Hostname: page-component-6766d58669-rxg44 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-15T12:32:38.765Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Immediate results of primary balloon dilation for congenital aortic valve stenosis predict the mid-term outcome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2023

Andrija Pavlovic Open the ORCID record for Andrija Pavlovic [Opens in a new window] ,
Vojislav Parezanovic ,
Igor Stefanovic ,
Ingo Dähnert ,
Aphrodite Tzifa ,
Stefan A. Djordjevic ,
Slobodan Ilic ,
Vladimir Milovanovic ,
Maja Bijelic  and
Dejan Bisenic
...Show all authors
Andrija Pavlovic*
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Vojislav Parezanovic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Igor Stefanovic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Ingo Dähnert
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Aphrodite Tzifa
Affiliation:
Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Department, Mitera Hospital, Athens, Greece Division of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College, London, UK
Stefan A. Djordjevic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Slobodan Ilic
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Vladimir Milovanovic
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Maja Bijelic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Dejan Bisenic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Jasna Kalanj
Affiliation:
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
Milan Djukic
Affiliation:
Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
*
Author for correspondence: A. Pavlovic, MD, Department of Cardiology, University Children’s Hospital, 10 Tirsova street, Belgrade 11000, Serbia. Tel: +381 11 2060 715; Fax: +381 11 2684 672. E-mail: andrijapavlovic88@gmail.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background:

Balloon valvuloplasty is the primary treatment for congenital aortic valve stenosis in our centre. We sought to determine independent predictors of reintervention (surgical repair or repeated balloon dilation) after primary valvuloplasty.

Methods:

We retrospectively studied patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis who underwent balloon valvuloplasty during 2004–2018. The following risk factors were analysed: aortic valve insufficiency after balloon valvuloplasty >+1/4, post-procedural gradient across the aortic valve ≥35 mmHg, pre-interventional gradient across the valve, annulus size, use of rapid pacing, and balloon/annulus ratio. Primary outcome was aortic valve reintervention.

Results:

In total, 99 patients (median age 4 years, range 1 day to 26 years) underwent balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valve stenosis. After a mean follow-up of 4.0 years, 30% had reintervention. Adjusted risks for reintervention were significantly increased in patients with post-procedural aortic insufficiency grade >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg (HR 2.55, 95% CI 1.13–5.75, p = 0.024). Pre-interventional gradient, annulus size, rapid pacing, and balloon/annulus ratio were not associated with outcome.

Conclusion:

Post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency grade >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg in patients undergoing balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valve stenosis confers an increased risk for reintervention in mid-term follow-up.

Keywords

CHDballoon valvuloplastyrisk factorstreatment outcome

Information

Type
Original Article
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 33 , Issue 11 , November 2023 , pp. 2267 - 2273
Check for updates
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Congenital aortic valve stenosis is a fairly common disease comprising 2–7% of all congenital heart anomalies. Reference Kallio, Rahkonen, Mattila and Pihkala1–Reference Brown, Rodefeld, Ruzmetov, Eltayeb and Yurdakok3 The disease spectrum varies from mild and asymptomatic to severe aortic stenosis, with mortality rates up to 15% if left untreated. Reference Hochstrasser, Ruchat, Sekarski, Hurni and von Segesser2 Since its introduction by Lababidi some 35 years ago, transcatheter balloon aortic valvuloplasty has become a standard first-line treatment in the majority of centres. Reference Lababidi, Wu and Walls4 Balloon aortic valvuloplasty is associated with a low mortality rate and significantly delays or even obviates the need for later surgical aortic valve repair. Main advantages of balloon aortic valvuloplasty over surgical aortic valve repair are its minimal invasiveness, avoidance of bypass, and much lower rate of admission to the ICU. Reference Parezanović, Djukić and Daehnert5–Reference Auld, Carrigan, Ward, Justo, Alphonso and Anderson10 Of note, in a recent meta-analysis by Hill et al., balloon aortic valvuloplasty and valve surgery proved to be equally effective in the treatment of congenital aortic valve stenosis. Reference Hill, Ginde, Rios, Frommelt and Hill11

However, despite acute success rate of 89%, as reported by Sullivan et al., balloon aortic valvuloplasty shows lower freedom from reintervention when compared with surgical approach (46% versus 78%) in a 10-year follow-up. Reference Hill, Ginde, Rios, Frommelt and Hill11,Reference Sullivan, Rubio, Johnston and Jones12 In addition, there is a compelling evidence of multiple risk factors contributing to adverse outcomes in patients undergoing balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valve stenosis. In a study by Hochstasser and colleagues, residual peak end-systolic gradient >30 mmHg, as assessed by echocardiography, was independently associated with higher rates of reintervention, while post-procedural aortic regurgitation grade >+1/4 was shown to double the risk of adverse events. Reference Hochstrasser, Ruchat, Sekarski, Hurni and von Segesser2 Conversely, in a single-centre retrospective study, Maskatia et al. demonstrated nine times lower risk for repeat valvuloplasty and surgical aortic valve repair in patients with functionally bicuspid aortic valves, while in another study by the same group of investigators, worse outcomes after balloon aortic valvuloplasty during the follow-up were present in neonates and patients with low left ventricular systolic function at baseline. Reference Maskatia, Justino, Ing, Crystal, Mattamal and Petit8,Reference Maskatia, Ing and Justino13

Given the background from the literature, it is clear that there are numerous aspects of balloon aortic valvuloplasty influencing the outcome in this group of patients. Therefore, it is crucial to identify independent risk factors affecting the results of primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty during the follow-up, in order to devise further management strategies for these patients. Thus, we aimed to determine independent predictors for reintervention (surgical repair or repeated balloon dilation) in a contemporary group of patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis that underwent primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Materials and methods

Study design and population

This was a retrospective cohort study which included consecutive paediatric and young adult patients (age range 1 day to 26 years) with congenital aortic valve stenosis who had undergone primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The patient data were retrieved from an electronic database of a high-volume catheterisation laboratory of a tertiary referral centre from 2004 to 2018. Exclusion criteria were as follows: previous valvular or other cardiac surgery involving left ventricular outflow tract; concomitant congenital aortic disease; sub-valvular or supravalvular aortic stenosis; patients planned for univentricular palliation; death within 30 days of intervention. If present, patent ductus arteriosus in newborns, as well as foramen ovale, were not regarded as associated cardiovascular anomalies. Exclusion criteria were chosen to prevent the inclusion of any comorbidity which could affect the congenital aortic valve stenosis hemodynamically. The study has been conducted in accordance with 1975 declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional review board approved the study protocol and informed consent was waived.

Baseline clinical assessment

Congenital aortic valve stenosis was defined as an inborn abnormality of the aortic valve with a flow velocity of at least 3 m/second across it and/or significantly decreased aortic valve area on echocardiography. Reference Lopez, Colan and Frommelt14–Reference Zoghbi, Farmer, Soto, Nelson and Quinones17 Medical history, demographic, and anthropometric characteristics were obtained on admission. Standard two-dimensional and Doppler transthoracic echocardiography with assessment of the aortic valve anatomy and hemodynamics, as well as left ventricular systolic function (assessed by left ventricular shortening fraction), was performed the day before and the day after the balloon aortic valvuloplasty, as well as at regular check-ups in the follow-up. Echocardiographic dimensions were standardised using the corresponding Z-scores. Reference Pettersen, Du, Skeens and Humes18 Measurements of the left ventricular size and function were performed in the parasternal long-axis view, at the level of the tip of the mitral valve leaflets, using the M-mode technique. Morphometric analysis of the aortic valve and the aortic valve annulus has been conducted in the parasternal long- and short-axis view. Reference Lopez, Colan and Frommelt14,Reference Simpson, Miller, Lai, Mertens, Geva and Cohen16 The peak end-systolic gradient between the left ventricle and the aorta was obtained using continuous wave Doppler.

Interventional characteristics

Transcatheter balloon aortic valvuloplasty was indicated in concordance with contemporary guidelines. Reference Feltes, Bacha and Beekman19 In all patients, retrograde transfemoral approach was used. Pressure gradients were estimated before and after crossing the valve, prior to and after the balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Aortic valve insufficiency was assessed by aortography prior to and after the balloon aortic valvuloplasty: Reference Boe, Zampi and Kennedy6,Reference Torres, Vincent and Everett9

  • None;

  • 1, mild; a small amount of contrast enters the left ventricle, clearing with each cardiac cycle;

  • 2, moderate regurgitation; contrast enters the left ventricle, discretely opacifying the entire left ventricle in diastole;

  • 3 moderately severe; clear opacification of the left ventricle, equal in density with the aorta;

  • 4 severe; complete, dense opacification of the entire left ventricle during cardiac cycle.

In most patients, dilation was initiated with a balloon diameter 90% of that of the aortic annulus, gradually increasing in size at the discretion of the operator, until the adequate result was achieved. Procedure was considered successful if the immediate, residual gradient after balloon dilatation was <35 mmHg and aortic valve insufficiency ≤+1/4. Reference Brown, Dipilato, Chong, Lock and McElhinney20–Reference Fratz, Gildein and Balling23

Follow-up and outcomes

All patients had a regular follow-up at 6- to 12-month intervals, for a period of at least 2 years. All patients underwent detailed echocardiography assessment at follow-up visits, which included left ventricle end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters, left ventricle wall thickness, left ventricular systolic function, aortic valve morphology, and continuous wave Doppler across the aortic valve. The outcome measure was defined as freedom from any reintervention (surgical repair or repeated balloon dilation) during the follow-up. Surgical aortic valve repair referred both to aortic annuloplasty and valve replacement. Accordingly, we divided patients into two groups: those who underwent reintervention and those who did not.

Statistical analysis

Descriptive data were expressed as means with standard deviation for continuous variables, and as count with percentage for categorical variables. The normality of data was assessed by Shapiro–Wilk test. Differences between continuous variables were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test and Student’s t-test, according to the data distribution, and χ2 test was used for categorical variables. Incidence rates of study outcome were calculated and expressed per 100 patient-years. Kaplan–Meier survival curve with log-rank testing estimated probability of freedom from reintervention for the levels of various prognostic factors from the time of index intervention to the event. The Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relationship between predictor variables and hazard ratios for reintervention. The adjusted Cox regression models were formed in a “two-step” process. First, we used univariable regression analysis in which study outcome (i.e. reintervention) was regressed on explanatory variables, including age, sex, anatomy of the aortic valve, baseline end-to-end systolic gradient measured by continuous wave Doppler, left ventricular systolic function, presence of left ventricle hypertrophy, rapid pacing during balloon aortic valvuloplasty, balloon/annulus ratio, immediate post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4, procedural success and residual peak systolic end-gradient (not presented). Then we used five covariates strongly associated with study outcomes (bicuspid aortic valve, neonatal age, residual peak gradient over 35 mmHg, immediate aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4, and rapid pacing during intervention) to adjust Cox regression models for the association between prognostic factors and freedom from surgical aortic valve repair and repeated balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Taking into account relatively small number of outcome events due to a small sample size, this approach prevented overfitting the Cox adjusted models. Reference Peduzzi, Concato, Feinstein and Holford24,Reference Vittinghoff and McCulloch25 Data were analysed using STATA MP 13. Two-sided p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Baseline characteristics

From 2004 to 2018, a total of 126 patients underwent balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valve stenosis and were potentially eligible for inclusion in the study. After exclusion, a total of 99 patients were included in the study (Fig 1). There were no deaths in mid-term follow-up.

Figure 1.

The Study flow chart.

Baseline characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. Patients were predominantly male (76%), and the median age at the time of balloon aortic valvuloplasty was 4 years (age range 1 day to 26 years). Bicuspid aortic valve was found in 63 (64%), and there was more than a mild aortic regurgitation in four patients (4%) as detected by colour Doppler before the procedure. Pre-procedural invasively measured peak gradient was 68.0 ± 24.2 mmHg; after balloon aortic valvuloplasty it decreased to 24.5 ± 11.2 mmHg (mean decrease of 44.4 ± 22.3 mmHg, paired samples t-test, p < 0.001). Median balloon/annulus ratio was 0.92 (range 0.56–1.0). Majority of interventions (69%) required one balloon dilation to achieve the result. Procedure was successful in 84% of cases. Reasons for considering the procedure unsuccessful were high residual gradient (≥35 mmHg) in 15 patients, aortic valve insufficiency >+2/4 in 4 patients, and both high residual gradient and significant aortic valve insufficiency in 3 patients. Post-procedural aortic valve dysfunction (aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4 or residual peak gradient ≥35 mmHg) had been present in 27 (27%) and 15 (15%) cases, respectively.

Table 1.

Demographic, clinical, and balloon aortic valvuloplasty data, as well as echocardiographic findings at baseline and after the primary balloon valvuloplasty for all patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis, and those who eventually had or had not reintervention (surgical repair or catheter reintervention) during the follow-up.

AVI=aortic valve insufficiency; BAV=balloon aortic valvuloplasty; CAVS=congenital aortic valve stenosis; LVEDD=left ventricle end-diastolic dimension; LVESD=left ventricle end-systolic dimension; PG=peak gradient; SAVR=surgical aortic valve repair; SD=standard deviation.

Study outcomes

Over the mean follow-up of 4.0 years (range 0.1–12.0 years), 30% of patients had reintervention; 19% of patients (n = 19) underwent surgical aortic valve repair, while 13% (n = 13) required repeated balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Mean time from primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty to reintervention (surgical aortic valve repair or balloon aortic valvuloplasty) was 4.0 ± 3.3 years Overall freedom from reintervention at 1, 5, and 10 years was 94, 82 and 75%, respectively.

Patients who underwent reintervention had higher invasively measured peak gradient prior to balloon dilation (p = 0.011), more frequent post-procedural acute aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4 after balloon aortic valvuloplasty (p = 0.002), and lower rates of procedural success (p = 0.05). There were no significant differences in mean age, sex, pre-procedural peak end-systolic gradient as assessed by continuous wave Doppler, rapid pacing during intervention, and balloon/annulus ratio between reintervention and non-reintervention group.

In 19 patients requiring surgical aortic valve repair, the indications for the surgery were as follows: isolated severe aortic valve insufficiency (n = 12), significant residual gradient (n = 3), severe aortic valve insufficiency, and significant residual gradient (n = 4).

Group of patients with aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4 and/or residual peak gradient ≥35 mmHg had higher incidence-rate ratio for reintervention (Table 2).

Table 2.

The incidence rate and incidence rate ratio of reintervention in patients with aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) ≤1/4 and/or residual gradient <35 mmHg compared to those with aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) >1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.

The cumulative Kaplan–Meier curve illustrating freedom from reintervention according to aortic valve insufficiency grade and/or residual gradient is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Freedom from reintervention (SAVR or repeated BAV) according to aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.

In unadjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis, the risk for reintervention was significantly higher in patients with post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency grade >+1/4 and/or residual peak gradient ≥35 mmHg as compared with group of patients without significant aortic regurgitation or residual gradient. Following adjustment, this association showed a 2.55-fold higher risk for reintervention (Table 3). There was no statistical interaction between reintervention group and pre-interventional aortic valve stenosis gradient, annulus size, use of rapid pacing, or balloon/annulus ratio.

Table 3.

Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards for reintervention (SAVR or repeated BAV) for patients with AVI >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.

AVI=aortic valve insufficiency; BAV=balloon aortic valvuloplasty; CI=confidence interval; HR=hazard ratio; RG=residual gradient; SAVR=surgical aortic valve repair.

Discussion

Key findings of this retrospective, observational cohort study of 99 patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis, are the following: (I) in children and young adults, primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty provides sufficient freedom from subsequent aortic valve interventions (repeated balloon aortic valvuloplasty or surgical aortic valve repair) in mid-term follow-up; (II) immediate post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency grade >+1/4 and/or residual peak gradient ≥35 mmHg are independently associated with increased risk for reintervention in mid-term follow-up, following adjustment for covariates.

Although data from several registries demonstrate effectiveness and safety of balloon aortic valvuloplasty, we sought to determine independent predictors for surgical aortic valve repair and repeated balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the follow-up in uniform subset of patients with isolated, previously untreated congenital aortic valve stenosis. Reference Hochstrasser, Ruchat, Sekarski, Hurni and von Segesser2,Reference Boe, Zampi and Kennedy6,Reference Ewert, Bertram and Breuer7,Reference Torres, Vincent and Everett9,Reference Hill, Ginde, Rios, Frommelt and Hill11 Therefore, the present study encompassed a well characterised, contemporary cohort of paediatric and young adult patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis undergoing primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty. The primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty resulted in significant decrease in peak gradient with an interventional success rate of 84%, comparable with the results of previous, similar studies. Reference Hochstrasser, Ruchat, Sekarski, Hurni and von Segesser2,Reference Brown, Rodefeld, Ruzmetov, Eltayeb and Yurdakok3,Reference Boe, Zampi and Kennedy6,Reference Ewert, Bertram and Breuer7,Reference Torres, Vincent and Everett9,Reference Hill, Ginde, Rios, Frommelt and Hill11,Reference Brown, Dipilato, Chong, Lock and McElhinney20,Reference Petit, Maskatia, Justino, Mattamal, Crystal and Ing21

We found that overall freedom from reintervention at 1 and 5 years was 94 and 82%, respectively. However, there was a notable decrease in freedom from reintervention, at 10 years (75%). Of note, similar trend was demonstrated in a large cohort of children with congenital aortic valve stenosis from Boston, with an 18% decrease in freedom from intervention when comparing 5- and 10-year follow-up (72% versus 54%, respectively). Reference Peduzzi, Concato, Feinstein and Holford24 This could be attributed to morphological and haemodynamic changes owing to natural course of growth, especially in adolescents, which possibly could affect the aortic valve mechanics after balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Reference Hauser, Kühn, Petzuch, Wolf and Vogt22,Reference Fratz, Gildein and Balling23 Consistent with our findings, in a study by Fratz et al., approximately two thirds of patients were surgical aortic valve repair-free in 10-year follow-up, while the meantime from balloon aortic valvuloplasty to surgery was 4.2 years. Reference Fratz, Gildein and Balling23 Conversely, Siddiqui et al. favoured primary surgical aortic valve repair over balloon aortic valvuloplasty in their cohort of infants and neonates with congenital aortic valve stenosis, however, with lower freedom of reintervention after primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty in 5-year follow-up (25%), and higher rates of surgical aortic valve repair (35%) compared with our study. Reference Siddiqui, Brizard and Galati26 These discrepancies could be attributed to older age of our cohort and to differences in therapeutic algorithms and the treatment of choice for congenital aortic valve stenosis between centres.

Interestingly, in a meta-analysis comparing outcomes of primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty and surgical aortic valve repair by Hill et al., comprising 2368 patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis, in balloon aortic valvuloplasty group, 10-year freedom from valve replacement was 76% versus freedom from reintervention of 46%. Reference Sullivan, Rubio, Johnston and Jones12 This partially corroborates our findings.

Expectedly, the relevance of immediate post-procedural valvar dysfunction, both higher aortic valve insufficiency grade and higher residual peak gradient, is reflected in a substantially increased need for reintervention in the mid-term follow-up.

Despite balloon/annulus ratio <1 (median 0.92; range 0.56–1.0) in the majority of balloon aortic valvuloplasties and high rate of single balloon dilation (69%), there was a high percent (27%) of post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency grade >+1/4 in our cohort. Conversely, in IMPACT registry, as well as other contemporary studies, significant post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency (more than mild) was present in 12–19% of cases. Reference Torres, Vincent and Everett9,Reference Sullivan, Rubio, Johnston and Jones12,Reference Glatz, Kennedy, Rome and O'Byrne27 In our cohort, there was immediate post-procedural residual peak gradient ≥35 mmHg in 15% of cases. Comparatively, multi-centre analysis by Torres et al. revealed similar rates of the residual pressure gradient greater than 35 mmHg (18% of cases), as opposed to data from IMPACT registry by Boe et al., with only 11.4% of cases having higher residual gradient. Reference Boe, Zampi and Kennedy6,Reference Torres, Vincent and Everett9 However, in contrast to 16% of neonates in our cohort, both Torres and Boe included significant population of neonates (∼33 and 27%, respectively) in their analyses.

We found high incidence rates (∼12 patients per 100 patients-years) of aortic valve insufficiency grade >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg in patients undergoing reintervention. Even after adjusting for relevant confounders, prognostic significance of immediate post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency and residual gradient translates into higher rates of reinterventions in the mid-term follow-up. Notably, we found almost 2.6-fold higher risk for reintervention in patients with more than mild aortic regurgitation after valvuloplasty and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg. However, the observed hazard ratios were high, probably due to a small sample size.

Concordantly, in a large single-centre study by Brown et al., longer freedom from surgical aortic valve repair was associated with lower grade of post-dilation aortic regurgitation, whereas higher residual aortic stenosis was an independent predictor both for surgical aortic valve repair and repeated balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Reference Brown, Dipilato, Chong, Lock and McElhinney20 By contrast, in a study by Maskatia et al., neonatal age, low baseline left ventricular systolic function, and residual gradient ≥25 mmHg yielded increased risk for composite adverse outcomes in the long-term follow-up. Reference Maskatia, Ing and Justino13

In our cohort, of all the patients undergoing surgical aortic valve repair, more than 50% had severe aortic valve insufficiency with or without consequential significant left ventricular strain and/or dilation, which demonstrated significant progression of acute post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency. It is expected that in patients with greater grade of acute post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency a larger tissue injury occurred during balloon aortic valvuloplasty. Notwithstanding, aortic valve insufficiency was acceptably tolerated in our cohort in the follow-up, while the progression of valve dysfunction due to greater tissue injury might have been the reason for earlier reintervention.

Wide array of risk factors across different studies witnesses the need to conduct a large-number multi-centre analysis in order to revise old and formulate a new, contemporary guideline for management of these patients, especially with the emergence of the new techniques in transcatheter treatment in selected paediatric congenital aortic valve stenosis patients. Reference Sinha, Khan and Qureshi28 This only emphasises the need for large-scale, randomised, multi-center prospective trials in this group of patients.

There are several limitations of our study. Most importantly, this was a single-centre study of a retrospective nature, with a small cohort of patients, which have reduced the statistical power and resulted in high hazard ratios with wide confidence intervals. Further on, we have focused on immediate post-interventional factors, and have not taken into account subacute or chronic changes in aortic valve which might contribute to the outcome. Also, the criteria for the reintervention were made on case-by-case basis, in consultations with cardiac surgeons. Still, our results are consistent with previous findings in the literature and provide clinically relevant information that needs to be confirmed in a larger, prospective study.

In conclusion, balloon aortic valvuloplasty proves to be a safe and effective treatment modality for congenital aortic valve stenosis. Acute post-procedural aortic valve insufficiency and/or residual gradient independently confer higher risk for reintervention. These findings should inform the operator in decision making and balancing benefit/risk ratio when planning primary balloon aortic valvuloplasty in paediatric patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis, but also inform counselling and careful evaluation of patients before and after the balloon aortic valvuloplasty.

Acknowledgements

None.

Financial support

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflicts of interest

None.

Ethical standards

The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national guidelines on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Children’s Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia.

Footnotes

The abstract of this paper was presented at the ESC Congress 2019 together with World Congress of Cardiology, 31 August–4 September 2019, Paris, France, as a poster presentation.

References

Kallio, M, Rahkonen, O, Mattila, I, Pihkala, J. Congenital aortic stenosis: treatment outcomes in a nationwide survey. Scand Cardiovasc J 2017; 51: 277–283.10.1080/14017431.2017.1355069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochstrasser, L, Ruchat, P, Sekarski, N, Hurni, M, von Segesser, LK. Long-term outcome of congenital aortic valve stenosis: predictors of reintervention. Cardiol Young 2015; 25: 893–902.10.1017/S1047951114001085CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, JW, Rodefeld, MD, Ruzmetov, M, Eltayeb, O, Yurdakok, O. Surgical valvuloplasty versus balloon aortic dilation for congenital aortic stenosis: are evidence-based outcomes relevant? Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 94: 146–153.10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.02.054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lababidi, Z, Wu, JR, Walls, JT. Percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty: results in 23 patients. Am J Cardiol 1984; 53: 194–197.10.1016/0002-9149(84)90709-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parezanović, V, Djukić, M, Daehnert, I, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty as a treatment of congenital aortic stenosis in children and adolescents. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2014; 142: 17–22.10.2298/SARH1402017PCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boe, BA, Zampi, JD, Kennedy, KF, et al. Acute success of balloon aortic valvuloplasty in the current era: a National Cardiovascular Data Registry Study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: 1717–1726.10.1016/j.jcin.2017.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewert, P, Bertram, H, Breuer, J, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty in the treatment of congenital aortic valve stenosis--a retrospective multicenter survey of more than 1000 patients. Int J Cardiol 2011; 149: 182–185.10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.01.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maskatia, SA, Justino, H, Ing, FF, Crystal, MA, Mattamal, RJ, Petit, CJ. Aortic valve morphology is associated with outcomes following balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 81: 90–95.10.1002/ccd.24286CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torres, A, Vincent, JA, Everett, A, et al. Balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis: multi-center safety and efficacy outcome assessment. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2015; 86: 808–820.10.1002/ccd.25969CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auld, B, Carrigan, L, Ward, C, Justo, R, Alphonso, N, Anderson, B. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis: a 14-year single centre review. Heart Lung Circ 2019; 28: 632–636.10.1016/j.hlc.2018.02.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, GD, Ginde, S, Rios, R, Frommelt, PC, Hill, KD. Surgical valvotomy versus balloon valvuloplasty for congenital aortic valve stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5: e003931.10.1161/JAHA.116.003931CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, PM, Rubio, AE, Johnston, TA, Jones, TK. Long-term outcomes and re-interventions following balloon aortic valvuloplasty in pediatric patients with congenital aortic stenosis: a single-center study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 89: 288–296.10.1002/ccd.26722CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maskatia, SA, Ing, FF, Justino, H, et al. Twenty-five year experience with balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol 2011; 108: 1024–1028.10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.05.040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lopez, L, Colan, SD, Frommelt, PC, et al. Recommendations for quantification methods during the performance of a pediatric echocardiogram: a report from the Pediatric Measurements Writing Group of the American Society of Echocardiography Pediatric and Congenital HeartDisease Council. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 465–495.10.1016/j.echo.2010.03.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, H, Falk, V, Bax, JJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J 2017; 38: 2739–2791, 2017.10.1093/eurheartj/ehx391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simpson, JM, Miller, OI. Anomalies of the left ventricular outflow tract and aortic valve. In: Lai, WW, Mertens, LL, Geva, T, Cohen, MS (eds). Echocardiography in Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease: From Fetus to Adult, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2012: 340–343.Google Scholar
Zoghbi, WA, Farmer, KL, Soto, JG, Nelson, JG, Quinones, MA. Accurate noninvasive quantification of stenotic aortic valve area by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation 1986; 73: 452–459.10.1161/01.CIR.73.3.452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pettersen, MD, Du, W, Skeens, ME, Humes, RA. Regression equations for calculation of z scores of cardiac structures in a large cohort of healthy infants, children, and adolescents: an echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 922–934.10.1016/j.echo.2008.02.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feltes, TF, Bacha, E, Beekman, RH 3rd, et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 123: 2607–2652.10.1161/CIR.0b013e31821b1f10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, DW, Dipilato, AE, Chong, EC, Lock, JE, McElhinney, DB. Aortic valve reinterventions after balloon aortic valvuloplasty for congenital aortic stenosis intermediate and late follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1740–1749.10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.040CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petit, CJ, Maskatia, SA, Justino, H, Mattamal, RJ, Crystal, MA, Ing, FF. Repeat balloon aortic valvuloplasty effectively delays surgical intervention in children with recurrent aortic stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2013; 82: 549–555.10.1002/ccd.24562CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hauser, M, Kühn, A, Petzuch, K, Wolf, P, Vogt, M. Elastic properties of the ascending aorta in healthy children and adolescents. Age-related reference values for aortic wall stiffness and distensibility obtained on M-mode echocardiography. Circ J 2013; 77: 3007–3014.10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0652CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fratz, S, Gildein, HP, Balling, G, et al. Aortic valvuloplasty in pediatric patients substantially postpones the need for aortic valve surgery: a single-center experience of 188 patients after up to 17.5 years of follow-up. Circulation 2008; 117: 1201–1206.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.687764CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peduzzi, P, Concato, J, Feinstein, AR, Holford, TR. Importance of events per independent variable in proportional hazards regression analysis. II. Accuracy and precision of regression estimates. J Clin Epidemiol 1995; 48: 1503–1510.10.1016/0895-4356(95)00048-8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vittinghoff, E, McCulloch, CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and Cox regression. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165: 710–718.10.1093/aje/kwk052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddiqui, J, Brizard, CP, Galati, JC, et al. Surgical valvotomy and repair for neonatal and infant congenital aortic stenosis achieves better results than interventional catheterization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 2134–2140.10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glatz, AC, Kennedy, KF, Rome, JJ, O'Byrne, ML. Variations in practice patterns and consistency with published guidelines for balloon aortic and pulmonary valvuloplasty: an analysis of data from the IMPACT registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2018; 11: 529–538.10.1016/j.jcin.2018.01.253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sinha, S, Khan, A, Qureshi, AM, et al. Application of transcatheter valves for aortic valve replacement in pediatric patients: a case series. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2020; 95: 253–261.10.1002/ccd.28505CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Figure 1. The Study flow chart.

Figure 1

Table 1. Demographic, clinical, and balloon aortic valvuloplasty data, as well as echocardiographic findings at baseline and after the primary balloon valvuloplasty for all patients with congenital aortic valve stenosis, and those who eventually had or had not reintervention (surgical repair or catheter reintervention) during the follow-up.

Figure 2

Table 2. The incidence rate and incidence rate ratio of reintervention in patients with aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) ≤1/4 and/or residual gradient <35 mmHg compared to those with aortic valve insufficiency (AVI) >1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.

Figure 3

Figure 2. Freedom from reintervention (SAVR or repeated BAV) according to aortic valve insufficiency >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.

Figure 4

Table 3. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards for reintervention (SAVR or repeated BAV) for patients with AVI >+1/4 and/or residual gradient ≥35 mmHg.