Lifestyle and genetic factors play a part in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics, but metabolic abnormalities occur frequently and their contribution to increased risk is of growing concern to clinicians. ^{Reference De Hert, Hanssens, Van Winkel, Wampers, Van Eyck and Scheen1–Reference Barnett, Mackin, Chaudhry, Farooqi, Gadsby and Heald3} Studies indicate that there may be a high risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia independent of medication. ^{Reference Thakore, Mann, Vlahos, Martin and Reznek4,Reference Ryan, Flanagan, Kinsella, Keeling and Thakore5} However, a larger study found no differences between drug-naive patients with schizophrenia and matched controls, and found that patients receiving antipsychotic drugs experience substantial deposition of both subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat. ^{Reference Zhang, Yao, Liu, Fang and Reynolds6} People with metabolic syndrome are three times more likely to suffer a cardiovascular accident or myocardial infarction and have a five times greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. ^{Reference Barnett, Mackin, Chaudhry, Farooqi, Gadsby and Heald3,7} The current International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition of metabolic syndrome is outlined in Table 1.

Table 1

International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome^a

Central obesity	Waist circumferenceb
Men	⩾94 cm for Europid men, ⩾90 cm for South Asian men
Women	⩾80 cm for Europid women, ⩾80 cm for South Asian women
Plus any two of the following
Raised triglycerides	1.7 mmol/l
	OR specific treatment for this lipid abnormality
Reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Men	<1.03 mmol/l
Women	<1.29 mmol/l
	OR specific treatment for this lipid abnormality
Raised blood pressure	Systolic ⩾130 mmHg or diastolic ⩾85 mmHg
	OR treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension
Raised fasting plasma glucose	⩾5.6 mmol/l
	OR previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Various guidelines exist in relation to monitoring the metabolic side-effects of antipsychotics. The National Library for Health produced guidance on the management of adult patients with schizophrenia ⁸ based on recommendations in the 2002 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) schizophrenia guideline. The National Library for Health offers advice concerning the monitoring of adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs, which includes annual monitoring of blood pressure, glucose and calculation of 10-year cardiovascular risk.

The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines ^{Reference Taylor, Paton and Kerwin9} provide guidance on monitoring parameters of patients on antipsychotics. They recommend the following:

1. • fasting blood lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) at baseline, 3 months, then yearly (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine: 3-monthly for first year, then yearly);

2. • weight (including waist size and body mass index (BMI)) at baseline, frequently for 3 months then yearly (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine: frequently for 3 months, then 3-monthly for first year, then yearly);

3. • plasma glucose at baseline, at 4–6 months, then yearly (clozapine, olanzapine: at baseline, 1 month and then every 4–6 months);

4. • blood pressure at baseline and frequently during dose titration.

Barnett et al ^{Reference Barnett, Mackin, Chaudhry, Farooqi, Gadsby and Heald3} recommend baseline evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors followed by 4-, 8- and 12-week evaluations and a 6-month evaluation, and annual monitoring thereafter. In addition, they recommend that all patients with weight gain should receive lifestyle advice in combination with close monitoring, and patients with hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension should be referred to their general practitioner (GP) for appropriate treatment according to current guidelines.

The national Prescribing Observatory for Mental Health (POMH–UK) has included screening for the metabolic syndrome in community patients receiving antipsychotics as a topic for its quality improvement programme. The group conducted a retrospective case-note audit of patients prescribed antipsychotic medication with a standard of yearly monitoring of blood pressure, measure of obesity, glucose and lipids. Results showed that between 0 and 41% (0 and 48% at re-audit a year later) of trusts were monitoring for all four aspects on an annual basis. The group suggested that there was considerable unrecognised diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia within this patient group. The responses of clinical teams showed that there were obstacles to screening, revealing uncertainty about whose responsibility it was and a lack of confidence in interpretation of abnormal results. ^{2,Reference Barnes, Paton, Cavanagh, Hanock and Taylor10} Haupt et al ^{Reference Haupt, Rosenblatt, Kim, Baker, Whitehead and Newcomer11} sought to quantify plasma lipid and glucose testing rates in patients receiving second-generation antipsychotics before and after guidelines recommending testing were issued. Despite a significant improvement after guidelines were issued, the authors conclude that monitoring for plasma lipids and glucose remains low.

The Charnwood mental health team, Leicestershire Partnership National Health Service (NHS) Trust, started a metabolic clinic in 2006 to monitor for metabolic side-effects in patients on regular antipsychotic medication. The Charnwood area is in the East Midlands region of the UK and consists of both urban and rural areas. The population is about 155 000 with 11% being ethnic minority (mainly Indian and Other White). Patients are referred by psychiatrists in the Charnwood team. The clinic is run by junior specialty trainees and involves monitoring of metabolic parameters at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and at 1 year. Abnormal results are sent to GPs for their attention and any required intervention. At the end of 1 year, the responsibility of annual monitoring is then passed on to GPs. Specialty trainees are trained by a consultant psychiatrist in an induction session and are supervised in the initial sessions. A clinic file also provides an outline of how the clinic is run.

The aims of this study were to assess whether we are effectively monitoring the patients' metabolic profile, and to improve the detection (number of patients referred to clinic and number of results completed in clinic), communication (number of results received by GPs) and intervention (number of results acted on) of metabolic abnormalities among patients on atypical antipsychotics.

Method

The study was based on the results from the metabolic clinic that are recorded on a standard form (pro forma) at each visit. The initial audit was carried out on data between May 2006 and December 2007, involving 69 patients on the clinic register. The re-audit was carried out on data between December 2007 and January 2009, involving 123 patients on the clinic register.

The standards for the audit were set after considering our local ‘shared care agreement’ between secondary and primary care, national ^{Reference Taylor, Paton and Kerwin9} and international ⁷ guidelines, and after consultation with a consultant biochemist at the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. The shared care agreement recommends monitoring at baseline, 4 months and 12 months; however, based on national and international guidelines, we felt that baseline, 3-month, 6-month and 12-month monitoring of all parameters would be more acceptable and practical. From these we devised the following standards.

1. 1 All patients on atypical antipsychotics should be referred to the metabolic clinic.

2. 2 All patients should have their BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting or random glucose tested at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months.

3. 3 Results are abnormal and should be sent to GPs and acted on if:

   1. (i) BMI ⩾30 kg/m²

   2. (ii) waist circumference ⩾94 cm for males and ⩾80 cm for females

   3. (iii) total cholesterol ⩾4.6 mmol/l

   4. (iv) triglycerides ⩾1.7 mmol/l

   5. (v) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <1.03 mmol/l for males and <1.29 mmol/l for females

   6. (vi) systolic blood pressure ⩾130 mmHg

   7. (vii) diastolic blood pressure ⩾85 mmHg

   8. (viii) fasting plasma glucose ⩾5.6 mmol/l

   9. (ix) random plasma glucose ⩾6.6 mmol/l.

To test the first standard, a random sample of patients on atypical antipsychotics was required. A list of all patients on atypical antipsychotics in the Charnwood mental health team was generated. Ten patients from each of the four consultants on the team were selected using systemic randomisation (e.g. if a consultant has 64 patients on atypical antipsychotics then every 6th patient was selected to total ten). This list was then compared with the list of patients that have had metabolic monitoring at some time in the metabolic clinic and the proportion of patients referred was calculated.

Attendances and clinic results at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and yearly were retrospectively reviewed and analysed. Patients on typical antipsychotics, patients who had moved to other mental health teams and those not on regular antipsychotics were excluded. The number of parameters completed and the number of abnormal results were calculated.

To test whether the abnormal results had been acted on, only the patients' last clinic results were used. We contacted the GPs by telephone and fax to ascertain whether they had received their patients' abnormal results and whether they had acted on them (e.g. by providing lifestyle advice, prescribing medication, making a relevant referral). They were also given the opportunity to make comments. We thought this to be the most feasible way of obtaining relevant information as it would be unreasonable to ask GPs to go through notes of patients to check multiple clinic dates, sometimes as far back as 2006.

Statistical analysis to compare data in both audits was carried out using contingency tables. Fisher's exact test (two-tailed) was used, with a 5% significance level.

Results

The study group of the initial audit comprised 54 patients (after exclusion criteria), with a male:female ratio of 29:25 and an average age of 40.7 years. The proportion of patients referred to the metabolic clinic was 43%. Of the 48 patients that attended baseline appointments, 35% had a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome as defined by the IDF. It was shown that 63% of abnormal results were received by GPs and 66% of received results were acted on. General practitioners received a higher number of haematological results than non-haematological results. Furthermore, the number of incomplete high-density lipoprotein results was relatively high at 21%.

The audit was presented to trainees and consultants in January 2008; the following recommendations were implemented in December 2007.

1. • Metabolic clinic file to include an outline of the aims of the clinic and how it is run.

2. • Pro formas to include IDF criteria and normal/abnormal parameters; a checklist of investigations should be completed; a space to be incorporated to record whether pro formas (not just blood results) are faxed to the GP, and to note lifestyle advice or changes to medication and action on previous results.

3. • High-density lipoprotein should be specifically requested on chemical pathology forms.

4. • Specialty trainees to receive education on metabolic syndrome.

5. • General practitioners to be informed of antipsychotic monitoring guidelines and the effects of antipsychotics on metabolic profile.

The audit was repeated with the study group comprising 110 patients, with a male:female ratio of 63:47 and an average age of 38.2 years.

Analysis of all clinic results (number of sets of clinic results: initial audit, n = 96; re-audit, n = 184) revealed a large number of abnormal results (defined by audit standards). In both audits, waist circumference and total cholesterol had the highest number of abnormal results (Table 2).

Table 2

Summary of audit and re-audit results^a

	Normal		Abnormal		Not done		Refused		Results pending
Parameter	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B	A	B
Body mass index	44	49	55	51	1	0	0	0	0	0
Waist circumference	13	13	86	87	1	0	0	0	0	0
Systolic blood pressure	64	59	36	40	0	1	0	0	0	0
Diastolic blood pressure	74	72	26	27	0	1	0	0	0	0
Total cholesterol	25	20	69	73	1	3	4	3	1	1
Triglycerides	46	40	48	51	1	5	4	3	1	1
High-density lipoprotein	34	45	40	35	21	16	4	3	1	1
Plasma glucose fasting or randomb	69	58	10	14	8	18	3	3	3	1

Communication of abnormal results

In the re-audit, GPs received on average 88% of abnormal results, an increase of 25% on the initial audit (P<0.001).

Significant improvements were seen between audits for the number of abnormal results received by GPs for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI and waist circumference (52%, 52%, 36% and 22% improvement respectively). The improvement in number of abnormal cholesterol results received (17%) was of borderline significance (P = 0.06). The number of abnormal glucose results received did not significantly improve (P = 0.09) because of the low number of results for the initial audit; however, Fig. 1 indicates a noticeable improvement. The number of abnormal triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein results received by GPs showed no significant improvement (probably due to initial audit results being relatively high).

Fig 1

Abnormal results received by the general practitioners and received results acted on (excluding results unknown), with ^* P<0.05, ^** P<0.01, ^*** P<0.001 for differences between audits for each parameter. A1, audit; ReA, re-audit; BMI, body mass index; CH, cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GL, glucose; GP, general practitioner; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; WA, waist circumference.

Discussion

In this audit cycle we were able to produce a notable improvement in monitoring and communication of abnormal results to primary care services. We found that a large proportion of patients taking atypical antipsychotics have abnormal metabolic parameters; this underlines the need for monitoring all patients taking these medications regularly. At re-audit, of those who had a measurement, 87% had an abnormal waist circumference, 78% abnormal cholesterol and 19% abnormal glucose (excluding those known to have diabetes).

In the re-audit, consultants' referral rates were improved at 67%, albeit still well below the audit standard. This reflects the limited capacity of the metabolic clinic and it is possible that only high-risk patients are being referred. There may also have been a number of patients who refused to attend the clinic. Consequently, the high numbers of abnormal parameters may be skewed by referral bias. The results may also have been affected by non-attendance meaning incomplete follow-up of these patients.

Despite implementation of audit recommendations, high-density lipoprotein and glucose tests were insufficiently requested by specialty trainees and the number of glucose results not completed in fact increased. Although the reason behind this is unclear, this does indicate the need for further education of specialty trainees and clarity on blood test forms. In the trust, blood for glucose testing is requested in a separate bottle, which may be a reason it is getting omitted.

Overall, 12% of abnormal results were not sent to the GP; some were not returned to the correct department by the laboratory but it is likely that trainees failed to recognise others as abnormal. Despite this, there was an improvement in the number of abnormal results being sent to GPs and acted on between the two audits, notably for glucose, BMI and diastolic blood pressure. The most significant of these is the increase of 63% for abnormal glucose results, which probably reflects the successful implementation of recommendations from the initial audit, especially the provision of IDF criteria and education on metabolic syndrome.

Communication of abnormal blood results between the clinic and primary care improved by 25% between audits (especially for the non-haematological tests), leading to an overall increased action on abnormal results of 17%. On average, GPs acted on 66% of abnormal results in both audits. Many believed the results were ‘not abnormal enough’ to warrant further action. There is a case that all abnormal results should be acted on as most patients only require low-key intervention such as lifestyle advice and this may prevent patients developing metabolic syndrome. Conversely, it is true that all patients should be looked at individually and risks assessed before action. Some GPs believed the clinic already offered sufficient lifestyle advice. This is true; however, the advice is only based on parameters completed at the time of clinic (blood pressure, waist circumference and BMI) and not blood results (cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and glucose). This means many patients would not receive intervention.

Our results show that we are now monitoring 67% of patients on atypical antipsychotics in secondary care. Of these, the vast majority (over 95%) have waist circumference, BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol and triglycerides assessed regularly, but high-density lipoprotein and glucose are tested in fewer patients (84% and 82% respectively). The results compare favourably with the audit conducted by Barnes et al, ^{Reference Barnes, Paton, Cavanagh, Hanock and Taylor10} which found even at re-audit that a documented annual result for blood pressure was available for 43% of patients, BMI or other obesity measure for 34%, blood glucose for 38% and lipids for 35%; only 23% of patients had all four measures completed. Although the audit does report numbers of patients with diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, they did not examine specific results abnormalities or any intervention due to these abnormalities. Our results also compare favourably with Haupt et al, ^{Reference Haupt, Rosenblatt, Kim, Baker, Whitehead and Newcomer11} who reported comparatively low rates of glucose and lipid testing. However, the improvement in monitoring which we have observed reflects that in Haupt et al's study, where a significant improvement on testing rates post-guidance was reported. Our audit goes further than reporting solely the levels of monitoring; it provides information on specific numbers of abnormal results and interventions involving both secondary and primary care.