMID: 12297584.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morishita, T, Rahman, M, Foote, KD, et al. DBS candidates that fall short on a levodopa challenge test: Alternative and important indications. Neurologist. 2011 Sep;17(5):263–268. PubMed PMID: 21881468.Google Scholar
Barone, P, Antonini, A, Colosimo, C, et al. The PRIAMO study: A multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2009 Aug 15;24(11):1641–1649. doi: 10.1002/mds.22643CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurtis, MM, Rajah, T, Delgado, LF, Dafsari, HS. The effect of deep brain stimulation on the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: A critical review of the current evidence. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 2017;12:3.Google Scholar
Aarsland, D, Andersen, K, Larsen, JP, Lolk, A, Kragh-Sorensen, P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: An 8-year prospective study. Archives of Neurology. 2003 Mar;60(3):387–392. PubMed PMID: 12633150. 2000 Sep;100(3):285–290. PubMed PMID: 10965798.Google Scholar
Hurtig, HI, Trojanowski, JQ, Galvin, J, Ewbank, D, Schmidt, ML, Lee, VM, Clark, CM, Glosser, G, Stern, MB, Gollomp, SM, Arnold, SE. Alpha-synuclein cortical Lewy bodies correlate with dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 2000 May 23;54(10):1916–1921. doi: 10.1212/wnl.54.10.1916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litvan, I, Goldman, JG, Troster, AI, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2012 Mar;27(3):349–356. PubMed PMID: 22275317.Google Scholar
Witt, K, Daniels, C, Krack, P, et al. Negative impact of borderline global cognitive scores on quality of life after subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurological Science.2005 Oct;13(10):844–851. PubMed PMID: 16223962.Google Scholar
Emre, M, Aarsland, D, Brown, R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2007 Sep 15;22(12):1689–1707;quiz 837. PubMed PMID: 17542011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aarsland, D, Kramberger, MG. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2015;5(3):659–667. PMID: 26406147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seritan, AL, Rienas, C, Duong, T, Delucchi, K, Ostrem, JL. Ages at onset of anxiety and depressive disorders in Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2019 Fall;31(4):346–352. PMID: 31117906Google Scholar
Miyasaki, JM, Shannon, K, Voon, V, et al. Practice parameter: Evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006 Apr 11;66(7):996–1002. PubMed PMID: 16606910.Google Scholar
Saint-Cyr, JA, Trepanier, LL. Neuropsychologic assessment of patients for movement disorder surgery. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2000 Sept;15(5):771–783. PubMed PMID: 11009179.3.0.CO;2-Y>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lhomme, E, Wojtecki, L, Czernecki, V, et al. Behavioural outcomes of subthalamic stimulation and medical therapy versus medical therapy alone for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications (EARLYSTIM trial): Secondary analysis of an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Neurology. 2018 Mar;17(3):223–231. PMID: 29452685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shemisa, K, Hass, CJ, Foote, KD, et al. Unilateral deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson’s disease improves ipsilateral symptoms regardless of laterality. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2011 Dec;17(10):745–748. PubMed PMID: 21856205. PubMed Central PMCID: 3791592.Google Scholar
Zahodne, LB, Okun, MS, Foote, KD, et al. Greater improvement in quality of life following unilateral deep brain stimulation surgery in the globus pallidus as compared to the subthalamic nucleus. Journal of Neurology. 2009 Aug;256(8):1321–1329. PubMed PMID: 19363633. PubMed Central PMCID: 3045861.Google Scholar
Samii, A, Kelly, VE, Slimp, JC, Shumway-Cook, A, Goodkin, R. Staged unilateral versus bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulator implantation in Parkinson disease. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2007 Jul 30;22(10):1476–1481. PubMed PMID: 17523194.Google Scholar
Alberts, JL, Hass, CJ, Vitek, JL, Okun, MS. Are two leads always better than one? An emerging case for unilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Experimental Neurology. 2008 Nov;214(1):1–5. PubMed PMID: 18718469. PubMed Central PMCID: 2888769.Google Scholar
Wang, J, Ponce, FA, Tao, J, et al Comparison of awake and asleep deep brain stimulation for PD: A detailed analysis through literature review. Neuromodulation 2020 Jun;23(4):444–450. PMID: 31830772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khabarova, EA, Denisova, NP, Dmitriev, AB, Slavin, KV, Verhagen Metman, L. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson disease with prior pallidotomy or thalamotomy. Brain Science. 2018 Apr 16;8(4):66. PMID: 29659494.Google Scholar
Okun, MS, Fernandez, HH, Wu, SS, et al. Cognition and mood in Parkinson’s disease in subthalamic nucleus versus globus pallidus internal deep brain stimulation: The COMPARE trial. Annals of Neurology. 2009 May;65(5):586–595. PubMed PMID: 19288469. PubMed Central PMCID: 2692580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, FM, Follett, KA, Stern, M, et al. Randomized trial of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: Thirty-six-month outcomes. Neurology. 2012 Jul 3;79(1):55–65. PubMed PMID: 22722632.Google Scholar
Oyama, G, Foote, KD, Jacobson, CE 4th, et al. GPi and STN deep brain stimulation can suppress dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2012 Aug;18(7):814–818. PMID: 22525365.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cury, RG, Fraix, V, Castrioto, A, et al. Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor in Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. Neurology. 2017 Sep 26;89(13):1416–1423. PMID: 28768840.Google Scholar
Thevathasan, W, Debu, B, Aziz, T, et al. Pedunculopontine nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: A clinical review. Movement Disorders 2018;33(1):10–20. doi: 10.1002/mds.27098. Epub 2017 Sep 28.Google Scholar
Samotus, O, Parrent, A, Jog, M. Spinal cord stimulation therapy for gait dysfunction in advanced Parkinson’s disease patients. Movement Disorders 2018;33(5): 783–792. doi: 10.1002/mds.27299. Epub 2018 Feb 14.Mov Disord. 2018. PMID: 29442369.Google Scholar
Ramirez-Zamora, A, Ostrem, JL. Globus pallidus interna or subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: A review. Journal of the American Medical Association Neurology. 2018 Mar 1;75(3):367–372. PMID: 29356826.Google Scholar
Louis, ED, Ferreira, JJ. How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2010 Apr 15;25(5):534–541. PMID: 20175185.Google Scholar
Louis, ED, Okun, MS. It is time to remove the “benign” from the essential tremor label. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2011 Aug;17(7):516–520. PubMed PMID: 21486707.Google Scholar
Bhatia, KP, Bain, P, Bajaj, N, Elble, RJ, Hallett, M, Louis, ED, Raethjen, J, Stamelou, M, Testa, CM, Deuschl, G; Tremor Task Force of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Consensus statement on the classification of tremors from the Task Force on Tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Mov Disord. 2018 Jan;33(1):75–87. PMID: 29193359.Google Scholar
Jain, S, Lo, SE, Louis, ED. Common misdiagnosis of a common neurological disorder: How are we misdiagnosing essential tremor? Archives of Neurology. 2006 Aug;63(8):1100–1104. PMID: 16908735.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elble, RJ. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differential diagnosis. Neurology. 2000;54(11Suppl 4): S2–S6. PMID: 10854344.Google Scholar
Cohen, O, Pullman, S, Jurewicz, E, Watner, D, Louis, ED. Rest tremor in patients with essential tremor: Prevalence, clinical correlates, and electrophysiologic characteristics. Archives of Neurology. 2003 Mar;60(3):405–410. PubMed PMID: 12633153.Google Scholar
Louis, ED, Wendt, KJ, Pullman, SL, Ford, B. Is essential tremor symmetric? Observational data from a community-based study of essential tremor. Archives of Neurology. 1998 Dec;55(12):1553–1559. PMID: 9865800.Google Scholar
Papengut, F, Raethjen, J, Binder, A, Deuschl, G. Rest tremor suppression may separate essential from parkinsonian rest tremor. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2013 Jul;19(7):693–697. PMID: 23623196.Google Scholar
Algarni, M, Fasano, A. The overlap between essential tremor and Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2018;46:S101–S104. PMID: 28729090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fahn, S, Tolosa, E, Marin, C. Clinical rating scale for tremor. In Jankovic, J, editor. Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1993. pp. 271–280.Google Scholar
Elble, R, Comella, C, Fahn, S, et al. Reliability of a new scale for essential tremor. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2012 Oct;27(12):1567–1569. PubMed PMID: 23032792.Google Scholar
Benito-Leon, J, Louis, ED. Clinical update: Diagnosis and treatment of essential tremor. Lancet. 2007 Apr 7;369(9568):1152–1154. PMID: 17416247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferreira, JJ, Mestre, TA, Lyons, KE, et al. MDS evidence-based review of treatments for essential tremor. Movement Disorders. 2019 Jul;34(7):950–958. PMID: 31046186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Findley, LJ, Cleeves, L, Calzetti, S. Primidone in essential tremor of the hands and head: A double blind controlled clinical study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1985 Sep;48(9):911–915. PMID: 3900296. Pubmed Central PMCID: 1028493.Google Scholar
Pahwa, R, Dhall, R, Ostrem, J, Gwinn, R, et al. An acute randomized controlled trial of noninvasive peripheral nerve stimulation in essential tremor. Neuromodulation. 2019 Jul;22(5):537–545. PMID: 30701655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peng-Chen, Z, Morishita, T, Vaillancourt, D, Favilla, C, et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor demonstrates long-term ipsilateral effects. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2013 Dec;19(12):1113–1117. PMID: 24021661.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuboi, T, Jabarkheel, Z, Zeilman, PR, Barabas, MJ, Foote, KD, Okun, MS, Wagle Shukla, A. Longitudinal follow-up with VIM thalamic deep brain stimulation for dystonic or essential tremor. Neurology. 2020 Mar 10;94(10):e1073–e1084. PMID: 32047071.Google Scholar
Baizabal-Carvallo, JF, Kagnoff, MN, Jimenez-Shahed, J, Fekete, R, Jankovic, J. The safety and efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation in essential tremor: 10 years and beyond. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2014 May 28;85(5):567–572. PMID: 24096713.Google Scholar
Paschen, S, Forstenpointner, J, Becktepe, J, Heinzel, S, et al. Long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: An observer-blinded study. Neurology. 2019 Mar 19;92(12):e1378–e1386. Epub 2019 Feb 20. PMID: 30787161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blomstedt, P, Sandvik, U, Tisch, S. Deep brain stimulation in the posterior subthalamic area in the treatment of essential tremor. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2010 Jul 30;25(10):1350–1356. PubMed PMID: 20544817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fytagoridis, A, Sandvik, U, Astrom, M, Bergenheim, T, Blomstedt, P. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;83(3):258–262. PubMed PMID: 22205676.Google Scholar
Blomstedt, P, Lindvall, P, Linder, J, et al. Reoperation after failed deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. World Neurosurgery. 2012 Nov;78(5):554e1–554e5. PubMed PMID: 22381301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blomstedt, P, Sandvik, U, Hariz, MI, et al. Influence of age, gender and severity of tremor on outcome after thalamic and subthalamic DBS for essential tremor. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 2011 Sep;17(8):617–620. PubMed PMID: 21676643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fytagoridis, A, Blomstedt, P. Complications and side effects of deep brain stimulation in the posterior subthalamic area. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2010;88(2):88–93. PubMed PMID: 20068384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, KT, Larson, P, Starr, PA, Okun, MS, et al. Benefits and risks of unilateral and bilateral ventral intermediate nucleus deep brain stimulation for axial essential tremor symptoms. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2019 Mar;60:126–132.PMID: 30220556.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elias, WJ, Huss, D, Voss, T, et al. A pilot study of focused ultrasound thalamotomy for essential tremor. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013 Aug 15;369(7):640–648. PubMed PMID: 23944301.Google Scholar
Albanese, A, Bhatia, K, Bressman, SB, et al. Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2013 Jun 15;28(7):863–873. PubMed PMID: 23649720.Google Scholar
Fahn, S. Classification of movement disorders. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2011 May;26(6):947–957. PubMed PMID: 21626541.Google Scholar
Ostrem, JL, Starr, PA. Treatment of dystonia with deep brain stimulation. Neurotherapeutics: Journal of the American Society for Experimental Neurotherapeutics. 2008 Apr;5(2):320–330. PubMed PMID: 18394573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vidailhet, M, Vercueil, L, Houeto, JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005 Feb 3;352(5):459–467. PubMed PMID: 15689584.Google Scholar
Kupsch, A, Benecke, R, Muller, J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. New England Journal of Medicine. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):1978–1990. PubMed PMID: 17093249.Google Scholar
Isaias, IU, Alterman, RL, Tagliati, M. Deep brain stimulation for primary generalized dystonia: Long-term outcomes. Archives of Neurology. 2009 Apr;66(4):465–470. PubMed PMID: 19364931.Google Scholar
Cif, L, Vasques, X, Gonzalez, V, et al. Long-term follow-up of DYT1 dystonia patients treated by deep brain stimulation: An open-label study. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2010 Feb 15;25(3):289–299. PubMed PMID: 20063427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hung, SW, Hamani, C, Lozano, AM, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2007 Feb 6;68(6):457–459. PubMed PMID: 17283323.Google Scholar
Yamada, K, Hamasaki, T, Hasegawa, Y, Kuratsu, J. Long disease duration interferes with therapeutic effect of globus pallidus internus pallidal stimulation in primary cervical dystonia. Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society. 2013 May–Jun;16(3):219–225;discussion 25. PubMed PMID: 22672246.Google Scholar
Cacciola, F, Farah, JO, Eldridge, PR, Byrne, P, Varma, TK. Bilateral deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia: Long-term outcome in a series of 10 patients. Neurosurgery. 2010 Oct;67(4):957–963. PubMed PMID: 20881561.Google Scholar
Ostrem, JL, Marks, WJ, Jr., Volz, MM, Heath, SL, Starr, PA. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial-cervical dystonia (Meige syndrome). Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2007 Oct 15;22(13):1885–1891. PubMed PMID: 17618522.Google Scholar
Chang, EF, Schrock, LE, Starr, PA, Ostrem, JL. Long-term benefit sustained after bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with refractory tardive dystonia. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2010;88(5):304–310. PubMed PMID: 20588082.Google Scholar
Macerollo, A, Deuschl, G. Deep brain stimulation for tardive syndromes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Neurological Science. 2018 Jun 15;389:55–60. PMID: 29433807.Google Scholar
Susatia, F, Malaty, IA, Foote, KD, Wu, SS, et al. An evaluation of rating scales utilized for deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Journal of Neurology. 2010 Jan;257(1):44–58. PMID: 19639382.Google Scholar
Burke, RE, Fahn, S, Marsden, CD, et al. Validity and reliability of a rating scale for the primary torsion dystonias. Neurology. 1985 Jan;35(1):73–77. PubMed PMID: 3966004.Google Scholar
Comella, CL, Stebbins, GT, Goetz, CG, et al. Teaching tape for the motor section of the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1997 Jul;12(4):570–575. PubMed PMID: 9251076.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markun, LC, Starr, PA, Air, EL, et al. Shorter disease duration correlates with improved long-term deep brain stimulation outcomes in young-onset DYT1 dystonia. Neurosurgery. 2012 Aug;71(2):325–330. PubMed PMID: 22811083.Google Scholar
Isaias, IU, Volkmann, J, Kupsch, A, et al. Factors predicting protracted improvement after pallidal DBS for primary dystonia: The role of age and disease duration. Journal of Neurology. 2011 Aug;258(8):1469–1476. PubMed PMID: 21365458.Google Scholar
Witt, JL, Moro, E, Ash, RS, et al. Predictive factors of outcome in primary cervical dystonia following pallidal deep brain stimulation. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2013 Sep;28(10):1451–1455. PubMed PMID: 23787946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kosutzka, Z, Tisch, S, Bonnet, C, et al. Long-term GPi-DBS improves motor features in myoclonus-dystonia and enhances social adjustment. Movement Disorders. 2019 Jan;34(1):87–94. PMID: 30302819.Google Scholar
Danielsson, A, Carecchio, M, Cif, L, et al. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in DYT6 dystonia: Clinical outcome and predictive factors for motor improvement. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019 Dec 6;8(12):2163.PMID: 31817799.Google Scholar
Berman, BD, Starr, PA, Marks, WJ, Jr., Ostrem, JL. Induction of bradykinesia with pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial–cervical dystonia. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2009;87(1):37–44. PubMed PMID: 19174619. PubMed Central PMCID: 2835378.Google Scholar
Pahapill, PA, O’Connell, B. Long-term follow-up study of chronic deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for cervical dystonia. Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society. 2010 Jan;13(1):26–30. PubMed PMID: 21992761.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrem, JL, Racine, CA, Glass, GA, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in primary cervical dystonia. Neurology. 2011 Mar 8;76(10):870–878. PubMed PMID: 21383323.Google Scholar
Larson, PS. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2014 Jul;11(3):465–474. PMID: 24833244.Google Scholar
Mure, H, Morigaki, R, Koizumi, H, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the thalamic ventral lateral anterior nucleus for DYT6 dystonia. Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2014;92(6):393–396. PMID: 25359437.Google Scholar
Falowski, SM, Ooi, YC, Bakay, RA. Long-term evaluation of changes in operative technique and hardware-related complications with deep brain stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2015 Dec;18(8):670–677. PMID: 26245633.Google Scholar
Mills, KA, Starr, PA, Ostrem, JL. Neuromodulation for dystonia: Target and patient selection. Neurosurgery Clinics of North America. 2014 Jan;25(1):59–75. PMID: 24262900.Google Scholar
Moro, E, LeReun, C, Kraus, JK, et al. Efficacy of pallidal stimulation in isolated dystonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Neurology. 2017 Apr;24(4)552–560. PMID: 28186378.Google Scholar
Tsuboi, T, Wong, JK, Okun, MS, Ramirez-Zamora, A. Quality of life outcomes after deep brain stimulation in dystonia: A systematic review. Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2020 Jan;70:82–93. PMID: 31767450.Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×