The Song religious world exhibited remarkable variety, innovation, and vibrancy. This survey of Song divinities, religious specialists, and religious practices highlights this era’s innovations and its continuities with the medieval past. Some old deities took on greater, national prominence in the Song. New local deities also emerged. The Song government approached these deities and their cults in various ways, granting state support, banning them, and often simply turning a blind eye. Among the lettered religions, Buddhism thrived, as the Chan school won widespread elite patronage. The Daoist church benefitted from extensive state patronage in two reigns, and new therapeutic, exorcistic regimens won government support and saw extensive use in the empire. Local festivals honoring new and old deities proliferated , as did large-scale rituals for the benefit of the suffering dead in the underworld. Clergies, lay elites, and commoners borrowed and shared practices to an unprecedented degree to secure protection and blessings in this life and the next.