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Joep Leerssen
Joep Leerssen
Affiliation:
University of Amsterdam

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Type
Chapter
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Charismatic Nations
A Cultural History of Nationalism in Europe from 1800 to the Present
 , pp. 419 - 444
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2026
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This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Page numbers in bold refers to figures and tables.

1745 rebellion (Scotland), 161–162
Aachen Congress (1818), 52–53
Abbotsford, 84
ABC war (Ljubljana, 1820s), 134–135
academic scholars. See also German professor (stock figure); philology/philologists; writers/intellectuals
as political professors, 267–273
as propagandists, 283–284, 287–288
academicism, 184, 186–190
Académie des beaux-arts (Academy of Fine Arts) (Paris), 183, 186
academies of art, 183, 187–188
activism
Flemish, 99
national movements and, 45, 93, 338–340, 339
repressive measures against, 52, 59
self-renamings as, 130–132
Adlersparre, Sophie, 246
Aeneid (Virgil), 68
Afanas’ev, Alexander, 116
Afrikaans language, 138, 141–142
Agli italiani (Mommsen), 267, 270
Ahnenerbe, 124
Ajuda library (Lisbon), 87
Akçura, Yusuf, 155
L’Alsace est-elle allemande ou française? Réponse à M. Mommsen (Fustel de Coulanges), 269–275
Albania, 61, 252, 302, 318
Albanian language, 144
Albert, Prince consort of the United Kingdom, 101
Alexander Nevsky (film) (Eisenstein), 34, 201, 328
Alexandra of Denmark, Queen consort of the United Kingdom, 288
Alldeutscher Verband, 287
L’Allemagne au-dessus de tout (Durkheim), 286
all-Estonian song festival, 220
Allgemeines Commers- und Liederbuch, 218
Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, 184
Alsace-Lorraine
in general, 264
territorial debate about
anti-German feelings and, 271–272
Arndt on, 267
Clémenceau and, 286
Fustel de Coulanges on, 268–273
in general, 22, 59, 140, 175
legal approach to, 272–273
Mommsen on, 267
propaganda and, 285
Renan on, 273–274
Treitschke on, 267
L’Alsace-Lorraine et la frontière du Nord-Est (Comité d’Études), 286
Aman, Theodor, 187, 196
Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII (Navarro Valloslada), 169
amor patriae, 53, 136
An mein Volk (manifesto of Friedrich Wilhelm III), 74
Ancient French Texts Society (Société des anciens textes français), 94, 96
And When Did You Last See Your Father? (Yeames), 195, 196
Anderson, Benedict, 81
Anderson, Perry, 284
Andrej Bolkonsky (character in War and Peace), 236
Angélique (S. and A. Golon), 173
Anglo-Saxon language, 100–101
Anglo-Saxon world empire, 101
Anisya Fyodorovna (character in War and Peace), 236
Annals of the Four Masters (Irish chronicles), 89
anomie, 286–287, 343, 370, 373
‘Anthem for a Doomed Youth’ (Owen), 293
anthems. See national anthems
antiquaries, 83–84
professionalization of. See philology/philologists
The Antiquary (Scott), 83–84
antiquity
biblical and classical, 85, 184–185, 238
historicism and, 159
legal, 95, 125
Northern European, 84–86, 151
primordial, 118
anti-Semitism, 59, 208, 266, 341, 365
Antonescu, Ion, 302
Appeal to the Civilized World (Aufruf an die Kulturwelt), 282–283
Appellation d’origine laws, 251
Apte, Hari Narayan, 313
Arbo, Peter Nicolai, 187
archaeology, 84, 86–88
architecture, 262–263. See also monuments
archival materials, 86–88, 165–167
archives, 178. See also archival materials; libraries
Arendt, Hannah, 303
Aretin, Johann Christoph von, 88
L’Arlésienne (Daudet/Bizet), 238
Arminius monument (Detmold), 179
Army Comrades Association (Blueshirts), 303
Arndt, Ernst Moritz
on Alsace-Lorraine, 267
anti-French stance of, 128
correspondence networks of, 103
on German language, 128
on a greater Germany, 139
political agenda of, 137–138
songs of, 77, 128, 138, 216–218
status of, 78
works of, 29
mention of, 52, 175, 216
Arnim, Achim von, 109
Arnold, Matthew, 39, 151
art
academies of, 183, 187–188
Arts and Crafts movement, 260–262, 280
classicist repertoire, 183–184
colonies, 241
Nazarenes, 185, 188–190, 197
salons, 240–241
styles in
academicism, 184, 186–190
art déco, 262
art nouveau/Jugendstil, 261–262, 261
history painting. See history paintings
plein-air painting, 240–242
art colonies, 241
art déco, 262
art nouveau/Jugendstil, 261–262, 261
art salons (France), 240–241
artists, national authority of, 73–76
Arts and Crafts movement, 260–262, 280
Aryan, use of term, 153–154
Assemblée nationale (France), 49
Assmann, Aleida, 332
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal Pasha), 42, 43, 302
Atomium (Brussel), 248
atrocities, against civilians, 279–280
audiences, 6–7, 211–212
Aufhebung (sublation), 171
Aufruf an die Kulturwelt (Appeal to the Civilized World), 282–283
Austen, Jane, 173
Austria. See also Austro-Hungarian Empire; Habsburg Empire
atrocities in Serbia, 280
autocratic leaders in, 302
culture of defeat in, 59
traditional costumes in, 243, 245
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 60, 252, 255. See also Austria; Habsburg Empire
authenticity, 236–237, 325, 337–338
authoritarianism, 303. See also dictatorships
authority. See charismatic leadership; cult of personality
Les aventures du maître Renard (Paris), 102
Babelon, Ernest, 285
Badiou, Alain, 47
Baldwin, Stanley, 307
Balkans. See also under individual countries
fictitious states and monarchs from, 60
geopolitical wars on, 55, 61
nationalism in, 57
regime changes in, 51
Balkenende, Jan-Peter, 174
ballads, 76. See also oral poetry
Balmoral Castle (Scotland), 171
banal nationalism, 198, 251
Bandicksson, Marcell, 201, 202
‘The Baptism on the River Savica’ (‘Krst pri Savici’) (Prešeren), 108, 169
Bar Kochba associations, 228
Baratashvili, Nikoloz, 80
Barbizon school, 241
Barcelona, 214, 231, 248, 261, 262, 301
Les bardes bretons du VIe siècle (La Villemarqué), 150
bards. See minstrels/bards/troubadours
Barrès, Maurice, 60, 266, 291
Barrie, J. M., 283
Basques, 62, 298
Bastille Day (France), 291
The Battle of Dorking (Chesney), 284
Battle of the Golden Spurs (painting) (Wappers), 170
battle songs, 264–265. See also under individual battle songs
Bavaria, 41, 243–244
‘The Bear-Slayer’ (‘Lāčplēsis’) (Pumpurs), 298
Becker, Nicolaus, 216
Bédier, Joseph, 281
The Begum’s Fortune (Verne), 276
Belarusian language, 145
Belgium. See also Flanders; Low Countries; Southern Netherlands
establishment of, 56
Flemish national movement in, 172
Frenchification of, 128–129
German atrocities in, 280
philology in, 96
rejection of francophone dominance in, 105
secession of, 104–105
Beli panter (The white panther) (Janša), 172
Belle époque, 60–61
Bellini, Vincenzo, 169
Bellum civile (Lucan), 68
Benda, Julien, 267
Benedictine order, 87
Ben-Gurion, David, 131, 307
Benjamin, Walter, 5, 232, 240, 250
Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer, 131
Beowulf
in literary history books, 89
philological appropriation of
Danish, 100
English, 100–101
German, 100–101
sole surviving copy of, 87
Béranger, Pierre, 77–78
Bergen, 257, 259
Bergman, Ingrid, 43
Bergslien, Knud, 201, 202
Bergson, Henri, 281
Berlage, Hendrik, 262
Berlioz, Hector, 203
Berlusconi, Silvio, 1, 212, 304, 344
Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 284, 286
Bernhardt, Sarah, 106
Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen (Observations of an Unpolitical Man) (Mann), 45
Bezukhov, Pierre, 54
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 307
BFBS (British Foreign Bible Society), 149–150
Bhakta Vidur (The devotion of Vidura) (film) (Rathod), 313
Bible translations, 149–150
Biblioteca Laurentina (Florence), 86
Bibliotheca palatina, 88
Bibliothèque de l’Arsénal (Paris), 87
Bibliothèque du roi (Paris), 86–87
Bibliothèque mazarine (Paris), 87
Biefve, Édouard de, 187
‘Big Bang’ theory of Vico, 67, 86
Biggles (Johns), 315–316
Billig, Michael, 198, 251
Binyon, Laurence, 293
Birkebeinerne (The Last King) (film), 201, 202
Birkebeinerrennet (ski marathon), 227
Birth of a Nation (film) (Griffith), 201, 314, 328
Birutė (pagan priestess-princess), 108, 169
Bismarck, Otto von, 59, 351
Bizet, Georges, 239
Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, 140
Blair, Hugh, 69
Blueshirts (Army Comrades Association), 303
Bocquillon, Louis (Wilhelm), 213
Bodleian library (Oxford), 89
Bofarull, Antoni de, 231
Bogart, Humphrey, 44, 80
Bohemia, 58–59, 166, 177
bohémiens, 5, 208, 241
Des Bohémiens et de leur musique en Hongrie (Liszt), 207
Bökendorf Circle, 109
Book of Kells, 300
Boris III, Tsar of Bulgaria, 302
Borodin, Aleksandr, 211
Borovský, Karel Havliček, 82, 167
Botev, Hristo, 79, 319
Bouguereau, William, 197
Bourdeau, Louis, 178
Bourdieu, Pierre, 5–6, 198, 235
‘bourgeois patriotism’, 321–322
Brand (Ibsen), 257
brands, national identity as, 250–252
Braveheart (film) (Gibson), 327–329
‘Breathes There the Man’ (Scott), 76–77
Brentano, Clemens, 109
Breton language, 149
Bretons/Brittany, 62, 297
Breton–Welsh kinship, 149–151
Breuer, Stefan, 352
Breuilly, John, 352, 353
Bridgerton (Quinn), 173
British Foreign Bible Society (BFBS), 149–150
British Museum library (London), 87
Brizeux, Auguste, 80
Brown, Ford Madox, 189
Brubaker, Rogers, 17–18
Bryce Report on Alleged German Outrages (British War Propaganda Bureau), 281
Buchan, John, 284, 314
Bulgaria, 279, 302, 321. See also Balkans
Bulgarian language, 144–145
bunad (traditional dress), 246
Bundessängerfest Breslau (1907), 217
Bundessängerfeste, 215
Bunsen, Christian, 151–152, 340
Bureau international des expositions (Paris), 250
Burke, Edmund, 35–36, 71
Burleigh, Harry, 210
Burns, Robert, 77, 81
Burschenschaften, 215
Bute, John Stuart, Lord, 114
Byron, Lord, 55, 79–80, 264
Byron statue (Athens), 56
Cancioneiro da Ajuda, 87, 89
canonicity, 6, 105–106, 177–178, 312–313
canons, 180–181
A Canterbury Tale (film) (Powell & Pressburger), 299
Capitol riots (2021) (USA), 124
Capriccio Espagnol (Rimsky-Korsakov), 210
Carbonari (nationalist society), 54
Carlyle, Thomas, 38–39, 74, 308
Carmona, Óscar, 301–302
Carnegie, Andrew, 279
Carol II, King of Romania, 302
Casablanca (film) (Curtiz), 31, 43–44, 80, 176
Casas, Ramón, 261
Castro, Rosalía de, 79
Catalan language, 80, 141, 231
Catalans/Catalonia
activists in, 339
in general, 51, 62, 298
language of, 80, 141, 231
modernisme in, 262
Renaixença movement in, 231, 340
Cathleen Ní Houlihan (Yeats), 259
catholicism, 304
Celtic languages, 149
Celticism, 149
Cesarotti, Melchiorre, 70, 84, 85, 86, 114
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 152
Champfleury (Jules François Felix Fleury-Husson), 240
Chansley, Jacob (QAnon Shaman), 124, 344
La Chanson de Roland, 89, 94, 293
Chansons nationales (Debraux), 78
‘Chant du départ’ (Méhul), 213
Chanteurs montagnards (choir), 213
Chants populaires de la Grèce moderne (Fauriel), 112
charisma, 40–41, 328
charismatic fervour, 33
charismatic leadership. See also cult of personality; hero-worship
former war commanders and, 302
in general, 41–42
in Ireland (Parnell), 44
post-1918, 42–43, 287, 341–342
theory of, 41
charismatic nations, 44, 342–343
Der charismatische Staat (Breuer), 352
Charlemagne, 88
Charles X, King of France, 55
Chéret, Jules, 253
Chesterton, G. K., 342
choirs. See also singing/songs
in general, 212–213
patriotic
in Baltic area, 219–221
in England, 213
in France, 213
in Germany, 214–219
in Spain, 213
traditional dress and, 246
Chopin, Frédéric, 204, 209, 319
Churchill, Winston S., 101, 304
cinema. See films/television
cinéma de papa, 308, 316
cities. See also architecture; monuments; statues
display cultures in, 232, 235
historicizing street names in, 233–234
leisure-time activities and, 227
literary festivals in, 230
as microcosm of national territory, 232–233
as tourist attractions, 248–249
civilians, atrocities against, 279–280
civilizations, 67, 278
The Clansman (Dixon), 314
Clark, Christopher, 284
classical music, 209–211. See also opera
classicism, 85
classics. See vernacular classics
Clavè, Josep, 213, 214
Clémenceau, George, 286
Cold-War period, 314–322
Cologne Song Festival (1846), 215
colonialism
degradation of folk culture and, 253–254
of the Netherlands, 174
sugarcoating/remorse, 309
world fairs and, 253–255
Columbus Monument (Barcelona), 248, 301
Comburg Abbey, 102
Comité d’études, 286
Comité Lavisse, 281, 284, 286
commemorations. See also monuments; statues
in general, 177
literary
in France, 230
in general, 230
in Germany, 228–229
spread of, 230–232
in Switzerland, 229–230
in Wales, 150–151, 230
of lost wars, 293–294
on postage stamps, 299, 299
of wars
bereavements, 291–292
in comic strips, 315–316
in films, 315–316
in literature, 315–316
palliative effects of, 293
Commersbücher, 215
Committee of Union and Progress (Turkey), 155
communism, 303, 309, 321–322
communities
embodied, 81–82, 220–221, 228–229, 341
imagined, 81, 228, 347
competitive imitation, 228
condensation (counterpart to diffusion), 29–30, 35, 336–337, 339
Conference of Constantinople (1876), 279
Congress Party (India), 313, 323
Connor, Walker, 9
Conscience, Hendrik, 50, 128, 170–172, 176
consumerism, 232
Cooper, James Fenimore, 168
Cornelius, Peter von, 188, 191
Cornwall, 151
Corpus Christi College library (Cambridge), 87
correspondence networks. See networks
Corsica, 129
costume books, 242, 252
costume dramas, 309
costumes. See traditional costumes
Cotton, Robert, 87
countryside. See also cities; folk/peasant culture; imperial peripheries
in Ibsen’s plays, 257
as location for tragedy, 238
mass-appeal literature commodifying of, 238–239
plein-air painting and, 241–242
as rustic idyll, 80, 238
Couperus, Louis, 309
Courbet, Gustave, 192–194, 240–241
court of arbitration (The Hague), 279
crafts/craftsmanship, 260–263
Crimean War (1853–1856), 59, 279
Les crimes allemandes d’après les témoignages allemands (Bédier), 281
Critical Dissertation on the Poems of Ossian, the Son of Fingal (Blair), 69
Croatia, 145
Croatian language, 142, 145
Croker, Thomas Crofton, 116
Crowe, Eyre, 284–285
Crystal Palace (London), 247–248
Crystal Palace (New York), 247–248
cult of personality. See also charismatic leadership; hero-worship
of Bismarck, 351
in general, 36
of Hindenburg, 42
military authority and, 42–43
cult of uniforms, 43
cultivation of culture
art. See art
dual timescale of, 15–17
in general, 9–10
languages. See language(s)
modes of, 338
performative culture. See fairy tales, folktales; films/television; myths/mythologies; oral literature
schema of, 10–12, 10
text based culture. See historical novels; history-writing; philology/philologists
transnationality of, 92, 337–338
cultural heritage, 85, 100, 109, 196
cultural history, theories of, 86
cultural organization, models for, 339–340
cultural productions. See also under individual productions
artists and intellectuals, 4–5
dissemination of, 5
in general, 3–4
high vs. low, 5–6
restricted vs. unrestricted, 5, 345–346
schematization of, 4
symbolic value of, 5
culture. See also cultivation of culture; cultural productions; culture of nationalism
audiences of, 6–7
definition of, 2–3
longevity of, 9
reflective self-awareness of, 8
Culture and Anarchy (Arnold), 39
culture of defeat
in Austria, 59
charismatic leadership and, 42
in Denmark, 59
in France, 22, 59, 94, 265
in general, 345
in Germany, 22, 62
in Hungary, 62
post-traumatic embitterment disorder and, 294
in Turkey, 62
after Vietnam War, 294
Culture of Defeat (Schivelbusch), 265
culture of nationalism. See also nationalism
artists and intellectuals, 5
definition of, 19
in general, 1–2, 333–334
pretended continuity and, 16
schematization of, 7–8, 7
spread of, 334
currencies, 197
St Cyril, 107
Czech history, 166
Czech language, 144–145
Czech names, 131
Czechoslovakia. See also Prague
films/television in, 321
history of, 166
languages in, 144–145
d’Agoult, Marie Comptesse, 203, 205
Dahiya (Israeli military doctrine), 287, 370
Dahn, Felix, 123, 130, 172, 217, 287
Dalio, Marcel, 31
Danhauser, Josef, 203, 204
Danish language, 133, 137
D’Annunzio, Gabriele, 302
Dante Alighieri, 7, 38, 68, 83, 93, 200
Darwin, Charles, 152
Daude, Alphonse, 238
Daughters of Ireland (women’s movement), 259
David, Jacques-Louis, 186, 190
David Copperfield (Dickens), 238
Davis, Thomas, 75–76, 79, 129
De Leeuw van Vlaenderen (The Lion of Flanders) (Conscience), 50, 128, 170–172
De Quincey, Thomas, 37
De Valera, Eamon, 131, 303
De Valera, Sinéad, 131
the dead, respect to, 291
de-anglicisation, 44–45, 258
The Death of General Wolf (West), 185
Le Débâcle (Zola), 265
Debraux, Émile, 78
Decembrist revolt (1825) (Russia), 53–54
Declaration of Human and Civil Rights (France), 49
decorative arts, 156, 178, 181, 196–197, 262
decorum, 292–294
Deirdre/Cuchulain tales, 89
Delacroix, Eugène, 55, 190–191
Delaroche, Paul, 186, 200
democracies, 305, 345–346
Denis, Ernest, 281, 284
Denmark
culture of defeat in, 59
mythology of, 121
national canon of, 180
royal historiography of, 67
territorial debates of. See Schleswig-Holstein
theatre in, 257
Les déracinés (Barrès), 60
Det Norske Folks Historie (Munch), 201
Deutsche Grammatik (J. Grimm), 96, 139
Deutsche Mythologie (J. Grimm), 119, 122, 140
Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer (German Legal Antiquities) (J. Grimm), 95, 125
Deutsche Reden in schwerer Zeit, 281
‘Der Deutsche Rhein’ (Becker), 216
Deutsche Sagen (Brothers Grimm), 95
Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary) (Brothers Grimm), 95, 136
‘Deutschlandlied’ (Hoffmann von Fallersleben), 28–29, 218
Deutschland und der nächste Krieg (Bernhardi), 284, 286
The devotion of Vidura (Bhakta Vidur) (film) (Rathod), 313
dialects, 141–143
dictatorships
European trend in, 302
justification of, 303
nationalism and, 303–304
self-determination and, 302–303
Diez, Friedrich, 96
diffusion, 331, 339, 373
Dirndl costumes, 245. See also traditional costumes
disenchantment, 162, 257, 342
Disney Princesses, 61
Disputing Disaster (Anderson), 284
dissolution of the monasteries (1536–1541), 86
Dix, Otto, 293
Dixon, Thomas, 314
Dobrovský, Josef, 107, 144, 146
Doktor Schulze (character in The Begum’s Fortune), 276
Dollfuß, Engelbert, 302, 304
Domènech i Montaner, Lluís, 262
Dominian, Leon, 112–113, 297
Don Carlos (Schiller), 54, 229
Dorpat (Tartu), 220
Downton Abbey (films/TV series), 309
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 283
Drost, Aarnout, 169
Droste-Hülshoff, Annette von, 238
Droste-Hülshoff, Jenny von, 110
Du Barail, François-Charles, 265
Du contrat social (Rousseau), 35
dual monarchy, 60
dualis (grammatical feature), 143
dualism, temperamental, 69
Dublin, 258–259
Duff, William, 67
Dumas, Alexandre (père), 203, 270
Dunant, Henri, 279–280
Duras, Marguerite, 309
Durkheim, Emile, 281, 284, 286
Düsseldorf art academy, 187–188
Dutch language, 137–138
Dvořák, Antonin, 118, 210
Dyserinck, Hugo, 9, 17
Easter Rising (1916, Ireland), 44
Eco, Umberto, 195
Ecole normale supérieure (Paris), 268, 284
Edda (mythological work), 67, 121–123
editions of ancient texts. See philology/philologists
Eichendorff, Josepf Freiherr von, 215
Eiffel Tower (Paris), 248
Eisenstein, Sergey, 34
Eisner, Kurt, 41
Eisteddfod (Wales), 150–151, 230
Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae e vivis dialectis eruta (Herkel), 144
Eliot, George, 238
Elisabeth, Queen of Austria-Hungary (Sissi), 173
Elnon manuscript, 98–100
embodied communities, 81–82, 220–221, 228–229, 341
emic and etic, 140–142, 145, 271, 273
enchantment/disenchantment, 162
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 163
Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe, 91, 331
England. See United Kingdom
‘England and Spain, or: Valour and Patriotism’ (Hemans), 77
Enlightenment, 67
Entente Cordiale (1904), 288
Enver Pasha, 156
epiphany, in Romanticism, 74
Erasmus, Desiderius, 184
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 157, 295
Erkel, Ferenc, 211–212, 319
Erklärung der Hochschullehrer des Deutschen Reiche, 283
Ernest Augustus, King of Hannover, 96
esprit, vs. Geist, 278
Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (Gobineau), 152
Estates General (France), 49
Estonia, 117, 219–221, 321
ethnocracies, 305–306, 345–346
ethnohistory (Völkergeschichte), 91, 125, 175–176, 270
ethnotypes
in general, 46, 278
German vs. French, 275–278, 276
German vs. others, 46–48, 128, 273–274
in post-WW II films, 316
temperamental dualism and, 69
Volksgeist and, 130
etic and emic, 140–142, 145, 271, 273
Eucken, Rudolf, 281, 283
Eugénie, Empress consort of the French, 266
Europe. See also under individual countries
conflicts after World War I, 62
democratic aspirations and, 52
dismemberment of empires in, 61–62
in general, 20
independence of states after WW I, 297–298
influence of national movements in, 57
influence of the Grimm brothers in, 116
Metternich system and, 52–53, 57, 59
Napoleonic upheaval of, 51–52
nationalist uprisings/revolts in, 55–61
reactionary trends in, 52–55
regime changes/internal conflicts in, 50–51
Republic of Learning in, 86, 91–92
sons of German dynasties on thrones in, 60
Everyman Karatayev (character in War and Peace), 236
exoticism, 161, 190–191, 210
experts, 344
Exposition Universelle (1855) (Paris), 240
fairy tales, 95, 122. See also folktales; oral literature; oral poetry
Falklands War (1982), 294
family names, 130–132. See also names
Fantasia on British Sea Songs (Wood), 218
Far from the Madding Crowd (Hardy), 238
Faroese language, 138
fatherland
Arndt on, 77, 128
death as sacrifice to, 35, 291
love for one’s, 35–36, 53, 136–137
Fauriel, Claude, 55, 112, 230
Félibrige movement (France), 231
female characters, 168–169
female nudity, 185
Fennomans (Finland), 45
Ferguson, Samuel, 75–76
festive cultures, 81–82
Festspiele, 229
Feszty, Árpád, 196
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 50, 268, 269
Le Figaro (newspaper), 60
filial piety, 35
Filiki Eteria (‘Friendly society’), 54–55
La Fille de Roland (play), 106
films/television
Alexander Nevsky, canonized war leader in, 34
distribution of, 313, 327
in France, 308, 316
in Germany, 239, 298, 307–308, 315
Heimatfilm, 239, 307–308
Heimatliteratur, 239
in India, 313–314
internationalism in, 318
narration and spectacle, 201, 310
national-heroic. See national-heroic films/television
peplum movies, 175
posters for, 201, 202, 327
post-romantic nationalism and, 309–310
remediation of the past in, 201–202
in UK, 308–309
Fingal (Macpherson), 70
Finland
culture in, 116–117
Fennicization of, 45, 118, 131
mythology of, 121
oral poetry collecting in, 116–117
Finnish language, 154
Fischer, Fritz, 284
Flanders
language of, 138
national canon of, 180
national movement in, 99, 128, 172
Reynard versions and, 105
Die Fledermaus (operetta) (Strauss), 60
‘The Flemish Lion’ (van Peene & Miry), 216
Flemish language, 138
Fleury-Husson, Jules François Felix (Champfleury), 240
Flora MacIvor (character in Waverley), 161–162, 169
Floral Games (Jocs Florals) (Barcelona), 231, 261
Floral Games (Toulouse), 230
folk/peasant culture
in Austro-Hungarian Empire, 252
commodification of, 245–246, 253–254
dress. See traditional costumes
Grimm on, 238
Herder on, 237–238
modernity and, 263
national authenticity and, 236–237
vs. urban society, 238
folk villages, 253
folklore, use of term, 119
folktales, 121, 237. See also fairy tales; myths/mythologies; oral literature
football, 227
‘For the Fallen’ (Binyon), 293
forgeries, 115, 165–167. See also Ossian
Forster, E. M., 309
Fortis, Alberto, 113
The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Chamberlain), 153
foundational texts, 105–106, 114–115. See also vernacular classics
Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected in the Highlands of Scotland (Macpherson), 68
frame stories, 160
France. See also under individual heads of state
academy art salons in, 240–241
anti-cosmopolitanism in, 59–60
anti-restoration revolt in, 55
Assemblée nationale of, 49
culture of defeat in, 59, 94, 265
De Gaulle on, 290
display cultures in, 232
establishment of republic in, 59
Estates General of, 49
ethnotype of, 46–48
expansionism of, 274–275
fêtes nationales in, 291
film/television in, 308, 316
language of, 99–100, 128–129
libraries in, 87–88
literary festivals in, 230–232
minorities in. See Basques; Bretons/Brittany; Occitan/Provençal
monuments in, 179
national anthem of. See ‘La Marseillaise’
new philology in, 96
nostalgia in, 308
as old enemy of Germany, 30
patriotic choirs in, 213
political professors in, 268–273
regionalism in, 238–239
territorial debates. See Alsace-Lorraine; Rhine/Rhineland, territorial debates about
theatre in, 257
Third Estate and, 49
war propaganda of, 280, 284, 286–287
‘France! France!’ (Thomas), 213
Francis I, King of France, 134
Franco, Francisco, 302
Franco-Prussian War (1870), 265–266
francs-tireurs, 272
Frankfurt, 57–58, 188
Frederick II, King of Prussia, 41
Freeden, Michael, 47
‘Freedom!’ (battle cry), 328, 344–346
freedom of conscience (Gedankenfreiheit), 229
freedom of thought, 54
Fremderfahrung, 9
French language, 99–100, 128–129
French Revolution, 36, 74
frescos, 188
Freud, Anna, 245
Freud, Sigmund, 245
Friedrich Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, 179, 192
Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia, 74–75
Friends of Manual Craftwork (Swedish association), 246
From the New World (Dvořák), 210
Fromm, Erich, 303
The Frontiers of Language and Nationality In Europe (Dominian), 112
Fügner, Jindřich, 244
Fundgruben (Hoffmann von Fallersleben), 97
Funérailles (Liszt), 207
funerals, 82, 167, 228, 293
Fuseli, Henry, 186
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa
on Alsace-Lorraine, 268–275
biographical sketch, 268
on French two-nations model, 269–270
Gaelic languages, 44, 68, 134, 151. See also Irish language
Gaelic League (Ireland), 44–45, 259
Galician movement, 259, 339
Gallait, Louis, 187
Gallen-Kallela, Akseli, 118, 131, 194
Ganander, Christfried, 121
Gandhi, Mohandas, 307, 313
Garrett, Almeida, 79
Garborg, Hulda, 246, 260
Gaudí, Antoni, 262
Gaul, 270
Gaulle, Charles de, 275, 290, 304
Gautier, Léon, 94
‘Die Gedanken sind frei’ (song), 54
Geist, vs. esprit, 278
Geneva Conventions, 279
George IV, King of United Kingdom, 171, 243
George, Stefan, 41
German Dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch) (Brothers Grimm), 95, 136
German dynasties, 60
German language. See also Germanic languages
Arndt on, 128
Belgium and, 99
Campe on, 135
Danish language and, 133, 137
Dutch language and, 137
Fatherland and, 77
French laguage and, 99–100
German nationality and, 135–136
German League of Choral Societies, 217
German Legal Antiquities (Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer) (J. Grimm), 95
German professor (stock figure), 276
Germania (Veit), 188
Germania monument (Niederwald), 27–28, 28
Germanic languages, 138–140. See also German language
Germanisten
conferences of, 95, 105, 125
scholarly fields of, 125
Widukind and, 123
Germanness, 29
Germany. See also under individual heads of state
Anglo-Saxon kinship and, 288
anti-absolutism in, 54–55
choirs and choral festivals in, 214–219
claims on disputed borderlands, 22, 95, 101, 175
culture of defeat in, 62
ethnotype, 46–48
films/television in, 239, 298, 307–308, 315
France as old enemy of, 30
Holy Roman Empire’s abolition and, 57
language of. See German language
libraries in, 87–88
literary commemorations in, 228–229
Low Countries and, 99
monuments in, 179
nostalgia in, 307–308
political bitterness of, 42
political professors in, 268
statues in, 27, 28
territorial debates. See Alsace-Lorraine; Rhine/Rhineland, territorial debates about; Schleswig-Holstein
theatre in, 256
traditional costumes in, 242–245
trial by jury in, 95
Turnvereine in, 228
war propaganda of, 46, 280–283, 288–289
Gérôme, Jean-Léon, 186
Gerwarth, Robert, 62
Gesangbildungslehre nach Pestalozzischen Grundsätzen (Nägeli), 214
Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (J. Grimm), 96, 137, 140
Geschichten der germanischen und romanischen Völker (Ranke), 175
Gezelle, Guido, 79
Gianicolo lighthouse, 248, 249, 261
Gibson, Mel, 327–328
Girardin, Emile, 265
Gladstone, William Ewart, 279
Glinka, Michail, 211
Gloeckle (librarian), 88
Gneisenau, Count August von, 74
Gobineau, Arthur de, 152
‘God Save the King’ (British national anthem), 33
The Goddess Saraswati (Ravi Varma), 198
Goebbels, Joseph, 75, 315
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 71, 113, 287
Gökalp, Ziya, 156
Golden Spurs, Battle of (1302), 170
Gone With the Wind (film) (Fleming), 314
Gonne, Maud, 80
Görres, J. J., 88
Gorsedd, 150
Die Götter Griechenlands (Schiller), 162
Göttingen University, 96
Gove, Michael, 180, 344
Graf, Conrad, 203
Grammatica Celtica (Zeuss), 151
Grammatik der Slavischen Sprache in Krain, Kärnten und Steyermark (Kopitar), 143
Grand Palais (Paris), 247–248
La Grande Illusion (Renoir), 292
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Great Exhibition (1851) (London), 240, 247
Great War. See World War I (1914–1918)
The Great War in England (Le Queux), 285
Greece, 55, 57, 299
Grey Wolves, 156
Grieg, Edvard, 257
Griff nach der Weltmacht (Fischer), 284
Griffiths, D. W., 314
Grimm, Jacob. See also under individual works
collecting of popular songs by, 109–110
correspondence networks of, 92, 109–110
critical editing of, 102
on disputed borderland, 175
on epic and folklore, 118
on folk culture, 238
on German vs. Danish, 133
Germanisten congresses, 95
historical-comparative methodology of, 119–121
inaugural lecture (1830), 136
on Kalevala vs. Serbian ballads, 117
on linguistic tenacity, 135–136
on love of fatherland, 136–137
mention of, 95, 146
on nation and language, 128–129
on national epics, 106
Reynard fable and, 102, 104
study of language and law, 125
on Völker, 175
Grimm, Wilhelm, 95, 109, 357
Grimm brothers, 116
Gros, Antoine-Jean, 186
groupism, 17
Grundtvig, N. F. S., 121
Die Gründung Prags (Brentano), 169
Grünwald, Battle of (1410), 170
Guðmundsson, Sigurður, 259
guslars (traditional singers), 112–113
Gutiérrez García, Antonio, 231
La guzla (Mérimée), 115
Ha’am, Ahad, 131
Habsburg Empire, 59, 61, 144, 166. See also Austria; Austro-Hungarian Empire
habitus, 8–9, 235, 251, 367
haček (diacritical hook), 134
Haeckel, Ernst, 281, 283
Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich von der, 93–94
Hajdamaky (The Outlaws) (Shevchenko), 108
Halide Edib Adıvar, 155
Hanka, Václav, 166–167
Hansi (Jean-Jacques Waltz), 276
Hanusch, Ignaz Johann, 122
Hardiman, James, 112, 337
Hardy, Thomas, 238, 240, 283, 289
Harishchandra (legendary king), 313
‘Hasanaginica’ (Serbian song), 115
‘Hasanaginica’ (South-Slavic ballad), 113–114
Hasan-Aga (warlord), 113
Haskell, Francis, 185
‘Haßgesang’ (‘Song of hatred against England’) (Lissauer), 288–289
Haxthausen, Werner von, 52, 110
Hazzi, Joseph von, 243
heavy metal rock music, 124
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 36–37
Heimat (film/TV series) (Reitz), 308
Heimatfilm, 239, 307–308
Heimatliteratur, 239
Heine, Heinrich, 12
Helmers, Jan Frederik, 107
Helsinki, 118
Hemans, Felicia, 77, 79
Henderson, Barbara, 289
Henreid, Paul, 43
Henry V (film) (Olivier), 6, 33, 299
Henry V (play) (Shakespeare), 6, 33–34
Henry VIII, King of England, 86, 134
Henty, G. A., 173
Herculano, Alexandre, 177
Herder, Johann Gottfried von. See also under individual works
on folk culture, 237–238
on language of diversity, 127, 135
on Ossian, 114
works of, 113
Herkel, Jan, 144
Hermingard van de Eikenterpen (Drost), 108, 169
heroes/supermen, 36–37
hero-worship. See also charismatic leadership; cult of personality
Carlyle on, 38–39
enduring power of, 327
men vs. women, 40
of Viktor Laszlo, 43–44
of writers, 38–39
Heusler, Andreas, 123
Heyer, Georgette, 173
Hiawatha (Native American leader), 118, 210
Hindenburg, Paul von, 42, 293, 302
Hindu deities, 197
Hindutva, 307, 324
L’histoire et les historiens: Essai critique sur l’histoire considérée comme science positive (Bourdeau), 178
historical novels
becoming school reading, 174
for boys, 172–174
colonialism in, 173–174
of Conscience, 170–172
decline of, 195–196
as epic, 172
film adaptations of, 175
gaps in the historical documentation and, 169–170
historicist dualism in, 194–195
history painting and, 199–201
nation in, 175
of Scott. See Scott, Walter
set in ancient Rome, 174
of Sienkiewicz, 170
of Tolstoy, 235
for women, 172–173
historicism
antiquity and, 159
definition of, 106
exoticism and, 190
national, 95, 180
romantic, 21, 160, 167–169, 178, 194–195, 199
in Russia and Finland, 194
sentimental, 195–196
history. See also ethnohistory (Völkergeschichte)
as civic pedagogy, 176–177
as national history, 176–177
as unfinished business, 171–172
history of the French Revolution (Carlyle), 38
history paintings
academic mode of, 184–186
classical thematic repertoire in, 183–185
decline of, 194, 196
as decorative art, 196–197
domestic settings in, 195
influence of, 191
international thematic repertoire in, 200
legacy of, 197–198
national thematic repertoire in, 184–186, 191–192
Orientalism and, 190–191
in Russia and Finland, 194
spread of, 186–187
state-sanctioned application of, 190
textual historicism and, 199–201
history-writing
history painting and, 199–201
professionalization of, 200
Hitchcock, Alfred, 314
Hitler, Adolf, 27–30, 302
Hittorf, Jacques Ignace, 232–233
Hlahol choral society, 262
Hochdeutsch, 99, 139
Hofer, Andreas, 243, 311
Hoffmann von Fallersleben, August Heinrich, 29, 96, 99, 97, 115, 139
De Hollandsche Natie (Helmers), 107
Holli, Jan, 107
Hollywood, 314
Holy Roman Empire, 50, 52, 57–58, 87
Homer, 67, 114
homesickness, 76–77, 136
Horae Belgicae, 98
Horta, Victor, 262
Horthy, Miklós, 43, 302
Hôtel des Invalides, 36, 179
Hroch, Miroslav
on intellectuals, 4, 347
phase model of, 14, 92, 338, 349–350, 372–373
Hrolf Krake (Oehlenschläger), 107
Hugo, Victor, 74, 230
Huizinga, Johan, 181
human zoos, 253–254
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 127
Hume, David, 264
Hungarian language, 108, 154
Hungary
architecture in, 262
culture of defeat in, 62
films/television in, 321
language of, 108, 154
Magyarization of family names in, 131
romantic nationalism in, 205
traditional costumes of, 243
Turanism in, 156–157, 336
hunger strikes, 151
Hus, Jan, 134
Huszka, József, 262
Hutchinson, John, 17–18
Hyde, Douglas, 44–45, 131, 258–259, 340
‘I Vow to Thee, My Country’ (Holst & Spring-Rice), 218–219, 293
Ibsen, Henrik, 257–258
Iceland, theatre in, 259
‘Ich hab mich ergeben’ (Maßmann), 218
idealism, 73, 127
ideologies, 13
idylls, of the countryside, 80
If you can sing, then sing along! (Kun je nog zingen, zing dan mee!) (Dutch national songbook), 216
imagined communities, 81, 228, 347
Imagined Communities (Anderson), 81
imitation, competitive, 228
Imperial Manor (Goslar), 191–192, 201
imperial peripheries, 256
independence, of European states after WW I, 297–298
India, 306–307, 313–314, 325–326
Indo-European languages, 141, 143, 151, 154
Indo-Europeans, 152–153
influencers, 344
Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, 186
The Inquiry (study group), 297
inspiration, 37–38, 72–73
instability, of states, 36
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law), 279–280
intellectuals. See writers/intellectuals
international law, on warfare, 279
internationalization, economic, 249–250
The Invasion of 1910 (Le Queux), 285
invasion/future war novels, 284–285
invasion scares, 285
Ireland
anti-English popular histories in, 177
Blueshirt movement in, 303
de-Anglicisation of, 258
democratic stability in, 303
Gaelic League in, 44–45, 259
Gaelicization of names in, 131
language of. See Irish language
process of cultural nationalism in, 44–45
republican rebellion in, 51
romantic nationalism in, 44–45, 300
theatre in, 258–259
at world fairs, 299–300
women’s movements, 259
Irish language
ban on, 134
decline of, 44
in general, 151
standardization of, 148
Irish Literary Theatre (Ireland), 258–259
Irish Minstrelsy (Hardiman), 112
Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), 44
Israel, 307
Italy. See also Rome
monuments in, 179
Risorgimento period in, 59, 179, 212
secret societies in, 54
united statehood of, 59
Ivanhoe (Scott), 163–164, 175–176, 195
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev, 307
Jacob, Therese von (Talvj), 113
Jacobite rising 1745 (Scotland), 161–162
Jacques-Louis, David, 186
Jäger, Carl, 229
‘Der Jäger Abschied’ (‘The Huntsmen’s Farewell’) (Mendelsohn), 215
Jagiello I, King of Poland, 300
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, 52, 228
Jakes, John, 314
Janaček, Leoš, 238
Janis (character from film Lāčplēsis), 298
Janša, Janez, 172
Japikx, Gysbert, 7
Jardin d’acclimatation (Paris), 254
Jean de Florette (film) (Berri), 309
Jeanne d’Arc (Joan of Arc), 40, 50, 179, 184, 311, 312
Jenůfa (Janaček), 238
‘Jerusalem’ (Parry & Elgar), 218, 293
Jesuit order, 87
Jewish names, 131
Jewish nationalism, 341
Joan of Arc (Jeanne d’Arc), 40, 179, 184
Joan of Arc in Armour at the Siege of Orléans (Lenepveu), 189, 201
Jocs Florals (Floral Games) (Barcelona), 231, 261
Johns, Capt. W. E., 315–316
Johnson, Boris, 1, 304, 336, 344
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 87, 243
Journey to the Centre of the Earth (Verne), 276
Joyce, James, 40
Jugendstil/art nouveau, 261–262, 261
Jullian, Camille, 284–285
Die Jungfrau von Orléans (Schiller), 40
Kačić-Miošić, Andrija, 144
Kaiserpfalz (Goslar), 191–192, 201
Kalevala (Lönnrot), 50, 116–118
Kalevipoeg (Kreutzwald), 117
Kalidas (film) (Patankar), 313
Ein Kampf um Rom (Dahn), 172
Karadžić, Vuk, 109–110, 111, 142, 150, 323
Kashubian language, 144
Kaye, M. M., 309
Kayssarow, Andrej von, 121
‘Kde domov můj?’ (‘Where is my homeland?’) (Tyl), 257
Keller, Gottfried, 229
Kemble, John Mitchell, 96
Kervyn de Lettenhove, Joseph, 176
Kim (Kipling), 173
Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Grimm Bros.), 95, 109
The King of Ayodhya (film) (Shantaram), 313
The King’s Threshold (Yeats), 151
Kipling, Rudyard, 173, 283
Des Knaben Wunderhorn (Arnim & Brentano), 54, 109
The Knights of the Cross (Krzyżaci) (Sienkiewicz), 170
Kohn, Hans, 274
Koidula, Lydia, 75, 79
Kollár, Jan, 80, 107, 144
Konrad Wallenrod (Mickiewicz), 108
Kopitar, Jernej, 97, 109, 134, 143, 146
Körner, Theodor, 74–75, 77, 216, 310, 312, 315
Kossuth, Lajos, 59
Krek, Gregor, 122
Kronprinzenwerk, 252
Krst pri Savici (The Baptism on the River Savica) (Prešeren), 108
Krzyżaci (The Knights of the Cross) (Sienkiewicz), 170
Kultur, vs. civilization, 278
Kun je nog zingen, zing dan mee! (If you can sing, then sing along!) (Dutch national songbook), 216
Kutuzov, Michael, 236
Kyffhäuser monument, 179
La Villemarqué, Théodore Claude Henri, vicomte Hersart de, 150
LaCapra, Dominick, 286
Lachmann, Karl, 102
‘Lāčplēsis’ (‘The Bear-Slayer’) (Pumpurs), 298–299
Lāčplēsis (film) (Rusteiķis), 298, 299, 310
‘Lament for Thomas Davis’ (Ferguson), 75–76
Lamprecht, Karl, 283
‘Land of Hope and Glory’ (‘Pomp and Circumstance’ march) (Elgar), 218
Landnahme (Feszty), 196
landscapes, in literature, 239–240
Langemarck, Battle, 30
language(s). See also vernacular languages; under individual languages
function and status of, 133–135
German vs. Danish, 133
historicist views on, 147
linguistic descent of, 141, 143
as logos, 127
of minorities, 146
mother’s milk and, 133, 135
nationalism and, 125–126
nations and. See nations/nation-states
philologists as masters of, 146–147
primary functions, 89
race and, 153–154
scalarity of, 143–146
society-specific views on, 147–148
spelling reforms, 134–135
standardization of, 135, 148–149
territorialization of, 138, 149
The Languages of the Seat of War in the East, with a Survey of the Three Families of Language, Semitic, Arian and Turanian (Müller), 154
Lanson, Gustave, 281
Laokoon (Lessing), 201
Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series), 309
Larsson, Carl, 196
Laßberg, Joseph von, 110
The Last King (Birkebeinerne) (film), 201, 202
Last Night of the Proms, 218–219
Last of the Mohicans (Cooper), 168
latency, of nationalism, 331, 332
Latium und Hellas (Humboldt), 127
Latvia, 219–221, 262–263, 298–299, 299. See also Riga
Lavisse, Ernest, 281
‘Lay of Prince Igor’s Campaign’ (epic poem), 89
‘Lay of the Last Minstrel’ (Scott), 76, 81, 168
Le Gonidec, Jean-François, 149–150
Le Queux, William, 284–285
League of Nations, 286
League of United North German Choirs, 215
League of Virtue (Tugendbund), 53–54
Lean, David, 309
Lebeau, Madeleine, 31, 43, 176
Lechner, Ödön, 262
Lectures on the Philosophy of History (Hegel), 36
Lectures on the Science of Language (Müller), 153
Legend of Saint Servatius, 89
Leikfélag Reykjavíkur (Reykjavík Theatre Company), 259
leisure-time activities. See also choirs
cities and, 227, 232
embodied communities and, 228–229
international character of, 227–228
national character of, 227–228
sports, 227–228
Lelewel, Joachim, 53, 122
Lenepveu, Jules, 189, 201
Lenient, Charles, 94
The Leopard (Tomasi de Lampedusa), 195
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 201
Leys, Henri, 189
Liberty Leading the People (Delacroix), 190
libraries, 86–88. See also under individual libraries
Libuše (legendary Czech princess), 168, 176, 211
Libuše (Smetana), 211
Das Lied der Deutschen (Hoffmann von Fallersleben), 28–30
Liedertafel (choral societies), 214
Liedertafel der deutschen Studenten (Prague), 219
lieu de mémoire, 167, 314
Likud party, 287, 306
liminality, 71–72
Linden, Bob van der, 325
linguistic family tree, 143
linguistic laws, 96
linguists, 146–147
The Lion and the Unicorn (Orwell), 308
The Lion of Flanders (De Leeuw van Vlaenderen) (Conscience), 128, 170–172, 318
Lipowsky, Felix Joseph von, 243
Lippmann, Walter, 297
Lisbon, 87, 248, 301
Lissauer, Ernst, 288
Liszt, Franz
concert tours of, 205, 206
in Hungary
Budapest concert, 205
ceremonial sabre, 207
nationally Hungarian music, 207–209
painting of imagined matinee performance of, 203, 204
start of career of, 204–205
literary archaeology, 86–88
literary festivals. See commemorations
literary histories, rewriting of, 86, 88–89
Lithuania. See also Vilnius
conflict with Poland, 61–62
language of, 141
patriotic choirs in, 219–221
traditional costumes in, 246
Llanover, Augusta Hall, Lady, 110, 150
locus amoenus, 71
Lohengrin (chivalric romance), 88–89
Lokis (Mérimée), 150, 152, 276
London, 87, 196, 240, 247–248
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 117, 210
Lönnrot, Elias, 116–117
Löns, Hermann, 307
The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), 123
Louis XIV, King of France, 274–275
Louis XVI, King of France, 49
Louise, Queen of Prussia, 173, 192, 310, –312, 317, 327
Louis-Philippe I, King of the, French, 56, 59
love of country. See also patriotism
filial piety and, 35
in general, 53, 136–137
religious element in, 35
stability of the state and, 35–36
Low Countries, 99, 139–140, 175, 264
Lowenthal, David, 198
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 59, 182, 243, 245
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria, 61, 244
Ludwigslied, 98
Lukács, György, 303
lumpers, of language variants, 139–140, 148–149, 148. See also splitters, of language variants
Luther, Martin, 282
Luxembourgish, 138, 141–142
Lyrical Ballad (Wordsworth), 73
Má vlast (Smetana), 211
Maccabi associations, 228
Maccabiah Games, 228
Macedonian language, 144–145
Maček, Vladko, 302
Mácha, Karel Hynek, 79, 82, 167
Mackintosh, Rennie, 261
Macpherson, James, 68, 83, 114, 166
macro-nationalism, 138–140, 146–147
Madame Tussauds (wax museum) (London), 196
Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks (1891), 251
Maeterlinck, Maurice, 258
magic realism, 299
Magne, Lucien, 256
Magyars, 154
Mahabharata, 313
Major, John, 180, 308
Makovecz, Imre, 156
Malan, Daniel François, 307
Mallet, Paul-Henri, 85
‘Mandalay’ (Kipling), 336
Mandela, Nelson, 307
Manifesto of 93, 282
Mann, Thomas, 45–48, 278
‘Männer und Buben’ (Körner), 216
Mannerheim, Gustaf, 43, 302
Manon des Sources (film) (Berri), 309
manuscripts, 100. See also under individual manuscripts
Manx language, 151
Manzoni, Alessandro, 75
Marcus Aurelius, 184
Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, 243
‘La Marseillaise’ (French national anthem)
in Casablanca, 31–32, 44
creation of, 31–32
Franco-Prussian War and, 265
mention of, 50, 264, 312
Michelet on, 32–33
Martin, Henri, 176, 270, 291
Marubi, Pietro, 252
Masaryk, Thomas, 43
masculinity code, 173
mass demonstrations/events, 228
mass production, 260
Massacre of Chios (1822), 279
Maßmann, Hans Ferdinand, 52, 216, 218
Matejko, Jan, 170
Matthew Arnold, 288
Maud Gonne, 259
Maximilian II, King of Bavaria, 160, 244
Médaille militaire, 292
medievalism, 85–86
Méhul, Étienne Nicolas, 213
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 27–28
Meinecke, Friedrich, 281
melodramas, 239, 298, 328
memories, 89, 270–271, 275
Mendelssohn, Felix, 215–216
Menno ter Braak, 345
Méon, Dominique Martin, 102
Mérimée, Prosper, 103, 115, 150
metapolitics, 47
Metaxas, Ioannis, 43, 302
St Method, 107
Méthode Wilhem, 213
methodological nationalism, 14
metro map, 234–235
Metternich, Clemens von, 52
Metternich system, 52–53, 57, 59
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 211
Michel, Francisque, 89
Michelet, Jules, 32–33, 40, 74, 176
Mickiewicz, Adam, 53, 79, 82, 108, 238
Midvinterblot (Larsson), 196
military distinctions, 292
military uniforms, 243
military-hero comics, 315–316
The Mill on the Floss (Eliot), 238
Millennium Church (Csikszereda), 156
Milligan, Alice, 259
minority languages, 146, 148
minstrels/bards/troubadours. See also Ossian
as chivalric Ur-poets, 230
literary festivals and, 230–231
in work of Scott, 80–81, 158–159
‘Mirèio’ (poem) (Mistral), 238
Les Misérables (Hugo), 313
Mistral, Frédéric, 79, 232, 238, 239
Mitchell, Margaret, 314
mnemonics, 235
modern historians
disregard of national history by, 179–180
national canons and, 180
professionalization of, 178–179
romantic history writing and, 178
modernism, 12–13, 262
Modi, Narendra, 295
Mommsen, Theodor, 267, 270
monastic libraries
in England, 86–87
in Europe, 87
Montenegrin language, 145
Montmartre, 266
Monument to the Discoveries (Lisbon), 248, 301
monuments. See also statues; under individual monuments
distribution of, 295, 296, 297
for fallen soldiers, 292
in France, 179
in Germany, 27–28, 28, 179
increase in erection of, 336
in Italy, 179
in Netherlands, 179
Monuments de la mythologie et de la poésie des Celtes, et particulièrement des anciens Scandinave (Mallet), 85
Moore, Thomas, 77, 82
Moresnet, 280
Morris, William
in general, 260
influence of, 262
post-Pre-Raphaelite style of, 260–262
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 204
Mucha, Alphonse, 167, 196–197, 255, 261, 262
La muette de Portici (Auber & Scribe), 211
Muhammad Ali Pasha, 233
Muiderslot (Muiden), 179
Müller, Friedrich Max
on Aryan races, 153
in general, 152
mythology and, 152
Turanian language family of, 154, 156
use of term Aryan, 153
mention of, 96, 340
Munch, Peter Andreas, 201
Munich, 187–188
Munich court library, 87–88
murals, 188–194, 196
Murguía, Manuel, 79
muse-figures, 80
music. See also choirs; singing/songs; under individual musical pieces and composers
classical, 209–211
in general, 221
opera, 211–212
Mussolini, Benito, 302, 304
Mussorgsky, Modest, 211
Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk), 42, 43, 302
Muti, Riccardo, 212
Myslbek, Josef Václav, 166
The Myth of Hiawatha (Schoolcraft), 118
Mythologia Fennica (Ganander), 121
Mythologie in alphabetischer Ordnung (Kayssarow), 122
myths/mythologies
as artistic inspirations, 122–123
as cultural archetype, 122, 124–125
Danish, 121
definition of, 121
Finnish, 121
German, 119
Müller and, 152
provenance of, 121–122, 167–169
religious and moral worldviews in, 123
Slavic, 121–122
as validator of national authenticity, 67, 325
Nabucco (opera) (Verdi), 211–212
Nacheinander vs. Nebeneinander, 201, 232
The Name of the Rose (Eco), 195
names
in general, 130
of girls, 169
nativization of, 130–131, 340
on Paris metro map, 234–235
self-renaming, 131
of streets, 233–234
Nansen, Fridtjof, 43
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of the French, 36, 74–75, 179, 190, 311, 317
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 265–266
Narbutt, Teodor, 122
narcissism, 287, 342–343
narrative and spectacle, 164, –165, 192, 200–201, 240, 310, 325
narrative strategies, 160–162, 164–165
Naruszewicz, Adam, 122
Natasha Rostov (character in War and Peace), 236
A Nation in Arms (Roberts), 285
national anthems
charisma and, 33
chronology of, 33
Czech, 257
Dutch, 33
Flemish, 216
French. See ‘‘La Marseillaise’ (French national anthem)
Polish, 57
UK, 33
National Assembly (1848) (Frankfurt), 57–58, 57–58, 95, 137, 139, 188, 217
national epics, 105–108
national heroic movies, 312
national history
back in school curricula, 180
commemorative events and public holidays and, 177
cultural memory and, 181–182
disregard by modern historians, 179–180
in general, 176–177
greatest figure in history election, 180–181
legacy of romantic historians on, 181
national canons and, 180–181
in school curricula, 177
national identity/character (Volksgeist)
as brands, 250–252
coining of, 125
emanations of, 125
emic or etic, 273
essence of, 125
ethnotypes and, 130
as innate, 236
native language and, 127–130
political articulation of, 9–10
Renan on, 273
states and, 290–291, 295
in Tolstoy’s War and Peace, 236–237
world fairs and, 250–252
national memories, 89, 234, 336–337
national movements, 44–45, 338–340, 339. See also Hroch, Miroslav
national music, 209–211. See also national anthems
National Music (Vaughan Williams), 210
national past, 169
National Pledge campaign (Voeu national), 266
National Socialism, 123–124, 345
National Song Festival (Latvia), 220
National Song Festival of Nuremberg (1861), 217
National Theatre (Prague), 211
national-heroic films/television
Central/Eastern European, 318, 321–322, 321
European, 312–322, 312
in general, 326–327
India, 313, 322–325, 324
post-1989
in general, 327–329
as mass medium, 330
production of, 326, 329–330, 329
stylistic similarities in, 327–328
USA, 314
Western Europe, 318
nationalism. See also patriotism
adaptability of, 334–335
ambivalence in, 48
as cult of the dead, 167
cultural history and, 12–13
definition of, 19
diffusion vs. condensation, 29–30, 35, 336–337, 339
emotive power, 341
ethnic or civic, 304–305
ethno-symbolist approach, 17
in general, 12–13
influence of, 57, 62–63
internationality in, 337–338
Jewish, 341
longevity of, 335
methodological, 14
modernists and, 12–13
multinational phenomenon, 14
in new nation-states, 62
populism and, 343–345
post-1989, 331–332
power of, 335
print capitalism and, 81
resurgence of, 295
romantic. See romantic/cultural nationalism
romanticism and, 19
scalarity of, 340–341
traditionalists and, 13
World War I’s impact on, 294
nationality principle, 273
Nationalversammlung (National Assembly Frankfurt), 57–58, 57–58, 95, 137, 139, 188, 217
nations/nation-states. See also states; under individual countries
ambivalence in concept of, 305
authoritarian leaders and, 304
charisma of, 342–343
concept of, 304
definition of, 9, 19
democracy and, 345–346
distinctness of. See national identity/character (Volksgeist)
emergence of, 49–50
formed after World War I, 62
French usage of term, 292
Fustel on forming of, 271
language and
Humboldt on, 127
in general, 126–127, 140–141
in Germany. See German language
threat to language and, 128–130
national memories and, 89
neoliberal view of, 344
as unpolitical, 44–48
wartime bereavements and, 291–292
Naumann, Friedrich, 283
Navarro Valloslada, Francisco, 169
Nazarenes (German Romantic painters), 185, 188–190, 197
Nebeneinander vs. Nacheinander, 201, 232
‘The Necessity for De-Anglicising Ireland’ (lecture) (Hyde), 44–45
Němcová, Božena, 82, 167
neopaganism, 123–124
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 295
Netherlands. See also Low Countries; Southern Netherlands; under specific heads of state
break-up of (1830). See Belgium
colonialism of, 173–174
film industry in, 315
language of, 137–138
monuments in, 179
national anthem of, 33
National Canon of, 180
revolt against Spain, 177
networks
of Arndt, 103, 104
in general, 337
of Grimm, 91, 92, 109–110
of Mérimée, 103, 103
of philologists, 91, 97
Neuschwanstein Castle, 61
Nevsky, Alexander, 34
Nibelungenlied (epic poem), 89, 93–94, 106
Nibelungentreue, 95
Nibelungentreue: Kriegsgesänge, 106
Niederdeutsch, 99
Niederwalddenkmal, 27–28, 28
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 194, 287
Nightingale, Florence, 279
Nobel, Alfred, 280
Nobel Prize, 239, 280
Noli, Fan, 150
Nora, Pierre, 167
Nordau, Max, 228
Nordens Mytologi (Grundtvig), 121
Norma (character in Bellini opera), 108, 169
Normandy Landings, 33–34
Norsk klædebunad (Garborg), 246
Norske Folkeæventyr (Asbjørnsen & Moe), 116
North and South (TV series) (Heyes), 314
Norway, 140, 227, 245–246, 257–258
Norwegian language, 138
nostalgia, 307–309
‘Not Yet is Poland Lost’ (Polish national anthem), 57
Novalis, 72–73
Nyerup, Rasmus, 121
obelisks, 233
Oberdeutsch, 99
Observations of an Unpolitical Man (Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen) (Mann), 45
Occitan/Provençal, 141, 231–232
O’Connell, Daniel, 228
Odessa, 51, 53, 341
Oehlenschläger, Adam Gottlob, 107, 257
‘Of the First Principles of Government’ (Hume), 264
Oghuz Khan, 156
Ojibwe material, 117
Okakura, Kakuzo, 254
Oktoberfeste (Munich), 245, 253
Old Mortality (Scott), 160
Olivier, Lawrence, 6, 33, 299
Olympic Games, 228, 299
Om Odin og den hedniske Gudelære og Gudstjeneste udi Norden (Suhm), 121
O’Murnaghan, Art, 371
On Heroes and Hero-Worship (Carlyle), 38–39, 308
On Literature in its Relations to Social Institutions (de Staël), 69
‘On the Romantic’ (Uhland), 72
‘On the Use and Abuse of History for Life’ (Nietzsche), 194
‘Onward, Christian Soldiers’ (Sullivan), 218
open-air museums, 253, 256
opera, 211–212
oral culture, 118–119, 120
oral epics, 115
oral literature, 114–116. See also fairy tales; folktales; oral poetry
oral poetry
collecting of
in Finland, 116–117
by Grimm, 109–110
by Karadžić, 109–111
in North America, 117–118
European spread of, 113–114
image of performer and, 111–112
inspirational values of, 118
national aspirations and, 112–113
as precursor of foundational epics, 114–115
remediation of, 118
shift from sentimental to national, 115
Orbán, Viktor, 295, 304, 336
Ordinance of Villiers-Cotterêts (1539), 134
Orientalism, 190–191, 210
original geniuses, 67–70, 82
Orkhon inscriptions, 155
Orphéon (singing societies), 213
Orwell, George, 308
Ossian
as antiquarian discovery, 84
Cesarotti’s Italian edition of, 84, 85
in general, 68
Hasanaginica and, 113–114
iconography of, 69–71, 70
influence of, 71–72, 84
last elegy of, 70–71
Napoleon Bonaparte and, 74
oral sources and, 114
as original genius, 68–70
tale of his retrieval, 83
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria and, 279
dismemberment of, 61
resistance against, 51, 55
rivalry with Russia, 53, 59
secret societies against, 51
Tanzimat reforms in, 59
Outlander (Gabaldon), 173
‘The Outlaws’ (Hajdamaky) (Shevchenko), 108
outrage, 328. See also melodramas
Owen, Wilfred, 293
pacifism, international, 279–280
Paderewski, Ignacy, 43
Paganini, Niccolò, 203–204
Pagnol, Marcel, 309
painting. See history paintings; plein-air painting
Palace of Catalan Music (Barcelona), 214
Palace of Industry (Prague), 248
Palace of Italian Civilization (Rome), 248
Palacio de Cristal (Porto), 247
Palacký, František, 58, 166–167
Palais de Chaillot (Paris), 248
Palais de Tokyo (Paris), 248
Paleis voor Volksvlijt (Amsterdam), 247–248
Pan-Celticism, 149–152
panoramic, use of term, 232
Pan-Slavic Congress (1848) (Prague), 59, 144, 167
Pan-Slavic Congress (1867) (Moscow), 145
Pan-Slavic Congress (1945) (Sofia), 145
Pan-Slavic Congress (1946) (Belgrade), 145
Pan-Slavism, 144–146
Pan-Turkism (Turanism), 155–157, 336
Paris
art academies in, 183, 186
exhibition palaces in, 247–248
Jardin d’acclimatation in, 254
metro map of, 234–235
Panthéon in, 233
Place de la Concorde in, 232–233
shopping experience in, 232
statues in, 233
world fairs in, 240, 253, 255
Paris, Gaston, 94
Paris, Paulin, 94, 102
Paris Commune, 265–266
Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), 61–62, 112
Parker, Matthew, 87
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 44
Parry, Hubert, 218
A Passage to India (film) (Lean), 309
Passagenwerk (Arcades Project) (Benjamin), 232
Passy, Frédéric, 279–280
patriotism. See also love of country
bourgeois, 321–322
choirs and. See choirs
in films, 34. See also national-heroic films/television
in Shakespeare’s plays, 6
in war propaganda. See war propaganda
Päts, Konstantin, 302
Paulskirche (Frankfurt), 188
Peace Conference (Paris), 297–298
Peace Palace (The Hague), 280
Pearse, Patrick, 339
peasant culture. See folk/peasant culture
peasants, 236–237, 239, 241–242
Peer Gynt (Ibsen), 257
Peer Gynt suite (Grieg), 210
Peeters, Benoît, 211
peplum movies, 175
performers, images of
iconicity of, 112
Rouget de Lisle, 32, 111
in Srpske narodne pjesme, 111–112, 111
Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 214
Pétain, Philippe, 43, 302
Petőfi, Sándor, 59, 79, 131, 264
philhellenism, 55, 77, 80
philology/philologists. See also under individual philologists
diplomatic vs. critical editing of, 102–103
in Europe, 95–97
historicist views of, 147
as masters of language, 146–147
networks of, 91, 97
oral culture and, 118–119
origin of term, 89
professionalization of, 95
Philomaths and Philarets (‘Friends of science’/‘Friends of virtue’), 53–54
pianos, 203–204
Pichler, Caroline, 242
Pierre Bezukhov (character in War and Peace), 236
Piłsudski, Józef, 43, 300, 302
Pirow, Oswald, 306
Pius X, Pope, 304
pjesme, 112–113
Place de la Concorde (Paris), 232–233
Planck, Max, 283
Plato, 73, 125, 127
Platon Karatayev (character in War and Peace), 236
Plattdeutsch, 99
Plaza de España (Seville), 248
plein-air painting, 240–242
La poésie des races celtiques (Renan), 151–152
poetry/poetical themes, 76–77, 79. See also oral poetry
poets, 72–73, 75–82. See also writers/intellectuals
‘The Poet’s Function’ (Hugo), 74
Poland
conflict with Lithuania, 61–62
films/television in, 321
language of, 108, 145
national anthem of, 57
secret societies in, 53
traditional costumes in, 243
uprisings in, 53, 57, 62, 144, 243
at world fairs, 300, 300
Polish language, 108, 145
Polish Uprisings (1831 & 1863), 53, 57, 62, 144, 243
Polish-Lithuanian University (Vilnius), 53
political nationalism, vs. cultural nationalism, 330–331
political professors, 267–273
Polonaise (dance), 209
‘Pomp and Circumstance’ march (‘Land of Hope and Glory’) (Elgar), 218
Pompeii, 84
Popper, Karl, 73, 303
popular culture, 333
popular song. See oral poetry
popular sovereignty, 51
populism, 343–344
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Joyce), 40
portraits, historically reimagined, 185
Portugal, 87, 96, 177, 301. See also Lisbon
postage stamps, 299, 299
posters
for films/television, 201, 202, 327
of Mucha, 197, 262
for national events, 261
for propaganda, 198
potenzieren (raising to a higher degree), 73
Powell and Pressburger films, 299, 307
Powys, John Cowper, 307
Prague
cemeteries in, 167
exhibition palaces in, 248
foretelling greatness of, 168
founding of, 166
memorials in, 167
Mucha and, 262
Pan-Slavic Congress, 59, 144, 167
theatre in, 211
Tourist Pavilion in, 248
Prešeren, France, 79, 82, 108, 131, 169
Preussische Jahrbücher, 267–268
Price, Thomas, 149–150
Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 302, 304
Prince Igor (Borodin), 211
Princess Turandot (character in Turandot), 153
print capitalism, 81
The Prisoner of Zenda (Hope), 60
Professor Knatschke (caricature by Hansi), 276, 277
Professor Lidenbrock (character in Journey to the Centre of the Earth), 276
Professor Wittembach (character in Lokis), 150, 152, 276
Promenade concerts (Proms), 218–219
propaganda posters, 198
Prussia, 59, 74–75, 268, 269, 270–271. See also Franco-Prussian War (1870)
public opinion. See also war propaganda
culture of defeat and, 265–266
Franco-Prussian War and, 265
new media and, 344–345
warfare and, 279
World War I and, 280–283
Pumpurs, Andrejs, 298
pupilles de la nation (wards of the nation), 292
Pushkin, Alexander, 54
Putin, Vladimir, 145, 287, 295, 336
Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre, 196
QAnon Shaman (Jacob Chansley), 124, 344
queens, 60–61
Qu’est-ce que le Tiers État (What is the Third Estate?) (Sieyès), 49, 50
Qu’est-ce qu’une nation? (Renan), 8, 269, 273–274
Qui a voulu la guerre? (Durkheim & Denis), 281, 284
quiz election shows, 180–181
race, use of term, 152–153
Rambo: First Blood (film) (Kotcheff), 293–294
Rambo: First Blood Part II (film) (Cosmatos), 293–294
Rand, John G., 240
Ranke, Leopold von, 160, 175, 178
Rask, Rasmus, 133, 146
Ravel, Maurice, 210
Ravi Varma, 197, 198, 254
realism
in literature, 194–195, 257
in painting, 240–241
The Reaper (Ruseckas), 242
recycling, 336
Red Cross, 279
Reden an die deutsche Nation (Fichte), 50, 268
re-enchantment, 162, 167, 169, 342
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 36
reform movements, 259–260
reformism, utopian, 260, 262, 280, 334
Regensburg, 182
Reineke Fuchs (Goethe), 101
Reinhart Fuchs (Grimm), 102, 105, 120
Reitz, Edgar, 308
religion, love of one’s country and, 35
religious devotionals, 197
Remarque, Erich Maria, 293
remediations
canonicity, 6, 312–313
in films, 312
in general, 6
of romantic evocations of the past, 200–202
Renaixença movement, 231, 340
Renan, Ernest, 8, 151–152, 268–269, 273–274, 277–278
Renoir, Jean, 292
reparation payment, 266
repertoire
in art, 183–184
of German patriotic choirs, 215–216
in history paintings. See history paintings
of Promenade concerts, 218–219
‘Die Wacht am Rhein’ on, 216–217
repetitiveness, thematic, 312–313
Repin, Il’ja, 196
Republic of Learning, 86, 91–92
restricted vs. unrestricted cultural productions, 5, 345–346
Reval (Tallinn), 220
revolutions. See uprisings/revolutions
revolutions of 1848, 57–59, 144
Revue des Deux Mondes, 268
Reykjavík, 259
Reynard fable, 88, 94, 97
diplomatic vs. critical editing of, 102–103
Franco-German appropriation of, 103
in literary history books, 89
philological appropriation of
Flemish, 104–105
French, 101–102
in general, 101–102
German, 102
rhapsodies, 208–209, 222–224
Le Rhin dans l’histoire (Babelon), 285
Le Rhin gaulois (Jullian), 285
Rhine (river), 27, 29
Rhine/Rhineland, territorial debates about, 30, 87, 215–217, 264, 275, 285–286
The Rhine, Germany’s River, but Not Germany’s Border (Arndt), 29–30, 267
Rhine Crisis (1840), 215–217, 275
Richard Hannay (character in The Thirty-Nine Steps), 314
Rick Blaine (character in Casablanca), 44, 80
The Riddle of the Sands (Childers), 284
Riefenstahl, Leni, 287
Riga, 220, 255, 262–263, 299
Rigney, Ann, 81, 159
Rig-Veda (Hindu scriptures), 152–153
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolaj, 210
Der Ring des Nibelungen (Wagner), 106, 123
Risorgimento period, 59, 179, 212, 267
Rizal, José, 82
Rob Roy (Scott), 161
Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 1st Earl, 285
Robespierre, Maximilien de, 36
Robin Hood, 164
role models, 79–81
Roman de Renard (Méon), 102
Romania, 321
Romanian cabaret, poster for, 253
romantic/cultural nationalism
in twentieth century, 298–301
connections between cultural fields within, 126
after decolonization, 305–307
dictatorship and, 302
in general, 19–20, 336
in Hungary, 205
in India, 325–326
in Ireland, 44–45, 300
in Latvia, 298–299
in Poland, 300
in Portugal, 300
as unpolitical, 44–45
vs. political nationalism, 330–331
romantic historians/history-writing
grip on public imagination, 179
inspired by Scott, 164–165
later historians’ disavowal of, 178–179
legacy of, 181
narrative strategies of, 164–165
professionalization of their trade, 165
as public intellectuals/nation builders, 177
romanticism. See also poets
epiphany in, 74
in general, 19–20
Ossian’s effect on, 71–73
poetic philosophy of history, 37–38
poets as nationalist role models, 79–81
as re-enchantment, 162, 342
Romany culture, 207–208, 252, 253
Rome, 82, 187–188, 248, 249
Roncesvalles, Battle of (1813), 94–95, 293
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 283
Rossini, Gioachino, 203
Rouget de Lisle, Claude Joseph, 32, 111, 203
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 35
RRR (film) (Rajamoudi), 323–325
‘Rule Britannia’ (Arne), 218
Runeberg, Johan Ludvig, 79
Ruritania (fictitious kingdom), 60–61
Ruseckas, Kanutas, 242
Russia/USSR
Decembrist revolt in, 53–54
films/television in, 321
languages in, 145
revolution of 1917 in, 61
rivalry with Ottoman Empire, 53–54, 59
secret societies in, 53–54
statues in, 40
traditional costumes in, 252
war propaganda, 34
Russian language, 145
Russian Orthodox Church, 34, 145
Rusyn language, 144, 146
Rybnikov, Pavel, 116
Šafárik, Pavol, 131, 134, 144
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 301
salience, of nationalism, 331, 332
Salon des refusés, 241
Sand, George, 203, 238
Sattelzeit, 15
Sauerwein, Georg, 246
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 307
Savigny, Carl von, 110, 125
Saxonism, 101
Scandinavia, 51
Schiller, Friedrich, 40, 50, 54, 82, 162, 228–229, 311
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 22, 42, 265–266, 268
Schlegel, Friedrich, 89–90, 127, 175
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 52
Schleswig-Holstein, 95, 101, 133, 137, 139–140, 175
Schleswig-Holstein Wars, 215
Schlözer, August, 144
Schneckenburger, Max, 29
Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Julius, 191
Scholl, Sophie, 55
Schoolcraft, Henry and Jane, 117–118
Schoonenboom, Merlijn, 197
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 287
Schottelius, Justus Georg, 135
Schuschnigg, Kurt, 302, 304
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 175
Scienza nuova (Vico), 67, 89
Scotland. See also Scott, Walter
ancestral antiquity, 85
festive culture in, 81
Gaelic language in, 68
Highland dress, 243
Jacobite rising of 1745, 161–162
Scott, Paul, 309
Scott, Walter
afterlives of, 177–178
historians inspired by, 164–165
managing royal visit, 171
as poet and novelist, 161
on Romance, 163
works of
The Antiquary, 83–84
enchantment/disenchantment in, 162
ethnic conflicts in, 176
Hegelian sublation and, 171
historicist dualism of, 195
hybridity of, 162–164
Ivanhoe, 163–164, 176, 195
‘Lay of the Last Minstrel’, 76–77, 81, 158–159, 168
minstrels in, 80–81, 158–159
narrative strategies in, 159–162
nation in, 175
Old Mortality, 160
Ossianic influence in, 161
Rob Roy, 161
Waverley, 161–163, 169
Scottish Gaelic, 151
Scottish Society of Antiquaries, 84
secret societies, 51, 53–54, 57
secularization, 38–39
self-determination
colonialism and, 306
as democratic principle, 305
dictatorship and, 302–303
in general, 273
in imperial peripheries, 256
at Paris Peace Conference, 61, 112, 286, 295, 297
self-renaming, 131
Semb, Klara, 246
Sempach, Battle of (1386), 229
Senso (Visconti), 212
sentimentalism, 195
Serbia, 280. See also guslars (traditional singers)
Serbian language, 110, 142, 145, 148
Serbo-Croatian language, 142
Seville, 248
Shakespeare, William, 38–39, 82, 158, 180, 308, 313
sheet music, 212–213
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 37
Shevchenko, Taras, 79, 108, 172, 311, 312
Shippey, Tom, 355, 358
Shivaji I, Indian ruler, 313
The Shoemakers’ Feast (Tyl), 257
shopping arcades, 232, 247
Sibelius, Jean, 118
Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 170, 319
Sieyès, Emmanuel, 49, 58, 270
Sigurjónsson, Jóhann, 259
Silas Marner (Eliot), 238
Simrock, Karl, 101
singing/songs. See also choirs; opera; under individual songs
emergence of convivial, 212–213
French nationalistic, 77–78
in general, 76
German nationalistic, 77
inspired by remembered glories, 28
of national anthem of France, 31–32
of national anthem of Germany, 29
as politically suspect, 216
of semi-national anthem of Germany, 27–28
Sinhagad (film) (Shantaram), 313
Skandinavernes hedenske Gudelære (Nyerup), 121
Skansen resort (Sweden), 253, 256
Skiing Birchlegs Crossing the Mountain with the Royal Child (Bergslien), 202
Slade School (London), 260
Slavic Epic (Mucha), 196, 201
Slavic languages, 134–135, 143–146
Slavín memorial (Prague), 167
Slavophilia, 336
Slavy Dcera (Kollár), 108
The Sleepwalkers (Clark), 284
Slovak language, 107, 144–145
Slovak names, 131
Slovene language, 108, 142–143, 145
Slovenec, 143
Smetana, Bedřich, 168, 211
Smetona, Antanas, 302, 304
Smith, Anthony, 17
Smith, Joseph, 41
social media, 344–345
Société des anciens textes français (Ancient French Texts Society), 94, 96
Society of Antiquaries, 83
‘Society of True and Loyal Sons of the Fatherland’, 54
Sokol athletic clubs, 228, 243, 244, 261, 262
Soldaat van Oranje (Soldier of Orange) (film) (Verhoeven), 315
‘Solitary Reaper’ (Wordsworth), 73, 239
Sombart, Werner, 281
‘Song of hatred against England’ (‘Haßgesang’) (Lissauer), 288–289
‘The Song of Hiawatha’ (Longfellow), 117, 210
Sorbian language, 144–145
Sorrows of Young Werther (Goethe), 71
source criticism (Quellenkritik), 160
South Africa, 306
Southern Netherlands, 51, 56. See also Belgium
souvenirs, 182
Spain. See also Barcelona
architecture in, 262
Galician movement in, 259
minorities in. See Basques; Catalans/Catalonia; Galician movement
new philology in, 96
patriotic choirs in, 213
post-imperial nostalgia in, 307
spectacular writing, 164
spelling reforms, 134–135
Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England (Le Queux), 285
splitters, of language variants, 140, 148–149, 148. See also lumpers, of language variants
sports, 227–228. See also Sokol athletic clubs
Srspske narodne pjesme (Vuk Karadžić), 109–110, 111
St Amand des Eaux (monastery), 98–99
stability, of states, 35–36
Staël, Madame de, 69, 75
Stalin, Joseph, 34
Stallone, Sylvester, 293–294
standardization, of language(s), 135, 148–149
states. See also nations/nation-states
independence of, 297–298
instability of, 36
national identity and, 290–291
order-changing supermen and, 36–37
rejection of rule of, 50–51
stability of, 35–36
wartime bereavements and, 291–292
statues. See also monuments
equestrian, 184
in general, 184
of Germania, 27, 28
of historical figures, 233
of Jagiello I, 300
of Lāčplēsis, 298–299
in Paris, 233
in Russia, 40
of writers/intellectuals, 56, 82
stereotyping, national. See ethnotypes
Stern, Daniel, 203
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 173
Stimmen der Völker in Liedern (Herder), 113
Stollwerck (chocolate manufacturer), 27
Storost, Wilhelm (Vydūnas), 246, 260
Strasbourg, 273
streaming services, 327
Stuart, John, 3rd Earl of Bute, 114
‘The Study of Celtic Literature’ (Arnold), 151
Štúr, Ľudovit, 79, 131
sublation (Aufhebung), 171
the Sublime, 71
Sue, Eugène, 176, 270
Suhm, Peter Frederik, 67, 121
suicides, 71
supernatural beings, 122
superstitions, 122
Surikov, Vasilij, 191
Suttner, Bertha von, 280
Sweden, 227, 245–246
Switzerland, 229–230
De taal is gansch het volk (Willems), 98
Tagore, Dwarkanath, 151, 340
Tallinn (Reval), 220
Tannhäuser (Wagner), 211
Tartu (Dorpat), 220
Tegnér, Esaias, 107, 311
television. See films/television
Tell, Wilhelm. See Wilhelm Tell
Tengrism, 156
Tengström family, 110
territorial debates. See Alsace-Lorraine; Rhine/Rhineland, territorial debates about; Schleswig-Holstein
Tess of the D’Urbervilles (Hardy), 238
Teutoburg Forest, Battle of the (9 AD), 179, 190
text editions. See philology/philologists
Thatcher, Margaret, 293
theatre(s)
in general, 256–257
grassroots national, 259–260
Ibsen’s influence on European, 258–260
literary, 257–258
Thierry, Augustin, 176
Thiesse, Anne-Marie, 14
thin-centred ideology, nationalism as, 335
Third Estate (France), 49
The Thirty-Nine Steps (Buchan), 284
The Thirty-Nine Steps (film) (Hitchcock), 314
Thomas, Ambroise, 213
Thompson, Flora, 309
Thorkelin, Grímur Jónsson, 87, 100
The Three Musketeers (Dumas), 174
Tilly, Charles, 291
Tilsit Singers’ Society, 246
Tito, Josip Broz, 145
To my fatherland (Zweers), 211
Tolkien, J. R. R., 123, 174
Tolstoy, Leo, 54, 195, 235
Tomasi di Lampedusa, Giuseppe, 195
Tönnies, Ferdinand, 238
Toulouse, 230
tourist gift shop, 182
Tourist Pavilion (Prague), 248
Trachtenvereine, 244
trademarks, 251
traditional costumes
in Albania, 252–253
in Austria, 243–245, 245
in Bavaria, 243–244
as collective stage costumes, 246
in general, 242
in Germany, 242–243
in Hungary, 243
in Lithuania, 246
national identity and, 242–243, 246–247
in Norway, 246
in paintings, 241–242
in Poland, 243
in Russia, 252
in Scotland, 243
at world fairs, 252, 253
Le trahison des clercs (Benda), 267
transnationality
of classicist repertoire, 184
in cultivation of culture, 92, 337–338
of manuscripts, 100
Travels in Central Asia (Vámbéry), 155
Travels into Dalmatia (Fortis), 114
Treitschke, Heinrich Gotthard Freiherr von, 267, 274, 286
Trevelyan, G. O., 283
tribal history. See ethnohistory (Völkergeschichte)
Tristan and Iseult (chivalric romance), 88
Triumph des Willens (film) (Riefenstahl), 287
Troeltsch, Ernst, 281
troubadours. See minstrels/bards/troubadours
El trovador (Gutiérrez García), 231
Il Trovatore (Verdi), 231
Trump, Donald, 295, 343–344
Tugendbund (League of Virtue), 53–54
Saint Tukaram, 314
Turan, Hüseyinzade Ali, 155
Turanian language family, 154
Turanism
in Hungary, 156–157, 336
in Turkey, 155–157
Türk Yurdu (newspaper), 155
Turkey
Turanism in, 155–157
Young Turk reformers, 155–156
Turkish-Hungarian connections, 154–155
Turnvereine, 228
two-nations view in history, 270
Tyl, Kajetan, 257
Tyrol, 51, 139
Tyrš, Miroslav, 131, 340
‘Über das finnische Epos’ (J. Grimm), 117
Uhland, Ludwig, 72
Ukrainian language, 108, 145
Ulmanis, Kārlis, 302
Unamuno, Miguel de, 307
‘Union of Prosperity’, 54
‘Union of Salvation’, 54
United East India Company (VOC) (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), 174
United Kingdom. See also London
ethnotype, 46–48
films/television in, 308–309
invasion scares in, 285
libraries in, 86
national anthem of, 33
national nostalgia in, 308–309
patriotic choruses in, 213
post-imperial nostalgia in, 307–308
Promenade concerts in, 218–219
war propaganda of, 33–34, 289
United States of American (USA), 314
universal exceptionalism, 337–338
‘unpolitical’ status of nations, 44–48
uprisings/revolutions
anti-Ottoman, 55
in Europe, 55–61
in France, 36, 74
in Russia, 53–54
Urtexts, 102, 160
USSR. See Russia/USSR
utopian reformism, 260, 262, 280, 334
‘Va Pensiero’ chorus (Verdi), 211–212
Valencian revivalism, 340
Valenciennes, library of, 98–99
Vámbéry, Ármin, 155
Vasaloppet (ski race), 227
Vatican Library, 88
Vauban, Marquis of, 275
Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 210
Vaulundur’s Saga (Oehlenschläger), 107
Veit, Philipp, 188, 189
Velde, Henri van de, 262
Verdaguer, Jacint, 79, 80, 231
Verdi, Giuseppe, 211–212, 231, 312, 317
Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (United East India Company) (VOC), 174
Verhoeven, Paul, 315
vernacular classics. See also foundational texts
in general, 88–89
nationalizing effect of, 93–95
rediscovery of, 86–88, 90–91
textual re-editions of, 91
timeline of text editions of, 90
vernacular languages
nation and, 126–130
national identity and, 127–130
vernacular music, 209
Viaggio in Dalmazia (Fortis), 113
Viale, Salvatore, 129
Vico, Giambattista, 67, 86, 89
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, 101, 171
Victoria Cross (British decoration), 292
Vielvölkerstaat (multi-ethnic empire), 60
Vienna, 187
Vienna Congress (1814), 52
Vienna Literary Agreement (1850), 142–143
Viereck, Peter, 73
Viktor Laszlo (character in Casablanca), 43–44
Villar Ponte, Antón, 259
Villiers de l’Isle-Adam, Auguste, comte de, 258
Vilnius, 53, 61–62
virtuosi, 203–204
Vyšehrad cemetery (Prague), 167
Višnjić, Filip, 112
the visually impaired, 112
Vittorio Emmanuele II, King of Italy, 59, 179
VOC (Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie) (United East India Company), 174
VOC-mentaliteit, 174
Volk/Völker, use of terms, 175, 292
Völkergeschichte (ethnohistory), 91, 125, 175–176, 270, 272
Volksgeist (national identity). See national identity/character (Volksgeist)
Vörösmarty, Mihaly, 108
Vydūnas (Wilhelm Storost), 246, 260
‘Die Wacht am Rhein’ (Schneckenburger)
in Casablanca, 31
creation of, 29
Franco-Prussian War and, 265
in Mein Kampf, 27–28
mention of, 264
reactivations of, 30
on repertoire, 216–217
Die Waffen Nieder! (von Suttner), 280
Wagner, Richard, 7, 106, 123, 211
Wales
Breton connections with, 149–151
language in, 151
literary commemorations in, 150–151, 230
Waltz, Jean-Jacques (Hansi), 276
Wanda (Polish princess), 169
Wappers, Gustaaf, 170
war alarmism, 285
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 54, 195, 235
war enthusiasm, 28
war films, 315–316
war propaganda. See also public opinion
academic scholars and, 283–284, 287–288
cultural productions and, 34–35
in general, 333
World War I and
allied, 281–284
British, 289
French, 280, 284, 286–287
in general, 289–290
German, 46, 280–283, 288–289
invasion/future war novels and, 284–285
Rhineland and Alsace-Lorraine in, 285
World War II and
British, 33–34
films as celebratory remembrance, 315
Russian, 34
War Propaganda Bureau (UK), 281, 283
wards of the nation (pupilles de la nation), 292
warfare, 279–280. See also under individual wars
‘Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland’ (‘What is the German’s Fatherland’) (Arndt), 77, 128, 138, 216–218
Waverley (character in Waverley), 171
Waverley (Scott), 161–163, 169
Wayne, John, 316
Weber, Max, 40–41, 162
Weihenstephan Abbey, 88
Weimar Germany, 30
Weisthümer (J. Grimm), 125
Wells, H. G., 283
Welsh language, 151
Wergeland, Henrik, 82, 264
Werner, Anton von, 190
Wessex (fictional landscape), 240
West, Benjamin, 185
‘What Do We Demand of France?’ (Treitschke), 267
‘What is the German’s Fatherland’ (‘Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland’) (Arndt), 77, 128, 138, 216–218
What is the Third Estate? (Qu’est-ce que le Tiers État?) (Sieyès), 49, 50
When William Came: A Study of London under the Hohenzollerns (Saki), 284
‘Where is my homeland?’ (‘Kde domov můj?’) (Tyl), 257
The White Panther (Beli panter) (Janša), 172
Widukind, 123
Wilfred of Ivanhoe (character in Ivanhoel), 171
Wilhelm, Prince of Albania, 61
Wilhelm I, German emperor, 192, 193, 266, 275
Wilhelm II, German emperor, 46, 282, 288
Wilhelm Tell (legendary hero), 54, 229–230, 310, 312, 317
Wilhelm Tell (Schiller), 229
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 304
Wilhelmus (Dutch national Anthem), 33
will, willpower, 287, 370
Wille zur Macht (Nietzsche), 287
Willem I, King of the Netherlands, 56
Willems, Jan Frans, 94, 96–98, 105
William Wallace (character in Braveheart), 327
Wilson, Woodrow, 61
Winckelmann, J. J., 84
Windelband, Wilhelm, 283
Winge, Hanna, 246, 260
Wislicenus, Hermann, 191–194, 193, 201
Wissenschaft als Beruf (Weber), 162
Wollzeiler Circle, 110
women, convivial/domestic learned circles, 110
women’s movements, 259
Wood, Henry, 218
Wood, Robert, 67
Wordsworth, William, 73, 76, 80, 239
world fairs
(1851) (London), 240, 247
(1855) (Paris), 240
(1880) (Barcelona), 301
(1889) (Paris), 253
(1893) (Chicago), 27
(1896) (Riga), 255
(1900) (Paris), 255
(1911) (Rome), 249
(1933) (Chicago), 255, 300
(1939) (New York), 300
(1940) (Lisbon), 301, 301
colonialism and, 253–255
diorama pavilions in, 196
economic internationalization and, 249–250
folk villages at, 253
mass-production and, 260
national identity and, 250–252, 255–256
newly independent countries and, 255, 299–300
outside Europe, 254–255
power relations and, 254–255
tourism and, 248–249
traditional costumes at, 252, 253
venues for, 247–248
World War I (1914–1918). See also war propaganda
commemorations of, 291–292
governments vindications of own behaviour, 281
impact of, 294
outbreak of, 280
public opinion and, 280–283
as rematch of older wars, 275
reminiscences about, 27
‘Who started it?’ debate, 284
World War II. See war propaganda
writers/intellectuals. See also academic scholars
Arnold on, 39
Carlyle on, 38–39
funerals of, 82
national importance of, 39–40
as original geniuses, 82
poets, 72–73, 75–82
Wundt, Wilhelm, 283
Württemberg Library (Stuttgart), 88
Yeames, William Frederick, 195, 196
Yeats, W. B., 80, 151, 258, 303
Yeni Turan (Halide Edib Adıvar), 155
Yermak’s Conquest of Siberia (Surikov), 191
Yugoslavia, 142–143, 145, 321
Yvonne (character in Casablanca), 31, 43–44
Zalan’s Flight (Zalan futása) (Vörösmarty), 108
Zariņš, Rihards, 197
Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft, 278
Zelter, Carl Friedrich, 214
Zeuss, Johann Caspar, 151
Zionism, 306, 341
Zog I, King of Albania, 302
Zola, Émile, 265
Zweers, Bernard, 211, 216

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  • Index
  • Joep Leerssen, University of Amsterdam
  • Book: Charismatic Nations
  • Online publication: 14 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009667142.020
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  • Index
  • Joep Leerssen, University of Amsterdam
  • Book: Charismatic Nations
  • Online publication: 14 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009667142.020
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  • Index
  • Joep Leerssen, University of Amsterdam
  • Book: Charismatic Nations
  • Online publication: 14 February 2026
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009667142.020
Available formats
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