Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-hzqq2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-18T07:53:34.448Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Calcium tolerance of growing chickens: effect of ratio of dietary calcium to available phosphorus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

T.M. Shafey
T.M. Shafey
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Production, Gatton College, University of Queensland, Lawes, Queensland 4343, Australia
Get access

Abstract

Excess calcium intake has been shown to reduce growth and feed efficiency and to increase bone ash and bone strength in growing chickens. Source and level of dietary phosphorus have been shown to affect calcium tolerance. The effects of high calcium can be largely explained by its effects on intestinal pH. The proposed mechanism involves excess calcium reducing the soluble fraction of minerals and the proportion of minerals in small complexes. In consequence, their availability for absorption is probably also reduced. The growth depression of chickens fed on diets high in calcium may be partly caused by the decreased availability of other minerals needed for growth. Calcium tolerance of growing chickens may be increased by ensuring that there are higher than normal levels of the other required minerals in the diet.

Keywords

Available phosphorusbonecalciumchickensgrowthphosphorus

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 49 , Issue 1 , March 1993 , pp. 5 - 18
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Agriculture Research Council (ARC) (1975) The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 1 Poultry, 2nd edn, HMSO, LondonGoogle Scholar
Albright, F. and Reifenstein, E.C. (1948) The Parathyroid Glands and Metabolic Bone Disease. Williams and Wilkins, BaltimoreGoogle Scholar
Bendemer, S.L. and Schaible, P.J. (1942) Mineral partition during intestinal digestion of normal and high mineral. Poultry Science 21: 3–7Google Scholar
Bethke, R.M., Kennard, D.C. and Kick, C.H. (1929) The availability of Ca in Ca salts and minerals for bone formation in the growing chick. Poultry Science 9: 45–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bikle, D.D., Morrissey, R.L., Zolock, D.T. and Rasmussen, H. (1981) The intestinal response to vitamin D. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology 89: 63–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, R., English, P.R. and Micttie, W. (1965) Effect of Ca source on Ca retention in the young chick. British Poultry Science 6: 355–356Google Scholar
Bryden, W.L. and Balnave, D. (1983) Dietary Ca and biotin status in poultry In: Proceedings of 1983 World's Poultry Science Association Far East and South Pacific Federation, Adelaide, Australian Chicken Meat Federation, NSW, pp. 104–106Google Scholar
Buckner, G.D. and Martin, J.H. (1929) Calcium and phosphorus metabolism of the growing chick. Poultry Science 8: 284–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckner, G.D., Martin, J.H. and Insko, W.M. Jr. (1929) The relative utilization of certain calcium compounds by the growing chick. Poultry Science 9: 1–5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckner, G.D., Martin, J.H. and Insko, W.M. Jr. (1930) Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the growing chick. Poultry Science 9: 235–238CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carver, J.S., Evans, R.J. and McGinnis, J. (1946) Ca, phosphorus and vitamin D interrelationships in the nutrition of the growing chicks. Poultry Science 25: 294–297Google Scholar
Chrismas, R.B., Damron, B.L. and Harms, R.H. (1971) A comparison of phosphorus assay techniques with chicks. 8. Evaluation of two dietary levels of plant phosphorus for use in phosphorus assays. Poultry Science 50: 596–601CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clifcorn, L.E., Elvehjem, C.A. and Hart, E.B. (1938) The development of a ration for the study of perosis in chicks. Poultry Science 17: 28–32Google Scholar
Common, R.H.J. (1940) Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. IV. Journal of Agriculture Science 30: 113–131CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, J.K. and Neil, A.R. (1971) Effects of strain, antibiotic supplement and diet Ca level on chick growth and feed conversion and on utilization of dietary energy and nitrogen. Australian Journal of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 11: 383–386Google Scholar
Cuca, M. and Sunde, M.L. (1967) The availability of calcium from Mexican and Californian sesame meals. Poultry Science 46: 994–1002Google Scholar
Davies, M.I., Ritcey, G.M. and Motzok, I. (1970) Intestinal phytase and alkaline phosphatase of chicks: influence of dietary Ca, inorganic and phytate phosphorus and vitamin D3. Poultry Science 49: 1280–1286Google Scholar
Davis, G.K. (1959) Effects of high Ca intakes on the absorption of other nutrients. Federation Proceedings 18: 1119–1123Google Scholar
De Groote, G. (1984) Biological availability of phosphorus in feed phosphates for broilers. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Tours, INRA, France, pp. 91–102Google Scholar
Deobald, H.J., Elvehjem, C.A., Hart, E.B. and Halpin, J.G. (1936) Availability of calcium salts for bone formation and rickets prevention in chicks. Poultry Science 15: 42–47Google Scholar
Dilworth, B.C. and Day, E.J. (1965) Effect of varying dietary calcium:phosphorus ratios on tibia and femur composition of the chick. Poultry Science 44: 1474–1479Google Scholar
Dilworth, B.C., Day, E.J. and Hill, J.E. (1964) Availability of Ca in feed grade phosphate to the chick. Poultry Science 43: 1132–1134Google Scholar
Edwards, H.M. Jr., Marion, J.E., Fuller, H.L. and Driggers, J.C. (1963) Studies on Ca requirements of broilers. Poultry Science 42: 699–703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewing, W.R. (1963) Poultry Nutrition, 5th edn, The Ray Ewing Company, Pasadena, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
Fangauf, R.H., Vogt, H. and Penner, W. (1961) Studies of Ca tolerance in chickens. Archiv für Geflugelkunde 25: 82–86Google Scholar
Gardiner, E.E. (1971) Ca requirements of two breeds of chickens as influenced by level of dietary phosphorus. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 5: 445–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, M. and Young, R.J. (1967) Influence of dietary Ca, vitamin D3 and fiber on the availability of phosphorus to turkey poults. Poultry Science 46: 553–559CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harms, R.H., Damron, B.L., Roland, D.A. and Potter, L.M. (1976) Calcium in Broiler, Layer and Turkey Nutrition, National Ingredients Association, Des Moines, IowaGoogle Scholar
Harms, R.H., Waldroup, P.W. and Damron, B.L. (1967) A comparison of phosphorus assay techniques with chicks. 2. Development of a Ca standard curve for monosodium phosphate. Poultry Science 46: 981–985Google Scholar
Hart, E.B., Scott, H.T., Kline, O.L. and Halpin, J.G. (1930) The calcium–phosphorus ratio in the nutrition of growing chicks. Poultry Science 9: 296–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, J.E., Dutcher, R.A. and Knandel, H.C. (1933–yy34) Relative utilization of calcium from calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate by chickens. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 31: 70–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, S. (1964) Ca metabolism of pullets at the onset of egg production, as influenced by dietary Ca level. Poultry Science 43: 1462–1468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, S. (1978) Calcium metabolism in birds. In: Chemical Zoology Volume X. Aves (Ed. Brush, A.M.) Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 273–306Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. (1985) Ca, phosphorus and vitamin D in the nutrition of growing birds. In: Proceedings of the 1985 Poultry Husbandry Research Foundation, Sydney, University of Sydney, NSW, Paper No. 1Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Griminger, P. (1961) The response of plasma alkaline phosphatase, parathyroids and blood and bone minerals to Ca intake in the fowl. Journal of Nutrition 73: 177–185Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S. and Rand, N.T. (1965) Utilization of Ca from Ca sulfate by chicks and laying hens. Poultry Science 44: 177–183Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S., Fishman, S., Bar, A., Pines, M., Riesenfeld, G. and Talpaz, H. (1983) Simulation of Ca homeostasis: modeling and parameter estimation. American Journal of Physiology 245: R664–672Google Scholar
Hurwitz, S., Fishman, S., Bar, A. and Talpaz, H. (1984) Ca metabolism in birds: computer simulation of response to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. American Journal of Physiology 246: R685–687Google Scholar
Hussein, A.S., Cantor, A.H. and Johnson, T.H. (1986) Relationship of dietary aluminium, phosphorus and Ca to phosphorus and Ca metabolism of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 65: 62 (Abstract)Google Scholar
Huyghebaert, G., De Groote, G. and Keppens, L. (1981) L'influence des teneurs en Ca et enfluor et du rapport Na/Cl sur l'utilisation du phosphore et la solidite des os chez les poulets de chair. Revue de l'Agriculture 34: 312–330Google Scholar
Johnson, R.J. and Karunajeewa, H. (1984) The influence of dietary electrolytes and minerals on the growth, physiology and incidence of leg disorders of broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of 1984 Poultry Husbandry Research Foundation, Sydney, University of Sydney, NSW, Paper No. 16Google Scholar
Karunajeewa, H. (1976) Effect of some feed additives on the performance of broiler chicks fed diets containing high levels of meat and bone meal. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 16: 685–690Google Scholar
Karunajeewa, H. (1977) Effects of rearing regime, a chelating agent and the source of supplemental calcium and protein in the laying diet on egg shell thickness and performance of crossbred layers. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 17: 934–943Google Scholar
Kennard, D.C., Holder, R.C. and White, P.S. (1922) Mineral supplements to rations for chickens: corn meal and soyabean meal. Poultry Science 1: 65–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondos, A.C. and McClymont, G.L. (1967) Effect of protein, vitamin and antibiotic levels on the depression of chick growth by high Ca diets, and mechanism of action. In: Proceedings of 1967 Australasian Poultry Science Convention, Surfers' Paradise, Park View Printery, Queensland, pp. 95–103Google Scholar
McDonald, M.W. and Solvyns, A. (1964) Dietary Ca levels and chicken growth. In: Proceedings of 1964 Australian Poultry Science Convention, Surfers' Paradise, Sharp and Dohme, NSW, pp. 112–116Google Scholar
McNaughton, J.L., Dilworth, B.C. and Day, E.J. (1974) Effect of particle size on the utilization of calcium supplements by the chick. Poultry Science 53: 1024–1029Google Scholar
Massengale, O.N. and Platt, C.S. (1930) Effect of calcium from different sources on the growth and egg production of poultry. Poultry Science 9: 240–246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrissey, R.L. and Wasserman, R.H. (1971) Calcium absorption and calcium-binding protein in chicks on differing calcium and phosphorus intakes. American Journal of Physiology 220: 1509–1515CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Research Council (NRC) (1971) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 6th edn. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (NRC) (1984) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 8th edn. National Academy of Sciences, WashingtonGoogle Scholar
Nelson, T.S., Hargus, W.A., Storer, N. and Walker, A.C. (1965) The influence of Ca on phosphorus utilization by chicks. Poultry Science 44: 1508–1513Google Scholar
Nelson, T.S., McGillivary, J.J., Shieh, T.R., Wodzinski, R.J. and Ware, J.H. (1968) Effect of phytate on the calcium requirement of chicks. Poultry Science 47: 1985–1991CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, A.W. (1985) The vitamin D endocrine system. Physiologist 28: 219–232Google Scholar
Nott, H., Morris, T.R. and Taylor, T.G. (1967) Utilization of phytate phosphorus by laying hens and young chicks. Poultry Science 46: 1301 (abstract)Google Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N. and Bragg, D.B. (1977) Influence of phytic acid and crude fibre on the availability of minerals from four protein supplements in growing chicks. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 57: 475–477Google Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N., Bragg, D.B. and Kitts, W.D. (1976) A method for estimating the mineral availability in feedstuffs. Poultry Science 55: 2217–2221CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N. and Bragg, D.B. (1980) Biological availability of minerals in rapeseed meal. Poultry Science 59: 155–158Google Scholar
O'Dell, B.L. (1960) Magnesium requirement and its relation to other dietary constituents. Federation Proceedings 19: 648–654Google Scholar
Parkhurst, R.T. and McMurray, M.R. (1932) The relation of Ca and phosphorus to growth and rachitic leg weakness in chickens. Journal of Agriculture Science 22: 874–882CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, B.L. and Weber, C.W. (1976) Calcium availability and trace mineral composition of feed grade calcium supplements. Poultry Science 55: 600–605CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roglar, J.C. and Parker, H.E. (1972) Effects of excess Ca on a fluoride–magnesium interrelationship in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 102: 1699–1708Google Scholar
Rowland, L.O., Harms, J.R.H., Wilson, H.R., Ross, I.J. and Fry, J.L. (1967) Breaking strength of chick bones as an indication of dietary Ca and phosphorus adequacy. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 126: 399–401Google Scholar
Rucker, R.B., Parker, H.E. and Rogler, J.C. (1968) Utilization of Ca and phosphorus from hydrous and anhydrous dicalcium phosphates. Journal of Nutrition 96: 513Google Scholar
Sathe, B.S. and McClymont, G.L. (1965a) Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. III. Association of chick growth with the bone, Ca, and protein contributed by meat meals to diets, and the effect of mineral and vitamin plus antibiotic supplementation. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 16: 243–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sathe, B.S. and McClymont, G.L. (1965b) Nutritional evaluation of meat meals for poultry. IV. Prevention of growth depression from high levels of bone or Ca by vitamin and antibiotic supplementation. Australian Journal of Agriculture Research 16: 491–503Google Scholar
Sauveur, B. (1984) Availability of phosphorus in feedstuffs. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Tours, INRA, France, pp. 103–113Google Scholar
Schaible, P.J. and Bendemer, S.C. (1942) The effect of mineral supplements on the availability of manganese. Poultry Science 21: 8–14Google Scholar
Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. and Young, R.J. (1982) Nutrition of the Chicken, M.L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, New YorkGoogle Scholar
Shafey, T.M. (1988) The effects of high Ca diets in broiler chickens. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, St. LuciaGoogle Scholar
Shafey, T.M., and McDonald, M.W. (1990) Effects of dietary calcium:available phosphorus on Ca tolerance of broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 30: 483–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafey, T.M., McDonald, M.W. and Pym, R.A.E. (1990) Effects of dietary Ca, AP and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilisation, plasma and bone constituents and Ca and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains. British Poultry Science 31: 587–602Google Scholar
Shafey, T.M., McDonald, M.W. and Dingle, G.J. (1991) Effects of dietary calcium and available phosphorus concentration on digesta pH and on the availability of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc from the intestinal contents of meat chickens. British Poultry Science 32: 185–194Google Scholar
Shane, S.M., Young, R.J. and Krook, L. (1969) Renal and parathyroid changes produced by high calcium intake in growing pullets. Avian Disease 13: 558–567Google Scholar
Simco, T.F. and Stephenson, E.L. (1961) Re-evaluation of the calcium–phosphorus requirements of the chick. Poultry Science 40: 1188–1192Google Scholar
Smith, H. and Taylor, J.H. (1961) Effect of feeding two levels of dietary Ca on the growth of broiler chickens. Nature 190: 1200Google Scholar
Smith, O.B. and Kabaija, E. (1985) Effect of high dietary Ca and wide calcium–phosphorus ratios in broiler diets. Poultry Science 64: 1713–1720Google Scholar
Spandorf, A.H. and Leong, K.C. (1965) Biological availability of calcium and phosphorus in Manhaden fish meal. Poultry Science 44: 1107–1113Google Scholar
Taylor, T.G. and Dacke, C.G. (1984) Ca metabolism and its regulation. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl, (Ed. Freeman, B.M.), Academic Press, London and New York, pp. 126–170Google Scholar
Temperton, H. and Cassidy, J. (1964a) Phosphorus requirements of poultry. 1. The utilization of phytin phosphorus by the chick as indicated by balance experiments. British Poultry Science 5: 75–80Google Scholar
Temperton, H. and Cassidy, J. (1964b) Phosphorus requirements of poultry. 2. The utilization of phytin phosphorus by the chick for growth and bone formation. British Poultry Science 5: 81–86Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Ammerman, C.B. and Harms, R.H. (1962) Comparison of the requirements of battery and floor grown chicks for Ca and phosphorus. Poultry Science 41: 1433–1436Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Ammerman, C.B. and Harms, R.H. (1963a) Ca and phosphorus requirements of finishing broilers using phosphorus sources of low and high availability. Poultry Science 42: 752–757Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Ammerman, C.B. and Harms, R.H. (1963b) The relationship of phosphorus, Ca and vitamin D3 in the diet of broiler-type chicks. Poultry Science 42: 982–989Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Ammerman, C.B. and Harms, R.H. (1964) The availability of phytic acid phosphorus for chicks. 3. Effect of calcium and vitamin D3 levels on the utilization of calcium phytate. Poultry Science 43: 926–931Google Scholar
Wasserman, R.H. and Taylor, A.N. (1966) Vitamin D3-induced Ca binding protein in chick intestinal mucosa. Science 152: 791–793Google Scholar
Wideman, R.F. (1987) Renal regulation of avian calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Journal of Nutrition 117: 808–815Google Scholar
Wien, E.M. and Schwartz, R. (1985) Dietary calcium exchangeability and bioavilability. In: Nutritional Bioavailability of Calcium (Ed. Kies, C.), American Chemical Society, pp. 1–16Google Scholar
Wilgus, H.S. Jr. (1931) The quantitative requirements of the growing chick for Ca and phosphorus. Poultry Science 10: 105–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilgus, H.S. Jr., Norris, L.C. and Heuser, G.F. (1936) The role of certain inorganic elements in the cause and prevention of perosis. Science 84: 252–253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilgus, H.S. Jr., Norris, L.C. and Heuser, G.F. (1937) The effects of various Ca and phosphorus salts on the severity of perosis. Poultry Science 16: 232–237Google Scholar
Wilgus, H.S. Jr., and Patton, A.R. (1939) Factors affecting manganese utilization in the chicken. Journal of Nutrition 18: 35–45Google Scholar