An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)
Article purchase
Temporarily unavailable
References
Works Cited
Balibar, Étienne. “Class Racism.” Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, by Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Verso, 1991, pp. 204–16.Google Scholar
Barker, Hannah. That Most Precious Merchandise: The Mediterranean Trade in Black Sea Slaves, 1260–1500. U of Pennsylvania P, 2019.Google Scholar
Chakrabarty, Dipesh. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Constable, Olivia Remie. “Muslim Spain and Mediterranean Slavery: The Medieval Slave Trade as an Aspect of Muslim-Christian Relations.” Christendom and Its Discontents: Exclusion, Persecution, and Rebellion, 1000–1500, edited by Waugh, Scott L. and Diehl, Peter D., Cambridge UP, 1996, pp. 264–84.Google Scholar
Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory, and Antiracist Politics.” University of Chicago Legal Forum, vol. 1989, no. 1, 1989, article 8, pp. 139–67.Google Scholar
Durst, Judith. “‘What Makes Us Gypsies, Who Knows…?!’: Ethnicity and Reproduction.” Multi-disciplinary Approaches to Romany Studies, edited by Stewart, Michael and Rövid, Márton, Central European University, 2011, pp. 13–34.Google Scholar
Epstein, Steven A.Genoa and the Genoese, 958–1528. U of North Carolina P, 1996.Google Scholar
Fraser, Angus. The Gypsies. Blackwell, 1995.Google Scholar
Fulcher of Chartres. Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127). Edited by Heinrich Hagenmeyer, Carl Winters, 1913.Google Scholar
Fulcher of Chartres. A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127. Edited by Fink, Harold S., translated by Frances Rita Ryan, U of Tennessee P, 1969.Google Scholar
Gheorghe, Nicolae. “Origins of Roma’s Slavery in the Rumanian Principalities.” Roma, vol. 7, 1983, pp. 12–27.Google Scholar
Goss, Vladimir P., and Verzár Bornstein, Christine, editors. The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange between East and West during the Period of the Crusades. Medieval Institute, 1986. Studies in Medieval Culture 21.Google Scholar
de Nogent, Guibert. Gesta Dei per Francos. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1879. Part 2 of vol. 4 of Historiens occidentaux. Recueil des historiens des croisades 2.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. England and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West. Cambridge UP, 2019.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages. Cambridge UP, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. “The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages 1: Race Studies, Modernity, and the Middle Ages.” Literature Compass, vol. 8, no. 5, 2011, pp. 258–74.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. “The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages 2: Locations of Medieval Race.” Literature Compass, vol. 8, no. 5, 2011, pp. 275–93.Google Scholar
Heng, Geraldine. Teaching Early Global Literatures and Cultures. Cambridge UP, 2025.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsy, Jonathan. Antiracist Medievalisms: From “Yellow Peril” to Black Lives Matter. Arc Humanities Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Justice, Steven. Writing and Rebellion: England in 1381. U of California P, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, M. Lindsay. Figuring Racism in Medieval Christianity. Oxford UP, 2019.10.1093/oso/9780190678241.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marushiakova, Elena, and Popov, Vesselin. “Historical and Ethnographic Background: Gypsies, Roma, Sinti.” Between Past and Future: The Roma of Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Guy, Will, U of Hertfordshire P, 2001, pp. 33–53.Google Scholar
Morris, Richard, editor. Cursor Mundi. Part 2, R. Trübner, 1875.Google Scholar
Gracia, Otaño, Nahir, I.The Other Faces of Arthur: Chivalric Whiteness in the Global North Atlantic. U of Pennsylvania P, 2025.10.2307/jj.13982285CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Otele, Olivette. African Europeans: An Untold History. Basic Books, 2021.Google Scholar
Phillips, William D.Jr.Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade. U of Minnesota P, 1985.Google Scholar
Phillips, William D.Jr.. “Sugar Production and Trade in the Mediterranean at the Time of the Crusades.” Goss and Bornstein, pp. 393–406.Google Scholar
Prawer, Joshua. The Crusaders’ Kingdom: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages. Praeger, 1972.Google Scholar
Ramey, Lynn T.Black Legacies: Race and the European Middle Ages. U of Florida P, 2014.Google Scholar
Redfern, Rebecca, and Hefner, Joseph T.. “‘Officially Absent but Actually Present’: Bioarcheological Evidence for Population Diversity in London during the Black Death, AD 1348–50.” Bioarcheology of Marginalized People, edited by Madeleine, L. Mant and Jaagumägi Holland, Alyson, Elsevier Science and Technology, 2019, pp. 69–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Cedric. Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. U of North Carolina P, 1983.Google Scholar
Russell, Josiah. “Demographic Factors of the Crusades.” Goss and Bornstein, pp. 53–58.Google Scholar
Vernon, Matthew X.The Black Middle Ages: Race and the Construction of the Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.10.1007/978-3-319-91089-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitaker, Cord J.Black Metaphors: How Modern Racism Emerged from Medieval Race-Thinking. U of Pennsylvania P, 2019.Google Scholar