EDITOR:

Following surgical procedures in the ICU, patients have a high risk for thromboembolic events and hence adequate anticoagulation is necessary. In most patients this can be successfully achieved with heparin. However, up to 3–5% of patients develop heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia type II (HIT II). HIT II is characterized by an increased risk of thrombosis and requires a different anticoagulant treatment. Approximately 40–50% of HIT II patients will develop thrombosis when heparin is discontinued. Additionally, many patients require ongoing anticoagulation due to underlying diseases. Alternative agents that have been used in this setting include warfarin, low-molecular-weight heparin, danaparoid and lepirudin. However, there are disadvantages associated with these agents. For example, both low-molecular-weight heparin, and to a lesser extent, danaparoid cross-react with HIT antibodies. More importantly, most agents show unfavourable pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, new anticoagulant drugs with a more suitable pharmacokinetic profile are necessary. Argatroban is a synthetic direct thrombin inhibitor that binds to the active site of thrombin and thereby inhibits thrombin-catalysed or -induced reactions including fibrin formation, activation of coagulation factors V, VIII and XIII, activation of protein C and platelet aggregation [Reference LaMonte, Brown and Hursting1]. In this report, we describe argatroban therapy in two critically ill patients on the ICU and discuss current argatroban dose directives.

Case 1 was a 44-yr-old female patient transferred to our hospital for further treatment after accidental ligation of the right hepatic artery and right central bile duct during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patient presented with a highly impaired blood circulation of the right liver lobe and a partially necrotic central bile duct. Following a right hemihepatectomy and biliary drainage, the patient developed a partial leakage of the biliary anastomosis. This was drained by continuous abdominal lavage. Subsequently, she became septic, developed acute renal failure and was put on continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH). HIT II diagnostics were initiated after a deep venous thrombosis and HIT II was confirmed by antibodies to platelet factor 4. Subsequently, anticoagulation was changed to argatroban. At this point, liver dysfunction was apparent (aspartate aminotransferase 215 U L⁻¹, alanine aminotransferase 89 U L⁻¹, γ-glutamyltransferase 657 U L⁻¹, alkaline phosphatase 1151 U L⁻¹ and bilirubin 23.1 mg dL⁻¹; normal range in our laboratory is <32, <31, <39, <104 and <1.5, respectively). Argatroban therapy was initiated as recommended by the manufacturer starting with 0.6 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹. Coagulation was controlled after 2 h, showing an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) of 91 s. Argatroban therapy was discontinued. Since aPTT did not return to targeted values within the following 4 h, the patient received four units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP). aPTT decreased within the following 18 h. Argatroban infusion was restarted the next day at 0.06 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ (Fig. 1a). Initially, coagulation parameter remained within the therapeutic range (aPTT 50–70 s). Five hours after the start of argatroban infusion, however, aPTT increased again. Subsequently, argatroban infusion was reduced repeatedly. Despite this, aPTT increased further, and the infusion was stopped after 14.25 h (Fig. 1a). Coagulation returned to therapeutic values within 8 h.

Figure 1

(a) Argatroban started with one-tenth of the recommended dose for hepatic dysfunction in our first patient. A further reduction was necessary to avoid high aPTT levels. (b) The dose needed in our patient without hepatic dysfunction was half the recommended dose within the first 24 h and was reduced to one-fourth thereafter. Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration was terminated after 135 h. ▪ Argatroban (μ kg⁻¹ min⁻¹); ○ aPTT (s).

Case 2 was a 70-yr-old male patient with myasthenia gravis treated with cortisone for several years who presented with spine fractures and received a kyphoplasty from segments T7 to L4. The patient developed severe right heart failure on postoperative day 1 followed by acute renal failure and pneumonia. The patient then showed multiple infarctions of the extremities and a platelet drop. Although laboratory tests for HIT II initially gave negative results, anticoagulation was changed to argatroban again aiming at an aPTT of 50–60 s. After the first 24 h, argatroban dose was reduced to half and continued for 7 days (Fig. 1b). Throughout the therapy no complications were observed and blood supply to the extremities resolved. Subsequently, the general condition of the patient improved. Following return of spontaneous diuresis, CVVH was terminated after 135 h of argatroban therapy.

Appropriate management of anticoagulation in ICU patients is of paramount importance. The direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban is a small, synthetic molecule that binds reversibly and specifically to the catalytic domain of thrombin and has been shown to be a reliable alternative in patients with HIT II [Reference LaMonte, Brown and Hursting1]. Argatroban is bound 54% to serum proteins and is metabolized by microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver to four metabolites with a fivefold weaker anticoagulant effect and excreted in the bile but not via the kidneys. Due to hepatic metabolism, it is recommended by the manufacturer to reduce argatroban to 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ in patients with hepatic dysfunction. In our first patient with hepatic dysfunction, however, argatroban had to be reduced to less than one-tenth of this dose in order to avoid excessive anticoagulation. More importantly, the argatroban dose was decreased repeatedly during the first 8 h of treatment.

Terminal elimination half-life of argatroban for healthy subjects ranges between 39 and 51 min, normally resulting in steady-state aPTT levels within 3 h. It has been reported that the half-life of argatroban used in patients with hepatic dysfunction is increased approximately two- to threefold. Total time on argatroban in that study, however, was only 4 h [Reference Swan and Hursting2]. Given the increased half-life during hepatic dysfunction and the short application time in the aforementioned study, we suggest that argatroban probably did not reach a steady state. It has also been reported previously that argatroban accumulates in patients with a normal hepatic function. aPTT values remained increased after discontinuation of argatroban for 130 h in one patient [Reference Kubiak, Szumita and Fanikos3]. This emphasizes the need for studies that exceed an application of 4 h [Reference Swan and Hursting2,Reference Murray, Reddy and Grossman4]. Possible explanations for the observed low argatroban requirement in our case could be the severe liver dysfunction or an intraperitoneal reabsorption of argatroban containing bile fluid, or both. Furthermore, the difference between fast and slow drug metabolizing subjects depending on hepatic enzyme activity may be responsible for the observed pharmacodynamic effects. Regardless of the underlying reason, we suggest that the usually recommended argatroban dose should be reduced significantly in patients with hepatic dysfunction if applied over a longer period of time.

In our second case, the argatroban dose was reduced to 0.5 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ in a critically ill patient with renal failure. Argatroban anticoagulation was not influenced by CVVH because coagulation and the required argatroban dose did not vary either during CVVH or after return of spontaneous diuresis. Others have also reported on argatroban therapy during continuous veno-venous haemodialysis (CVVHD) with a decreased argatroban dose (0.26 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) that was finally discontinued in order to achieve target aPTT values [Reference Dager and White5]. We therefore suggest that neither CVVH nor CVVHD extract relevant amounts of argatroban.

Although argatroban can be safely used in patients undergoing CVVH/CVVHD without hepatic dysfunction, the recommended dose of 2 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ should be reduced in critically ill patients. The study suggesting 2 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ was performed during haemodialysis in patients with endstage renal disease and argatroban was terminated after 4 h [Reference Murray, Reddy and Grossman4]. The results of this study therefore may not pertain to ICU patients undergoing long-term CVVH. Comparable to our case, an excessive aPTT increase (>100 s) was observed in three patients following argatroban administration with 2 μg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ on a cardiothoracic ICU [Reference Reichert, MacGregor, Kincaid and Dolinski6]. The argatroban dose therefore probably should be routinely reduced if administered for longer than 24 h because argatroban clearance may be prolonged in critically ill patients.

Currently, there is no specific antidote for argatroban. In order to re-establish normal coagulation, FFP administration is recommended. In our first patient four units were sufficient to correct coagulation. Others have reported FFP not to be effective during argatroban therapy [Reference Dager and White5]. In that case, however, only 600 mL FFP were given per day and the volume applied thus was possibly insufficient for a bleeding patient. In contrast, a recent case report supports our observation that FFP can effectively compensate for argatroban overdose [Reference Yee and Kuter7], whereas recombinant activated factor VII was not successful in this respect.

The choice of the anticoagulant on the ICU is still a challenge. For argatroban, we suggest to start routinely with reduced doses compared to the package insert, followed by an adjustment according to aPTT levels. Performed in such a matter, argatroban seems to be a safe drug for anticoagulation in patients with HIT II in the ICU.