I. INTRODUCTION
Benserazide hydrochloride, also referred to as Serazide, is used for the management of Parkinson's disease. By itself benserazide HCl has minimal therapeutic effect, and functions in combination with administered L-DOPA (levodopa) by limiting L-DOPA decarboxylation. The L-DOPA is able to pass from the bloodstream to the brain, concentrate in the brain where L-DOPA decarboxylation can occur, resulting in the formation of dopamine which provides the desired therapeutic result. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The systematic name (CAS Registry Number 14919-77-8) is 2-amino-3-hydroxy-N′-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)propanehydrazide hydrochloride. A two-dimensional molecular diagram of benserazide hydrochloride is shown in Figure 1.
The two-dimensional representation of the molecular structure of benserazide hydrochloride.
The preparation of benserazide hydrochloride has been described in US Patent 3,178,476 (Hegedus and Zeller, Reference Hegedus and Zeller1965; Hoffman-La Roche). Benserazide hydrochloride has several polymorphs and forms solvates easily (Jokela et al., Reference Jokela, Salminen and Hytönen2015; Orion Corporation). Form I is found in commercial tablets, and Jokela et al. provide a powder diffraction pattern for it, as well as for hydrated Form VI and DMF solvate Form IX.
This work was carried out as part of a project (Kaduk et al., Reference Kaduk, Crowder, Zhong, Fawcett and Suchomel2014) to determine the crystal structures of large-volume commercial pharmaceuticals, and include high-quality powder diffraction data for them in the Powder Diffraction File (Kabekkodu et al., Reference Kabekkodu, Dosen and Blanton2024).
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Benserazide hydrochloride was a commercial reagent, purchased from Target Mol (Batch #159174), and was used as-received. The off-white powder was packed into a 0.5-mm diameter Kapton capillary and rotated during the measurement at ~2 Hz. The powder pattern was measured at 298(1) K at the BXDS-WLE Wiggler Low Energy Beamline (Leontowich et al., Reference Leontowich, Gomez, Diaz Moreno, Muir, Spasyuk, King, Reid, Kim and Kycia2021) of the Brockhouse X-ray Diffraction and Scattering Sector of the Canadian Light Source using a wavelength of 0.819563(2) Å (15.1 keV) from 1.6 to 75.0° 2θ with a step size of 0.0025° and a collection time of 3 min. The high-resolution powder diffraction data were collected using eight Dectris Mythen2 X series 1 K linear strip detectors. NIST SRM 660b LaB6 was used to calibrate the instrument and refine the monochromatic wavelength used in the experiment.
The pattern was indexed with N-TREOR implemented in EXPO2014 (Altomare et al., Reference Altomare, Cuocci, Giacovazzo, Moliterni, Rizzi, Corriero and Falcicchio2013) on a primitive monoclinic unit cell with a = 19.23310, b = 14.45764, c = 4.58238 Å, β = 93.672°, V = 1271.6 Å3, and Z = 4. The suggested space group was P2 1/n, which was confirmed by successful solution and refinement of the structure, so apparently what was purchased was a racemate. A reduced cell search of the Cambridge Structural Database (Groom et al., Reference Groom, Bruno, Lightfoot and Ward2016) yielded 5 hits, but no benserazide derivatives.
The structure was solved by direct methods as implemented in EXPO2014 (Altomare et al., Reference Altomare, Cuocci, Giacovazzo, Moliterni, Rizzi, Corriero and Falcicchio2013), using the COVMAP option. A few atom types had to be reassigned manually. The initial hydrogen atom positions were calculated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020). Analysis of potential N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds suggested that N7 was protonated, so H35 was added there. However, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation moved H35 to N9, so the final refinement was started from the DFT-optimized structure.
Rietveld refinement was carried out with GSAS-II (Toby and Von Dreele, Reference Toby and Von Dreele2013). Only the 3.6–65.0° portion of the pattern was included in the refinements (d min = 0.763 Å). All non-H bond distances and angles were subjected to restraints, based on a Mercury/Mogul Geometry Check (Bruno et al., Reference Bruno, Cole, Kessler, Luo, Motherwell, Purkis, Smith, Taylor, Cooper, Harris and Orpen2004; Sykes et al., Reference Sykes, McCabe, Allen, Battle, Bruno and Wood2011). The Mogul average and standard deviation for each quantity were used as the restraint parameters. The benzene ring was restrained to be planar. The restraints contributed 1.3% to the overall χ 2. The hydrogen atoms were included in calculated positions, which were recalculated during the refinement using Materials Studio (Dassault Systèmes, 2023). The U iso of the heavy atoms were grouped by chemical similarity. The chloride anion Cl1 was refined anisotropically. The U iso for the H atoms were fixed at 1.3× the U iso of the heavy atoms to which they are attached. The peak profiles were described using the generalized microstrain model (Stephens, Reference Stephens1999). The background was modeled using a 6-term shifted Chebyshev polynomial, with a peak at 10.35° to model the scattering from the Kapton capillary and any amorphous component.
The final refinement of 93 variables using 24,561 observations and 43 restraints yielded the residual R wp = 0.0469. The largest peak (0.66 Å from C18) and hole (1.21 Å from C12) in the difference Fourier map were 0.92(21) and −0.93(21) eÅ−3, respectively. The final Rietveld plot is shown in Figure 2. The largest features in the normalized error plot are in the shapes of some of the low-angle peaks.
The Rietveld plot for the refinement of benserazide hydrochloride Form I. The blue crosses represent the observed data points, and the green line is the calculated pattern. The cyan curve is the normalized error plot, and the red line is the background curve. The vertical scale has been multiplied by a factor of 10× for 2θ > 21.3°.
The crystal structure of benserazide hydrochloride Form I was optimized (fixed experimental unit cell) with density functional techniques using VASP (Kresse and Furthmüller, Reference Kresse and Furthmüller1996) through the MedeA graphical interface (Materials Design, 2024). The calculation was carried out on 32 cores of a 144-core (768 GB memory) HPE Superdome Flex 280 Linux server at North Central College. The calculation used the GGA-PBE functional, a plane wave cutoff energy of 400.0 eV, and a k-point spacing of 0.5 Å−1 leading to a 3 × 1 × 3 mesh, and took ~9.3 h. Single-point DFT calculations (fixed experimental cell) and population analysis were carried out using CRYSTAL23 (Erba et al., Reference Erba, Desmarais, Casassa, Civalleri, Donà, Bush, Searle, Maschio, Daga, Cossard, Ribaldone, Ascrizzi, Marana, Flament and Kirtman2023). The basis sets for the H, C, N, and O atoms in the calculation were those of Gatti et al. (Reference Gatti, Saunders and Roetti1994), and that for Cl was that of Peintinger et al. (Reference Peintinger, Vilela Oliveira and Bredow2013). The calculations were run on a 3.5 GHz PC using 8 k-points and the B3LYP functional, and took ~1.7 h.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The powder pattern of this study is similar enough to that reported by Jokela et al. (Reference Jokela, Salminen and Hytönen2015) to conclude that they represent the same material (Figure 3), and thus our sample is Form I. The root-mean-square (rms) Cartesian displacement of the non-H atoms in the Rietveld-refined and VASP-optimized molecules is 0.118 Å (Figure 4). The agreement is within the normal range for correct structures (van de Streek and Neumann, Reference van de Streek and Neumann2014). The difference in the absolute positions of the chloride anions is 0.606 Å. The asymmetric unit is illustrated in Figure 5. The remaining discussion will emphasize the VASP-optimized structure.
Comparison of the synchrotron pattern of benserazide hydrochloride (black) to that of Form I reported by Jokela et al. (Reference Jokela, Salminen and Hytönen2015; red). The literature pattern (measured using Cu Kα radiation) was digitized using UN-SCAN-IT (Silk Scientific, 2013) and converted to the synchrotron wavelength of 0.819563(2) Å using JADE Pro (MDI, 2024). Image generated using JADE Pro (MDI, 2024).
Comparison of the Rietveld-refined (red) and VASP-optimized (blue) structures of the cation in benserazide hydrochloride Form I. The rms Cartesian displacement is 0.117 Å. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020).
The asymmetric unit of benserazide hydrochloride Form I, with the atom numbering. The atoms are represented by 50% probability spheroids/ellipsoids. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020).
All of the bond distances and bond angles, and all but one of the torsion angles fall within the normal ranges indicated by a Mercury/Mogul Geometry Check (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020). No hits were found for the C17–N7–N9–C16 torsion angle; this is an unusual group of atoms. Quantum chemical geometry optimization of the isolated molecules (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*/water) using Spartan ‘24 (Wavefunction, 2023) indicated that the cation is close to a local minimum-energy conformation (rms displacement = 0.453 Å). The global minimum-energy conformation (MMFF) is much more compact, showing that intermolecular interactions are important to determining the solid-state conformations.
The crystal structure (Figure 6) contains pairs of hydrogen-bonded benserazide cations, which are hydrogen bonded to chloride anions. Analysis of the contributions to the total crystal energy of the structure using the Forcite module of Materials Studio (Dassault Systèmes, 2023) indicates that torsion, angle, and bond distortion terms contribute significantly to the intramolecular energy. The intermolecular energy is dominated by van der Waals repulsions and electrostatic attractions, which in this force-field-based analysis include hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are better discussed using the results of the DFT calculation.
The crystal structure of benserazide hydrochloride Form I, viewed down the c-axis. Image generated using Diamond (Crystal Impact, 2023).
Hydrogen bonds are prominent in the crystal structure (Table I; Figure 7). Both N atoms of the central hydrazide linkage form strong N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to the anion. The Mulliken overlap populations suggest that the hydrogen bonds from the cationic N7 and neutral N9 are of comparable strength. These N–H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into chains along the c-axis. The two hydroxyl groups O4 and O6 also form hydrogen bonds to the anion. The cationic N9 forms two intramolecular N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the amino group N8 acts as a donor in two additional N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The hydroxyl groups O2 and O5 act as donors in O–H⋯N hydrogen bonds to the amino groups N8. The hydroxyl group O2 participates in an intermolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bond to the carbonyl group O3. The energies of the N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds were calculated using the correlation of Wheatley and Kaduk (Reference Wheatley and Kaduk2019), and O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds were calculated using the correlation of Rammohan and Kaduk (Reference Rammohan and Kaduk2018). The result of these classical hydrogen bonds is a three-dimensional hydrogen bond network. Non-classical C–H⋯Cl and C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds also contribute to the lattice energy.
Hydrogen bonds (CRYSTAL23) in benserazide hydrochloride Form I.
a Intramolecular.
The hydrogen bonds (red and cyan dashed lines) in benserazide hydrochloride Form I. The cyan bonds are with a single asymmetric unit. Image generated using Mercury (Macrae et al., Reference Macrae, Sovago, Cottrell, Galek, McCabe, Pidcock, Platings, Shields, Stevens, Towler and Wood2020).
The volume enclosed by the Hirshfeld surface of benserazide hydrochloride Form I (Figure 8; Hirshfeld, Reference Hirshfeld1977; Spackman et al., Reference Spackman, Turner, McKinnon, Wolff, Grimwood, Jayatilaka and Spackman2021) is 310.59 Å3, 97.82% of the unit cell volume. The packing density is thus fairly typical. The only significant close contacts (red in Figure 8) involve the hydrogen bonds. The volume/non-hydrogen atom is smaller than normal, at 16.7 Å3.
The Hirshfeld surface of benserazide hydrochloride Form I. Intermolecular contacts longer than the sums of the van der Waals radii are colored blue, and contacts shorter than the sums of the radii are colored red. Contacts equal to the sums of radii are white. Image generated using CrystalExplorer (Spackman et al., Reference Spackman, Turner, McKinnon, Wolff, Grimwood, Jayatilaka and Spackman2021).
The Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker (Bravais, Reference Bravais1866; Friedel, Reference Friedel1907; Donnay and Harker, Reference Donnay and Harker1937) morphology suggests that we might expect needle morphology for benserazide hydrochloride Form I (Figure 9), with <001> as the long axis (as expected from the anisotropy of the lattice parameters). A second-order spherical harmonic model was included in the refinement. The texture index was 1.002(0), indicating that preferred orientation was insignificant in this rotated capillary specimen.
Bravais–Fridel–Donnay–Harker morphology for benserazide hydrochloride Form I. The long axis of the needle is the c-axis.
IV. DEPOSITED DATA
The powder pattern of benserazide hydrochloride Form I from this synchrotron data set has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File. The Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) files containing the results of the Rietveld refinement (including the raw data) and the DFT geometry optimization were deposited with the ICDD. The data can be requested at pdj@icdd.com.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Part or all of the synchrotron data collection described in this paper was performed at the Canadian Light Source, a national research facility of the University of Saskatchewan, which is supported by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC), the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR), the Government of Saskatchewan, and the University of Saskatchewan. This work was partially supported by the International Centre for Diffraction Data. We thank Adam Leontowich for his assistance in the synchrotron data collection and Megan Rost (ICDD) for laboratory data collection before the gepirone specimen was sent to CLS.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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