During a discussion of idolatrous rituals in his untranslated treatise, On worship and service in spirit and truth (De adoratione), Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376–444) asks: ‘How could torches rotating in a circle deliver the one who has sinned?’Footnote 1 Could Cyril here be referring to the mysteries of Isis and revealing details of Isiac cultic practice? Modern scholarship has largely confined Cyril's engagement with the cult of Isis to one episode at the nearby coastal town of Menouthis.Footnote 2 Writing close to two centuries after the purported events, Sophronius of Jerusalem (c. 560–638) described Cyril's translation of the relics of the Diocletianic martyrs, SS Cyrus and John, from St Mark's basilica in Alexandria to a church neighbouring the Isis cult at Menouthis, the popularity of which he was seeking to supplant.Footnote 3 While the homiletical fragments of Cyril that Sophronius alone preserves have typically been considered authentic, there are dissenting scholars who have raised doubts about whether Cyril himself preached at Menouthis or oversaw such a challenge to the cult of Isis.Footnote 4 But beyond Menouthis, there is other evidence of Cyril's engagement with the cult of Isis, given in a treatise that has an undisputed claim to authenticity.
In this article I argue that in two passages from his treatise, De adoratione, Cyril reveals details of how the mysteries of Isis were practised, describing rituals involving female initiates dressed in linen with sistra and mirrors, and the rotating of torches. He also addresses why and how Alexandrian Christians engaged in Isiac practices, giving his own pastoral response. Recently, Hans van Loon has looked at Cyril's use of the terminology of mystery cults.Footnote 5 Reflecting the current scholarly understanding, he restricts Cyril's engagement with the cult of Isis to the shrine at Menouthis, and claims that, as the shrine was concerned with incubation and healing, there is no evidence of Cyril's engagement with initiation into the mysteries of Isis.Footnote 6 An earlier scholar, Etienne Driorton, ruled out there being any references in Cyril to Isis at all.Footnote 7 Nevertheless, some scholars of the cult of Isis have recognised that Cyril's engagement with Isis extended beyond the purported events at Menouthis, beginning with an identification made by the Czech philologist Theodor Hopfner.Footnote 8 This study seeks to show that Cyril does engage with the cult of Isis outside of Sophronius’ account of the episode at Menouthis, and that the engagement is both different and richer than scholarship has identified.
Cyril's De adoratione is an untranslated and relatively unexplored treatise, lacking a consensus not only on its dating, but even on its genre and purpose.Footnote 9 In part, this is perhaps due to its length, which runs to over 200,000 words, but also to its novel structure and occasionally baroque expression. The work is a dialogue between Cyril and a certain Palladius who takes the role of a student, seeking to understand how the law of Israel can now be understood in Christ and so be of profit for Christians. Cyril leads Palladius through a journey on the Christian way of life, employing the Pentateuch as his primary text. However, Cyril by no means confines himself to the Pentateuch, nor does he work through the Pentateuch in sequential order. His exegesis fits within a larger pedagogical structure that is divided into seventeen thematic books and is not intended as a comprehensive or lemmatic commentary. Rather, Cyril gravitates especially (but not exclusively) to those texts concerning the cultic dimensions of Israel's law, seeking to show how a Christian may now live according to these texts in spirit and in truth. Thus while the title of the work is a near quotation of Christ's words in John iv. 24, Cyril adds λατρεία to the text, a word that specifically means cultic service, while incorporating also ‘the demand for right disposition of the heart and the demonstration of this in the whole of religious and moral conduct’.Footnote 10 Some readers of De adoratione – most prominently and influentially Robert Louis Wilken – have considered the work to be a polemical work against Judaism.Footnote 11 While Cyril certainly does engage in polemic, his target is not restricted to the Jews but extends also, as this article demonstrates, to the Isiac cult and other non-Christian cultic practices. But, more importantly, De adoratione is fundamentally a constructive work, concerned with the practical dimensions of living a Christian life in a late-antique Alexandrian context. As such, it provides a unique window into lived ritual practices, coming from a central figure in the history of Alexandria.
When it comes to polemic against Hellenic challenges to Christianity, Contra Iulianum is Cyril's most direct retort. In that work, Cyril claimed that Alexandrian followers of the Emperor Julian were boasting that no Christian teacher had responded to Julian's critiques, made over fifty years earlier.Footnote 12 Contra Iulianum is a foray into this battle of ideas, making the case for the plausibility of Christian doctrine against Julian's intellectual critiques. With its concern for practice, De adoratione strikes a different and yet complementary note. In addressing his Christian audience on how to strive for perfection in their way of life amid their surrounding temptations, Cyril partly situates his instruction in the broad cultic environment that Alexandrian Christians found themselves in, including the Isiac cult.
It is noteworthy that Cyril's engagement both with Hellenic doctrine in Contra Iulianum and with cultic practices in De adoratione occurred against a backdrop of a forced retreat of many Hellenic rituals from Alexandria's public spaces. Cyril's predecessor and uncle Theophilus (patriarchate 385–412) had overseen a thorough closure of the city's temples. The Tychaium, the temple of Dionysus and most famously the Serapeum (in 392) were all seized and repurposed as churches and martyr shrines.Footnote 13 In doing this, Theophilus was enacting imperial legislation, for a series of Theodosian edicts in 391 forbade blood sacrifices and prohibited access to Hellenic temples.Footnote 14 Sixteen years later and five years before Cyril was elected bishop, the legal provisions were strengthened by the edict of Honorius and Theodosius ii which decreed that ‘Pagan altars in all places should be destroyed and all temples on our (imperial) estates should be transferred to suitable uses … to bishops of the local regions we grant the faculty of ecclesiastical power to prohibit the said practices.’Footnote 15
There is no record of Cyril himself overseeing the destruction of altars, but nor is there a record of any Hellenic altars remaining in Alexandria, save for the shrine of Isis at Menouthis. It seems likely that the destruction of Alexandria's Serapeum had increased the popularity of the shrine at Menouthis, dedicated as it was to the consort of Serapis.Footnote 16 Rather than destroy or seize the shrine, Sophronius of Jerusalem – some two centuries later – records Cyril as seeking to supplant its popularity by transferring martyr relics to a neighbouring church, dedicated to the Holy Evangelists. In the second homily Cyril is said to have preached on that occasion, Sophronius records him as saying:
So that we might be of service to all places, and especially those situated around the church of the Holy Evangelists, for those who live there – having no martyr shrine – were going off to some other places, and despite being Christians were falling into error, we therefore sought relics of holy martyrs out of necessity.Footnote 17
This episode has received much scholarly attention, and while the homiletical fragments are often assumed to be authentic, there are dissenting opinions. In 1998 Dominic Montserrat considered that no consensus had emerged, even while arguing himself for their authenticity.Footnote 18 The Sophronius scholar Jean Gascou has written that while at least one of the homiletical fragments bears the unmistakable mark of Cyril's vocabulary, style and even thought, nevertheless it is best considered as ‘un faux’.Footnote 19 John McGuckin treats the fragments as authentically Cyrillian, the position most commonly taken in scholarship today, and it is worth noting that there is no dispute that the Isiac shrine at Menouthis existed, owing to its appearance in the riot of the 480s.Footnote 20 If Sophronius’ account is not authentic, then De adoratione would seem to provide the most significant account of Cyril's engagement with the Isiac cult. But if the homilies at Menouthis are from Cyril, then these passages in De adoratione show the prevalence of Isiac cultic practices provoking Cyril's later cultic response at Menouthis, much as the force of Julian's intellectual arguments had provoked Cyril's more doctrinal response in Contra Iulianum. Moreover, his cultic and pastoral response at Menouthis would be one consistent with his written response to Isiac cultic practices in the pages of De adoratione.
The sistrum and the mirror
In book 9 of De adoratione, Cyril gives the construction of the tabernacle a spiritual reading as a part of his project of instructing Christians in the excellent way of life. After some time, he comes to the construction of the bronze washbasin and base, made, as lxx puts it, ‘from the mirrors of the women who fasted, who fasted by the doors of the tent of witness’. Footnote 21 As their dialogue progresses on this theme, Palladius asks Cyril about the mirrors and the women who fasted. Who were they?
Cyril responds that as the Israelites suffered under Egyptian slavery for a long time, they began to live according to the Egyptian customs (‘τοῖς ἐκείνων διαβιοῦντες νόμοις’):
Accordingly, it was a custom especially for the women of the Egyptians to go often into temples, having been clothed in linen dress, and adorned in sacred fashion with a mirror in their left hand and a sistrum in their right. Even those chosen among others specially as initiates were scarcely deemed worthy of this honour, or indeed of this outrage, for thus it is better and truer to say. So the women among those of the blood of Israel, finding among their instruments the remnants of the worship of Egypt, offered these mirrors as a first-fruit offering, which were refashioned into the material of the wash basin.Footnote 22
While the passage purports to present historical detail, it is unlikely that Cyril researched ancient Egyptian practices. On the contrary, it seems most likely that Cyril inferred past customs from present ones, not least because a few lines later he refers back to the very mirrors under discussion as the Hellenic mirrors (‘κατόπτρων Ἑλληνικῶν’), either inadvertently or deliberately eliding Egyptian ritual customs with Hellenic ones.Footnote 23 In so doing his depiction of historic ‘Egyptian’ cultic practice is apparently indistinguishable from contemporary ‘Hellenic’ cultic practice in Alexandrian Egypt.
Cyril's description resembles Isiac customs, and the mystery rites especially, albeit without naming Isis. Women were especially devoted to Isis, with, for example, a late second century ad Isiac altar describing her as the protectress of women.Footnote 24 While lxx mentions nothing of their dress, Cyril describes the women as wearing linen, which was customary of the initiates of IsisFootnote 25 – the women here also being referred to by Cyril as initiates (‘ἱερομύστιδες’). But perhaps most striking is the holding of a sistrum and a mirror. Sistra are strongly associated with Isis, while mirrors also feature in Isiac mystery ritual. To take the richest source for the mysteries of Isis, the Metamorphoses of Apuleius, Lucius in book 11 has a vision of Isis at the beach. Among other things, she is depicted as having a mirror in the middle of her forehead and as holding a sistrum in her right hand.Footnote 26 In her speech, she describes the high priest as having a sistrum in his right hand, and he appears thus later in the book.Footnote 27 Moreover, in the procession leading to Lucius’ initiation, there are women with polished mirrors tied to the backs of their heads. The procession also includes men and women who carry sistra made of brass, silver and gold.Footnote 28
While Cyrillian scholarship has not yet given attention to this passage, scholars of Isis have previously recognised the symbolism of Cyril's description here, beginning with a listing of this passage by the Czech philologist Theodor Hopfner in a 1924 catalogue of references to Egyptian religion.Footnote 29 In 1947 the archaeologist and Egyptologist Etienne Driorton imagined Cyril was referring to priestesses of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1292 bc).Footnote 30 Michael Malaise and Richard Veymiers were on more solid ground when they mentioned in passing that Cyril's use of ‘ἱερομύστιδες’ refers to initiates.Footnote 31 In her 1975 study The cult of Isis among women in the Graeco-Roman world, Sharon Kelly Heyob also picked up this passage via Hopfner's work, recognising the references as Isiac.Footnote 32
Hathor, whose cult traditionally also included sistra and bore similar characteristics to that of Isis,Footnote 33 is one possible alternative for identification in this cultic scene. Yet the relative prominence of Isis in late antiquity makes the plausibility slim, including the fact that the Isiac shrine at Menouthis survived the Theophilus purge when the record shows few other, if any, Hellenic shrines or temples in greater Alexandria did. Further, the cluster of Isiac cultic objects and practices that Cyril identifies makes Isis the most plausible identification. Female initiates, linen garments, sistra and mirrors all contribute to a portrait that most clearly aligns with the Isiac mystery cult.
How might Cyril have come to understand the Isiac mystery rituals? Remnants of Isiac material culture do show altars dedicated to Isis that include depictions of Isis or Isiac priestesses with sistra, as shown in a second-century Roman altar (see Fig. 1). The figures depicted here appear on the sides of the altar dedicated to Isis. Jörg Rüpke describes the male on the left as Astralagus, who dedicates the altar to Isis, ‘presenting a dove above an altar full of fruits’. The offering of fruits to Isis could plausibly be the context for Cyril's remark that the Israelite women offered their mirrors ‘as a first fruit offering’ (‘εἰς καρποφορίαν’) for the construction of the temple washbasin. The female figure on the right side of the altar, Rüpke adds, is ‘probably Isis rather than an Isiac priestess’, ‘with sistrum and sacrificial vessels’ (‘patera and situla’).Footnote 34
‘Drawing of the marble votive altar of Astragalus, Rome, mid second century ce, Paris, Musée du Louvre, inv. no. MA 1544. After Bouillon 1811–27’, reproduced in Gasparini and Veymiers, Individuals and materials, 1000. See also p. 1012 for photographs of the original.
Might remnants of altars such as this one in Alexandria have informed Cyril's understanding of the mysteries of Isis, following the purges of his predecessor Theophilus? The survival of the Isis shrine at Menouthis attests to the continuity of Isiac material culture in greater Alexandria, and it is plausible to think that Cyril would have been exposed to other remnants of Isiac material culture. But Cyril's eliding of ‘Egyptian’ with ‘Hellenic’ when referring to the mirrors perhaps suggests he is referring to contemporary practices of the Isis mysteries. Further, Cyril's treatment of these mirrors presents them as being redeemed, transformed from use in an Egyptian/Hellenic cult to a new use in the worship of Israel, which is finally perfected in Christ, in spirit and truth. Indeed, as the discussion progresses, Cyril says the episode in Exodus looks forward to the appearance of the true tabernacle, the Church, when those devoted to demons will be transformed into consecrated vessels, suitable for the reception of holy baptism.Footnote 35 Cyril does not, then, draw an analogy to the repurposing of cultic material for the Church in this own day. Rather, the analogue of the mirrors is those who worship demons, and the analogue of the washbasin is the soul prepared for baptism, ready to receive sanctifying water. Cyril's concern is more fundamentally pastoral, then – an appeal for people once devoted to non-Christian cultic practices to be prepared for sacramental reception into the Church.Footnote 36 It is noteworthy that the mirror (‘κάτοπτρον’) in the left hand that Cyril describes here in book 9 of De adoratione is not clearly attested either in Apuleius, or in extant material representations, such as that depicted in this Roman altar. Might Cyril be describing an Alexandrian version of the Isiac mysteries that he learned about from images on votive shrines? It is plausible. But given that Cyril moves to a spiritual and pastoral reading of the cultic material, it seems more plausible that Cyril's understanding was grounded in hearsay and reports of the cultic activity of Alexandrians, including those of his flock. This concern for contemporary idolatrous practices even among his Christian flock can also be seen in our next passage.
Purification by fire and water
Cyril's goal throughout De adoratione is to guide Christians through the way of life that is in Christ. While this is fundamentally a constructive vision, Cyril regularly warns his readers of the temptations that will come their way. The book that deals most thoroughly with temptations arising from Hellenic cultic practices is book 6, whose significant title echoes Deuteronomy vi. 5: ‘That it is necessary that we devote ourselves to he who alone is God according to nature, and love him with a complete soul and heart.’Footnote 37 In this book Cyril addresses the temptation for Christians not to love God with a complete soul and heart, but rather to engage in ‘εἰκαιολατρεία’, vain or useless cultic service.Footnote 38 He mentions the constant temptations of Israel to idolatry before bringing his concerns to the immediate context of his first readers:
But sometimes it is one of those enrolled among us, one who is not yet firmly planted, but, practising an affected and counterfeit loveFootnote 39 for Christ of the sort which, placing around oneself like a sheep-skinFootnote 40 an appearance that is God-loving, is a hateful and unholy beast, a deceitful knave, who, at home and at night (by which I mean secretly) is devoted to the cultic service of demons, thinking – as one would expect – it possible to escape God, and to fool the mind of the unutterable nature.Footnote 41
Cyril spends the rest of the book admonishing his Christian readers to avoid various practices of the cultic service (‘λατρεία’) of demons: the false divinations of idol-worshippers (‘αἱ τῶν εἰδωλολατρούντων ψευδομαντεῗαι’),Footnote 42 soothsayers (‘χρησμολόγοι’),Footnote 43 necromancy (‘νεκῠομαντεία’),Footnote 44 practising purification rites (‘φοιβάω’),Footnote 45 submission to fate, fortune and birth (‘Εἱμαρμένη, Τύχη καὶ Γένεσιν’),Footnote 46 the observation of hours, days and times (‘Ἡ ὡρῶν ἄρα καὶ ἡμερῶν ἐπιτήρησις … καὶ ἡ καιρῶν’)Footnote 47 and auguries, whisperings and spells (‘οἰωνοσκοπίαι, ψῐθῠρισμοί τε και ἐπῳδαί’).Footnote 48 In all of these discussions, Cyril's typical point of reference is the biblical text, and occasionally the Hellenic intellectual tradition. While he certainly is addressing Christian readers in Alexandria and beyond, his discussion of these non-Christian practices does not always suggest that the temptations were live ones for Alexandrian Christians, expounding as he is upon the biblical text and Hellenic tradition. Nevertheless, there are moments when Cyril does address his contemporary context more directly, providing a window into the cultic and practical lives of Alexandrian Christians, and the temptations to which those ‘not yet firmly planted’ succumbed ‘at home and at night’.
One such place is Cyril's critique of ritual purification by fire. His biblical point of reference, cited by his interlocutor Palladius, is Deut. xviii.10 (NETS): ‘There shall not be found among you one who cleanses his son or his daughter by fire.’ While the Hebrew text is a condemnation of child sacrifice, Cyril takes the Septuagint text as forbidding purification rituals involving fire. He commends the law both for addressing (‘πρόσφημι’) this practice and denying (‘ἀπόφημι’) it, and soon makes observations beyond the biblical text, in the realm of his contemporary society: ‘For in what way would the nature of fire be of benefit to us? And how could torches rotating in a circle deliver the one who has sinned?’Footnote 49 Before discussing these torches, it is worth paraphrasing the rest of Cyril's argument. Fire, he writes, can purify metal, but it is risible to imagine it can remove the pollution of the mind and soul, and yet this is precisely the claim of the chosen ranks of the Hellenes (‘τοῖς Ἑλλήνων λογάσιν’). If it could, why would the Hellenes not simply free all the gods who suffer perpetual punishment for their sins?Footnote 50 And yet all the while the Hellenes are convicted of terrible vices only to release themselves with fire and branches (‘πυρὶ καὶ θαλλοῖς’), thus washing off the accusations. Moreover, their accomplices, the ministers of purification (‘τοὺς τῆς καθάρσεως ὑπουργοὺς’) are the most abominable of all (‘μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων μυσαρωτάτους’), for they abandon the principle of manliness (‘τὸν ἀνδροπρεπῆ μεθέντες λόγον’) and degrade their bodies and tokens to the morals and manners of women. How will such a one purify? For, Cyril continues, even if one happens to be anointed with myrrh (‘καταμυρίζεσθαι’), nevertheless he will remain smeared with the most disordered slime. Cyril adds that these worshippers of evil spirits (‘τοὺς τῶν δαιμονίων προσκυνητὰς’) are ignorant both of the way to cleanse and of what true defilement is. So they avoid dead bodies (‘νεκρῶν ἀποφοιτῶσι σωμάτων’) and abhor that which is decomposed (‘καὶ καταμυσάττονται τὸ κατεφθαρμένον’). And if they should happen accidentally to come into contact with forbidden foods, ‘immediately leaping up, they hasten to purification through fire or water, on the grounds that if they abstain from these things alone, they will be holy and pure’.Footnote 51 But, Cyril concludes, true purification (‘κάθαρσις ἀληθής’) comes in the bath of rebirth (‘τῷ λουτρῷ τῆς παλιγγενεσίας’), bringing grace of the Spirit who like a fire (‘ὃ καὶ πυρὸς δίκην’) consumes our defilement. ‘For the divinely inspired Scripture says for good reason that we have been baptised with the Holy Spirit and with fire.’Footnote 52
In looking at this passage, it seems plausible that Cyril is referring to rituals of purification practised by Alexandrians, seemingly administered by (or at least in some connection with) priests that he regarded as effeminate, ‘the ministers of purification’ (‘τοὺς τῆς καθάρσεως ὑπουργοὺς’). While anointing with myrrh (‘καταμυρίζεσθαι’) is mentioned, Cyril's focus is on fire and water, including describing a purification ritual that involves torches rotating in a circle (‘δᾷδες ἐν κύκλῳ περιθέουσαι’). The phrase is a unique one, with the only similar occurrence in another work of Cyril himself, in his commentary on Isaiah. On Isaiah lxv.5, Cyril writes that the evil and unclean spirits seek to persuade worshippers that they will be pure (‘ἔσονται καθαροὶ’) ‘with a torch having been taken hold of by them, revolving in a circle of fire, or perhaps, also by the sprinkling of water’.Footnote 53 While in De adoratione the torches are the subject of the verb (‘περιθέω’), here the worshippers seeking purification are revolving the torch. But evidently Cyril is describing the same purification ritual, and again with the addition of water. And yet it is a cultic ritual that appears to be unknown in other sources.
The cultic practice of initiation described in book 9 is evidently Isiac. Could this purification ritual of fire in book 6 refer to the mysteries of a cult other than Isis? In his recent article on mystery cult terminology in Cyril, van Loon asks whether Cyril had a deliberate policy of Christianising pagan cultic terminology. After analysing Cyril's use of key terms such as ‘δᾳδουχίας’, ‘μυσταγωγεῖται’ and ‘μυστήριον’, he finds that Cyril had no such policy owing to the fact that some important terms are absent from his writings, and that those he does use ‘have a meaning that is not metaphorically related to the pagan mysteries’, all despite Cyril using the terminology of the mystery cults more often than earlier Christian writers.Footnote 54 While he acknowledges the shrine for Isis at Menouthis, van Loon notes the lack of any evidence for the mysteries of Isis being performed there, and so does not seem to look for Isiac terminology, focusing his efforts more on words typical in describing the Eleusinian mysteries and raising the possibility that the Alexandrian suburb called Eleusis may have been the site for Eleusinian mysteries.
Much stronger, however, is the presence of Isis in late-antique Alexandria, to say nothing of the clear allusion to Isiac ritual in book 9 of De adoratione. The cult of Isis at nearby Menouthis survived the destruction of altars under Theophilus and moreover thrived, even among Christians, thus provoking Cyril's concern, if indeed Sophronius’ account is accurate. Christopher Haas, in his history of Alexandria, shows how Isis could be identified with the city of Alexandria itself,Footnote 55 and comments: ‘One cannot help but be struck by the extraordinary diffusion of Isis shrines in and around Alexandria. The goddess may be found in every sector of the city, from the harbors (Isis Pharia) to the palaces (Isis Lochias), and from the city center (Isis Plusia) to the peripheral regions (Isis Nepheron).’Footnote 56 While other cults such as that of Serapis were also popular in Alexandria, Haas explains that Serapis was revered in only one or two large sanctuaries and thus possessed of a cult less likely to survive a purge on sanctuaries, whereas Isis worship required ‘a smaller, more intimate setting’, and thus was one of the longest surviving cults.Footnote 57 Jan Bremmer, in his study on initiation into the mysteries, marks a more general move from collective to individual initiation, adding: ‘In the cases of Isis and Mithras, the initiations seem to have been individual from the very beginning, and their Mysteries were characterised by an ever-expanding mobility.’Footnote 58 So the case for Isis mysteries surviving the purge of Theophilus more than others is strong.Footnote 59
Do the purification rituals that Cyril describes match what is known today of the mysteries of Isis? Cyril describes the ministers of purification as those who had abandoned the principle of manliness (‘τὸν ἀνδροπρεπῆ μεθέντες λόγον’). The priests of Isis had shaven heads and were circumcised,Footnote 60 both of which would fit with Cyril's criticism here. The charge of effeminacy was typical of Christian criticism of Isiac practices, and Sophronius records Cyril's own criticisms of effeminacy at the Isis shrine at Menouthis.Footnote 61 In criticising the Hellenic elite's misunderstanding of defilement, Cyril mentions their dietary practices, whereby if they inadvertently came into contact with forbidden food, they immediately sought purification through fire or water. In a similar way, taking up the Metamorphoses again, as Lucius prepares for his purification and initiation he states: ‘I should begin refraining from forbidden, profane foods, as the other worshipers did, so that I might proceed on a straighter path to the mysteries of this spotless cult.’ The high priest further commands him to abstain from food that is not plain, including meat and wine, before his initiation.Footnote 62 Then there is the purification through water that Cyril mentions, both in De adoratione and also in his Isaiah commentary's reference to the ‘sprinkling of water’ (‘ὕδατος ῥαντισμοῦ’) in direct connection with the revolving torches. Lucius’ participation in the mysteries of Isis begins with the high priest bathing him in the public baths, then further sprinkling him with holy water as a rite of purification.Footnote 63 Robert Wild has written that water was an especially common feature of Isiac ritual, with Isis temples often containing underground cisterns.Footnote 64 Bremmer notes that Lucius’ additional sprinkling stresses its importance, adding that ‘water was very important in the sanctuaries of Isis’.Footnote 65
After ten days of fasting, Lucius’ initiation proper begins in the evening. The high priest leads him into the inner recesses of the temple and yet, in Bremmer's words, Apuleius fails us at this moment suprême, recording only a few lawful words, including that he made his way through all the elements, or levels of the universe.Footnote 66 Of particular relevance is Lucius’ phrase: ‘In the middle of the night I saw the sun flashing in the purest brightness.’Footnote 67 When Lucius then emerges at dawn, among other things he holds a lighted torch in his right hand.Footnote 68 Bremmer comments that ‘Apuleius’ solemn words are tantalising but ultimately not informative’ concerning the mysteries of Isis. ‘We may therefore presume that at midnight a torch was lit, as torches were heavily imbued with solar symbolism.’Footnote 69 Could Cyril be shedding light on this practice within the Isiac mysteries? Cyril refers to torches rotating in a circle (‘δᾷδες ἐν κύκλῳ περιθέουσαι’) as the highpoint of ritual purification, perhaps as a kind of solar apparition. Marvin Meyer has even supposed that for Lucius ‘the experience of beholding the light in the darkness may very well have been prompted by priests manipulating torches at key points in the ritual’, the very practice which Cyril describes.Footnote 70
One challenge to this identification is that Cyril is talking about a rite of purification whereas Lucius has already been purified with water and is now being initiated.Footnote 71 While in book 9, Cyril's description of the female initiates (‘ἱερομύστιδες’) holding a sistrum and mirror is more clearly concerned with initiation, the description here in book 6 of those seeking to purify themselves with water and fire seems to correspond to what might happen prior to initiation, and thus not to Lucius’ midnight sun. Two responses could be made. Walter Burkert has written that Lucius’ passing rapt through all the elements of the universe is the language of purification, purification by the elements of water, air and fire.Footnote 72 So the vision of the sun brightly shining at midnight is both a part of Lucius’ purification and his initiation, even the climax of his purification, which would accord with the ritual Cyril is describing. As Isis is frequently referred to in connection with healings, it is perhaps hard to eradicate any notion of healing or purification from the initiation rite.Footnote 73 Another response might be to suggest that from Apuleius’ second-century Latin account to Cyril's fifth-century Alexandrian description, the cultic rituals of Isis might plausibly have been subject to transformation, with the initiation rituals taking on a greater significance for purification. Cyril's own knowledge of this rite seems less likely to have been based on material culture, owing to his description of certain actions like rotating and sprinkling, and the means of supposed defilement. So it is also plausible that Cyril's own understanding of Isiac rituals is based on hearsay and open to distortion, not only because initiation to the mysteries was secretive, but also due to the forced retreat of some cultic rituals in Cyril's own day.
Cyril the pastor and Isis
When Cyril discusses Hellenic purification rituals by fire and water in De adoratione, it is in the context of guiding Alexandrian Christians in the excellent way of life in Christ, including those Christians ‘not yet firmly planted’ who are devoted to the ‘cultic service of demons’ ‘at home and at night (by which I mean secretly)’.Footnote 74 With this audience in mind, Cyril's strategy of cultic appropriation comes more clearly into view. With reference to the Egyptian/Hellenic mirrors, Cyril does not so much seek to repurpose mirrors as material elements in the way Exodus xxxviii.26 suggests, but rather, in a pastoral key, to use the episode as a way of directing people formerly devoted to non-Christian cultic practices towards preparation for baptismal grace and reception into the Church. A similar sacramental appropriation is at work in his treatment of purification by fire and water. After critiquing those practices that have been shown to be Isiac, Cyril does not then undermine the cultic concern with defilement and purification so much as ridicule its inconsistencies, criticise its definition of defilement and reveal the powerlessness of its attempts at purification, pointing instead to Christian practice. True purification (‘κάθαρσις ἀληθής’), he writes, is to be found in baptism (‘the bath of rebirth’, ‘τῷ λουτρῷ τῆς παλιγγενεσίας’). Baptism brings the grace of the Spirit who like a fire (‘ὃ καὶ πυρὸς δίκην’) consumes our defilement. Baptism, then, is more effective than the Isiac cultic practices. ‘For the divinely inspired Scripture says for good reason that we have been baptised with the Holy Spirit and with fire.’Footnote 75 Thus, in De adoratione, Cyril configures Christian ritual practice as a way of replacing and recasting the Isiac rituals of initiation and purification, appealing to those who seek fire and water for their purification to find it in the washing of baptism with the Holy Spirit and with fire. This appropriation – rather than destruction – of Isiac cultic practice is the same strategy that Cyril employs at Menouthis, according to Sophronius’ account. And, as at Menouthis, Cyril's motivation is concern for those Christians engaging in non-Christian cultic practices.Footnote 76
While Cyril draws a number of his ideas about non-Christian cultic practices from the Scriptural accounts of Canaanite practice, he does also draw from non-Scriptural sources. Indeed the case of the fasting women with mirrors suggests that he can project his own knowledge of ritual practices onto his reading of Scripture. Exodus, after all, is about Egypt, and so Cyril feels free to move between describing the mirrors as both Egyptian and Hellenic. Regardless of the veracity of Sophronius’ account at Menouthis, this analysis of De adoratione suggests that Cyril was concerned about the ritual practices of Isis throughout his episcopal career, and that these concerns were wider and deeper than have been supposed. If the account at Menouthis is authentic, then the concern Cyril shows in De adoratione for the potency of Isiac ritual perhaps helps to explain why he was circumspect in taking action at Menouthis, choosing not to destroy but to supplant and appropriate. The portrait of Cyril is here of a more cautious operator, one who understands the appeal of non-Christian cultic practices, and is pastorally motivated to address it by supplanting popular devotion with Christian cultic practices.Footnote 77 Thus Cyril seeks not to look only to the historic action of Christ so much as the present, vivid and powerful sacramental presence of Christ that brings purification and a true immediacy with God.Footnote 78 His motivation is most obviously pastoral, seeking to draw his Christian flock away from idolatrous ritual, including what was apparently done in secret. In so doing he provides a unique window into the cultic practices of Alexandrians, and shows his own pastoral practice of redirection towards the sacramental life of the Church.
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