Aims of multidisciplinary family-centred psychosocial care

The main objective of family-centred psychosocial care is to strengthen the emotional resilience of chronically ill patients and their families. It aims to enhance a “holistic” treatment of the patient and the family as “a whole” – that is, from a body and mind perspective – and the psychosocial development of the patient and his or her family.

Levels of multidisciplinary family-centred psychosocial care

General, non-disease-specific psychosocial interventions intend to decrease negative risk factors and strengthen protective factors in a family.Reference McCusker, Doherty and Molloy ^{10 ,} Reference Walsh ¹³ Psychosocial care can be provided at three levels:

1. 1. At the level of the individual child with chronic illness, psychosocial counselling or psychotherapeutic treatment is focused on learning how to cope with physical limitations associated with the chronic condition, to cope with negative emotions related to disease or medical procedures – such as anxiety, anger, sadness, despair, post-traumatic stress, and hopelessness or helplessness – and to cope with a loss of control over one’s own body and life.Reference Spijkerboer, Helbing, Bogers, Van Domburg, Verhulst and Utens ^{1 ,} Reference Spijkerboer, Utens, Bogers, Helbing and Verhulst ^{5 ,} Reference Levert, Helbing, Dulfer, van Domburg and Utens ^{8 ,} Reference McCusker, Doherty and Molloy ^{10 -} Reference Meentken, van Beynum, Legerstee, Helbing and Utens ¹²

2. 2. At the level of parents, counselling or psychotherapeutic treatment is focused on providing support to parents regarding their social issues – such as arranging parental leave for cardiac surgery of the child, unemployment, financial problems – emotional issues – such as post-traumatic stress – and fostering parenthood and parenting the CHD child.Reference Eiser ^{14 –} Reference Woolf-King, Anger, Arnold, Weiss and Teitel ¹⁶

3. 3. At the family level, counselling/psychotherapeutic treatment aims to gain insight into the inter-relationships within the family, the impact of the chronic illness on each of the family members, and the effect of stress on mutual relationships. It intends to reduce negative interactions and teach adequate problem-solving and coping strategies. As families usually present with several different problems at a time, psychosocial care is probably most effective when it is organised in a multidisciplinary setting.Reference Logan and Simms ¹⁷

We recommend integrated family-centred psychosocial care and will describe modules attuned to the different developmental phases of patients with CHD (see Fig 1).

Figure 1

Scheme for multidisciplinary family-centred psychosocial care.

Healthcare providers involved in psychosocial care

Psychosocial care can be provided by child-life specialists, social workers, clinical psychologists, specialised neuropsychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, and religious counsellors such as priests, ministers, imams, rabbis, monks, or religious figures pertinent to the patient and family. More specifically for CHD it also includes counselling and/or psychotherapy provided by a licensed psychologist, a child and adolescent psychiatrist, or specialised nurses, with regard to providing procedural information.

Preferably, these professionals should collaborate in a multidisciplinary team with medical specialists such as paediatricians, paediatric and congenital cardiologists, cardiac surgeons, and anaesthesiologists and with other allied professions such as physiotherapists and dieticians.

All of these professionals in the multidisciplinary team can also provide psychosocial support; however, the disciplines that require professional education and training to specifically provide psychosocial care are as follows:

Child-life specialists: have a Bachelor’s degree with course work in child development, child and family psychology, and early childhood education. They offer play experiences during hospitalisation, provide psychological preparation for medical procedures and healthcare-related events by giving age-attuned appropriate information and aftercare, and establish therapeutic relationships with children and parents to support family involvement in each child’s care.Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸ Key elements in their approach are anxiety reduction, developmental stimulation, and offering distraction or a programme with daily activities during hospital stays. Child-life specialists working on the hospital ward have an important role in signalling psychosocial problems to other members of the team and in referring patients to other team members for psychosocial care if indicated. Counselling by a child-life specialist is related to the length of hospitalisation, and ends when the patient is transferred to another ward/hospital or goes home. (For an extensive review on preparing for medical procedures, we refer to the statement of the American Heart Association.)Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸

Medical social workers: should be key members of most cardiology units.Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸ Their role is diverse, encompassing family assessment, parental and family counselling, stress management, crisis intervention, psycho-education, and supporting families meeting tangible needs. From our perspective the main focus of social workers should be on counselling of parents and families on practical questions regarding work – for example, parental sick leave – finances and available community resources, transport to hospital, as well as on providing emotional support during hospitalisations. The frequency and intensity of the counselling depends upon the parental request for help. In case of transfer to another hospital or in the event of discharge, the medical social worker investigates the need for psychosocial care, and, if necessary, he/she arranges referral to a social worker and/or a psychologist operating in the region to which the patient has moved.

Religious counsellors: should be available to patients and families who desire religion-based counselling – for example, praying and performing rituals. Counselling is provided when indicated or when requested by the family and is attuned to the specific cultural background of the patients and families.

Psychologists: usually have a university degree and when working in hospital environments they are most likely to also be specialised in psychotherapy.Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸

Help from a psychologist is needed in case of medically related trauma, behavioural or emotional problems – for example, anxiety of fear, depression, or anger – persistent adjustment problems following traumatic medical experiences – for example, anxiety, mood problems, tantrums, and medical noncompliance – inadequate coping mechanisms, mediation therapy, and end-of-life decisions. Psychological expertise is specifically needed for children who were already offered interventions in order to improve the child’s life but in whom these interventions were not efficacious. Parental counselling by a psychologist, and similarly parental counselling provided by the medical social worker, may be indicated for problems associated with parenting the CHD child – for example, setting limits, stimulating autonomy in the child, reducing over-protectiveness. The frequency and duration of the sessions are established by taking into consideration the needs, treatment goals, and progress observed in the patients and their families.

Upon transfer to another hospital or at discharge, the psychologist discusses with the patient and the family whether there is still a need for psychological treatment, and, if so, where the psychological treatment can take place. If a family lives at considerable distance from the paediatric cardiology unit, referral to a local psychologist is discussed. Psychological treatment by an e-health portal can be an alternative, but adequate privacy should be ensured.

In case of parental psychopathology – that is, pre-existing parental psychopathology, not related to the child’s condition – the psychologist discusses and, if necessary, arranges a referral to a psychologist/psychiatrist or a mental health institution in the patient’s local area.

Specialised licensed neuropsychologists: can perform neuropsychological examinations and provide psychotherapeutic treatment during hospitalisations or during outpatient contacts. Considering the fact that neurocognitive anomalies, although subtle, are common in CHD children,Reference Marino, Lipkin and Newburger ^{4 ,} Reference Snookes, Gunn and Eldridge ^{19 ,} Reference Wernovsky ²⁰ we recommend that such examinations be integrated into standardised care for CHD children to enhance their academic prospects and optimise their quality of life.

Child and adolescent psychiatrists: have a medical university degree (MD) and preferably specialised psychotherapeutic training. Most of the paediatric cardiology centres do not have child and adolescent psychiatrists, but they can be consulted on a referral basis. Expertise from child and adolescent psychiatrists is especially required when the problems are suspected to be psychiatric in nature and/or are persisting problems. These psychiatrists should be consulted in the following cases:

• ∙ psychotic hallucinations or delusions due to, for example, anaesthesia;

• ∙ psychiatric (co-)morbidity – such as Attention Defecit and Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD), serious depression, anxiety, eating disorders – suicidal ideation, threat of suicide, or when psychopharmaceutic medications such as antidepressants (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs), tranquilisers, medication for ADHD, or antipsychotic medication is needed;

• ∙ during end-of-life decisions.

Specialised nurses: paediatric nurse practitioners and advanced practice nurses

Paediatric nurses or nurse practitioners: usually provide pre-procedural preparation during hospitalisation. Paediatric nurses focus on providing procedural preparatory information for children during hospitalisation, but they can also provide these services at out-patient clinics.Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸

Advanced practice nurses: also provide pre-procedural preparation for invasive procedures. They usually have knowledge of pathophysiology, child psychology, and child/family adjustments to chronic illness. Advanced practice nurses focus on disease management, psychosocial adjustment of child and family, and continuity of care. They can help the child and family in gaining an understanding of the cardiac defect, the necessary invasive procedures, and anticipated recovery and potential restrictions – for example, regarding activities, school absence – or offer anticipatory advice – for example, with regard to nutrition, children’s reactions to procedures, etc.Reference LeRoy, Elixson, O’Brien, Tong, Turpin and Uzark ¹⁸

Module A: antenatal care of parents

Indication for psychosocial care: evaluation of stress and resilience within a family. The decision and referral for specialist parental guidance can be made on the basis of this evaluation. Fetal nurse specialists, when available in Fetal Cardiology Clinics, provide pertinent medical knowledge as well as support to families during the post-diagnostic phase.

Tools: assessment of psychosocial needs by a fetal nurse specialist, social worker, or a psychologist.

Module B: psychological and neurodevelopmental follow-up

Conforming to the guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics we recommend ongoing neurodevelopmental assessments for children with CHD, especially when they are being followed up primarily as outpatients.Reference Marino ²¹ It is vital that a close collaboration be established between paediatricians who are involved in the overall care of the patient.

Indication: for all children aged 9, 18, and 30 months and 5, 11, and 15/16 years.

Tools: screening by child/developmental and/or neuropsychologists using internationally well known and standardised questionnaires and test instruments with sound psychometric properties and adequate normative data from the general population.

For the specific questionnaires to be administered, we refer to the review by Marino et al.Reference Marino, Lipkin and Newburger ⁴ The questionnaires specified there address the following topics:

• ∙ neuropsychological functioning, including school grades and achievements;

• ∙ social, behavioural/emotional functioning;

• ∙ self-esteem;

• ∙ disease-specific quality of life.

If the screening process indicates an elevated level of psychosocial problems or the parents or patient expresses a need for psychosocial care, a referral can be made. The referral for psychosocial care can be aimed at extensive (neuro)psychological investigation, psychological/psychiatric treatment of the individual child, the parent–child relationship, or family treatment. In addition, parental guidance by a specialised health professional can be indicated.

Module C: outpatient examinations

Indication: when there are problems relating to the development and emotional/ psychosocial functioning of the child, parenthood and parenting the CHD child, and practical problems related to CHD, as reported by the parents, the patients, or the treating physician.

Examples of such problems are issues with acceptance and working through the illness, medical adherence, medical anxieties such as fear of needles, mood symptoms, aggression regulation – for example, outbursts of anger and tantrums – problems with eating or sleeping, existential issues, and problems pertaining to parenting or parenthood.

Tools: psycho-education, anxiety reduction, relaxation exercises, play therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, specialist parent counselling, parent–child treatment, family therapy, mediation therapy, group psychotherapy, and psychopharmaceutic medication therapy.

These types of care are provided by the psychosocial team members.

Module D: hospitalisations – cardiac catheterization, surgery

Indication: when psychosocial care is required during hospitalisation. As stress levels are high for the family, especially for parents, prior to and during hospitalisation,Reference Rahimianfar, Forouzannia and Sarebanhassanabadi ²² the balance between the weight of emotional burden and the load capacity or resilience within a family should be evaluated at the start of hospitalisation. The aim of this evaluation is timely assessment of the psychomotor development of the child and the behavioural, emotional, and psychosocial functioning of the child and his or her family in order to arrange psychosocial care if necessary.

Patients and families who show psychosocial problems during this evaluation should be discussed in a meeting with the multidisciplinary team including the treating physicians to develop a counselling and treatment plan

Tools: stimulating psychomotor development of the child, anxiety reduction, relaxation techniques, game contacts, cognitive behavioural therapy, insight-oriented psychotherapy, specialist parental guidance, and mediation therapy by staff members of the psychosocial care team. Contact: at least once a week during hospitalisation.

Module E: transition

Transition service when available in an institution is provided by a team that is usually made up of a paediatric cardiologist, an adult congenital cardiologist, and the specialist nurse from the adult CHD service.

Indication: when problems occur during the transition from paediatric cardiology to the department of congenital adult cardiology

Tools:

• ∙ transition sessions with personnel from the medical team;

• ∙ leaflets about the transition and the congenital/adult cardiology department;

• ∙ leaflets on young adult topics such as contraceptives, pregnancy, driver’s licence, mortgages, health insurances, psycho-education days or workshops, and focus groups/group psychotherapy by staff members of the multidisciplinary psychosocial care team.

Module F: death of a child

Indication: when support is needed during the bereavement process and support in practical matters for parents and siblings.

Tools: anxiety reduction, relaxation exercises, play therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, bereavement therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, specialist parent counselling, mediation therapy, and family therapy.

Conclusion and clinical implications

Clinical experience and extensive research has shown that parents and children with CHD have specific requirements that necessitate psychosocial care. The guidelines for provision of such care stipulate the following:

• ∙ Multidisciplinary family-centred psychosocial care should be provided at both paediatric cardiology and adult congenital cardiology units. In order to achieve this goal, teams should include psychologists, social workers, and clinical nurse specialists who are specifically trained and dedicated to care for these patients and their families full time, and who can organise structural follow-up screening to identify psychosocial problems of children and parents in a timely manner.

• ∙ The needs of parents and children during the stressful period prior to cardiac surgery or invasive medical procedures should be identified in order to prepare the whole family for the procedure. If necessary, timely referral must be made to members of the psychosocial care team.

• ∙ Evidence-based, disease-specific, and family-oriented psychosocial interventionsReference Casey, Stewart and McCusker ²³ that are scientifically tested for efficacy should be further developed.

• ∙ Transition to the adult congenital cardiology service, guided by a member of the psychosocial care team, should be optimised.

• ∙ Interactive media, in the form of protected Internet information portal and/or apps providing medical and psychosocial information, with the possibility of interactive communication with psychosocial care providers and medical staff members for patients with CHD and their parents should be organised.

• ∙ It is important to be aware of the patient organisations in the local regions. This may help create a coordination of the psychosocial support both during hospitalisation and once the patients have been discharged. The collaboration with patient organisations could also be important to generate funding for psychosocial care when necessary.

Adequate psychosocial care can reduce the psychosocial problems of children and families, enhance the social, academic, and career prospects of these youngsters, and, not least important, may reduce noncompliance with medical treatment. Noncompliance may harm the patient’s somatic health and result in related costs for medical care.²⁴ In conclusion, in the longer term, adequate psychosocial care should be cost-effective, and, most importantly, should enhance the patients’ and their families’ quality of life.