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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2023

Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia
Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia
Affiliation:
Kent State University, Ohio

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Type
Chapter
Information
Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe
The Cold War and Decolonization,1960–1984
 , pp. 332 - 345
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Anglo-American Plan
internal settlement, influence on, 152–153
Machel, view of, 148–150
Nkomo, attitude toward, 147–148
Organization of African Unity, view of, 184–185
USSR, view of, 134–135
white Rhodesians, compensation for, 87–91
Angola
MPLA victory, Cold War influence of, 54–56, 57, 59–61
ZIPRA, bases in, 135
Annex C
Anglo-American differences over, 97
guarantees for Rhodesian whites, 91–92
Kissinger, promotion of, 91–92, 96–97, 123–126
Antelope mine
Gukurahundi atrocities, report of,
arms cachés, 250–252
ex-ZANLA, UK view of, 249–250
ex-ZIPRA, UK view of, 249–250
Gwai mine, ex-ZIPRA, 249–250
Sabi, ex-ZANLA, 249–250
Banda, Hastings
Mugabe, view of, 211–212
Muzorewa, view of, 211–212
Shonas, view of, 211–212
Soviet influence, view of, 211–212
Thatcher, meeting with, 211–212
Barlow, Peter
Mozambique, Mugabe’s flight to, 64–65
Baron, Leo, 40
Botha, R. F. “Pik”
civil war, view of, 181–182
Duff, meeting with, 234
Genscher, meeting with, 224–225
insurances for white Rhodesians, opinions of, 90
Kissinger, meeting with, 80–81
Lusaka Accord, response to, 213–215
Nkomo, view of, 182
race states, 224–225
race war, 224–225
South African Police, withdrawal from Rhodesia, 80
Botswana
Patriotic Front, view of, 210–213
Brewster, Kingman
Carrington, meeting with, 230–231
Lancaster House land compensation issue, 220–221
British Military Advisory Training Team (BMATT)
ex-ZANLA vs ex-ZIPRA fighting, observation of, 247–248
Fifth Brigade, training of officers, 304–305
Fifth Brigade, view of, 256–257
Gukurahundi, intelligence on, 282–287
ZNA, view of, 249–250
Brown, Harold
Mugabe, view of, 199
Nkomo, view of, 199
Patriotic Front, view of, 199
Brown, Mervyn, 218
Nyerere, meeting with, 100–101
Brzezinski, Zbigniew
Mugabe, view of, 223
Bukovsky Archives
Nkomo, Soviet military aid, 135
Bulgaria
Patriotic Front, support of, 208–209
Bush, George H. W., 73
Byatt, Robin
ex-ZANLA vs ex-ZIPRA fighting, observation of, 247–248
ex-ZIPRA officers, opinion of, 285
ex-Zipra officers, role of, 285
Fifth Brigade, view of, 283–284
Gukurahundi, view of, 297–299
Mugabe, view of, 65, 297–299
Sekeramayi, meeting with, 284
ZNA, view of, 249–250
Callaghan, James
Kissinger, meeting with, 78–79
Nkomo, meeting with, 144–146
Nyerere, correspondence with, 102–104
Carrington, Peter, 239
Brewster, meeting with, 230–231
Khama, meeting with, 212–213
Lancaster House negotiations, 217–218
Lancaster House, land compensation issue, 220–221
Lusaka Commonwealth Heads of State Meeting, 210–213
Mogwe, meeting with, 210–213
SADF in Zimbabwe, view of, 233
Casey, William
Mugabe, meeting with, 261–262
Chapin, Frederick, 196
Chiao Kuan-hua
Kissinger, meeting with, 98–100
Chidzero, Bernard, 290
Chihambakwe Commission, 307
Chikerema, James, 34, 35, 39, 40, 178
Chimoio, 148, 149, 162
China
Chiao Kuan-hua’s advice to Kissinger, 98–100
ZANLA, military aid to, 97, 244
ZANLA, support for, 208
Chinamano, Josiah
Mansfield, meeting with, 137–138
Richard, meeting with, 140
ZAPU negotiating position, 140
Chirau, Jeremiah, 131, 139, 151, 173, 174, 175, 187, 188, 191, 193, 194
Executive Council, debates, 150–152
Chissano, Joaquim
American foreign aid requests, 59
Lewen, meeting with, 149
Military aid, request for, 149
Chitepo, Herbert
anti-British sentiments 1960s, 32–33
assassination of, 49–54, 78
ZANU, leadership role, 44–45
Chona, Mark
Kissinger, meeting with, 57
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, account of, 188–189, 190–191
civil war
Patriotic Front vs internal settlement, fear of, 131, 166–167, 180–183, 205
UK, fear of, 199
ZIPRA vs ZANLA, fear of, 82, 148, 191–192, 194–195, 236
Cold War race states, 4–5, 8, 9, 313–314, 320
logic of, 321–322
Smith, view of, 151
United States, logic of, 92–93
Zimbabwe as, 266, 315–316
Commonwealth Heads of State Meeting,
Lusaka, 211–212
Congo
Belgian, Rhodesian attitudes toward, 23
Crocker, Chester
cold war race state, view of, 291–294
Gukurahundi, view of, 291–294
Mugabe, support of, 279–280
Ndebele, view of, 291–292
Onslow, meeting with, 279–280
race state, view of, 291–294
tribalism, view of, 291–292
Crosland, Anthony
Kissinger, meeting with, 81–83, 123–127
Nyerere, correspondence with, 86
Cuba, 54–63, 180–183
air defense for front line states, potential of, 205
intervention, threat of, 131, 143, 177
Patriotic Front, request for air support, 203–204
ZANU, relations with, 196–197
ZIPRA, training of, 135
Dabengwa, Dumiso, 51, 52, 226, 250, 324
Dam, Kenneth, 289–290
Davies, Nick
Fifth Brigade atrocities, report of, 276–277
de Chassiron, Charles, 138
Mozambique, Rhodesian cross border raids, 149–150
view of Mugabe, 70–71
Depree, Willard
Mugabe, view of, 142–143
dissidents
ex-ZANLA, 281
ex-Zipra, 258–259, 281
ex-ZIPRA, 258–259, 281
kidnappings, accusation of, 259–261
Doble, John
Glukhov, meeting with, 208
Tekere, meeting with, 207–208
Dolanc, Stanet
Nkomo, meeting with, 133–134
Doran, Stuart, 282
Douglas-Home, Alec, 38
Duff, Anthony
Botha(“Pik”), meeting with, 234
Fourie, meeting with, 205–206
Moose, meeting with, 205–206
Dumbutshena, Enoch
Chitepo assassination, view of, 54
Houser meeting with, 43–46
on Chitepo Assassination, 44–45
Dupree, Willard
Mugabe, meeting with, 206–207
Dzino Machingura. See Mhanda, Wilfred
Eagleburger, Lawrence
Onslow, meeting with, 280
Easum, Donald
Garba, meeting with, 192–193
Entumbane
ex-ZANLA vs ex-ZIPRA violence, 248
Eppel, Shari, 314
Ethiopia
Mugabe, support for, 196–198
Nkomo, support for, 196–198
Evetts, Keith, 208
Ewans, Martin
Fifth Brigade, view of, 303
Gukurahundi, view of, 303
Mugabe, view of, 302–303
Ndlovu murder, report of, 312–313
Zimbabwe, as a race state, 302
EXCO. See internal settlement
Fifth Brigade, 248–249, 256–257
atrocities, accounts of, 274–277, 287
composition of, 269–270
rationale for, 287
Foltz, William J., 178
Ford, Gerald
electoral defeat, and Geneva negotiations, 128
Fourie, Brand
Duff, meeting with, 205–206
Moose, meeting with, 205–206
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO), 52, 59, 65, 67, 69, 71, 72, 76, 118, 139
Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI), 40, 44, 52, 78
Front Line State Presidents (FLSP), 44–45
Cuban intervention, view of, 143
decolonization, role in, 319
Nkomo and Mugabe leadership, differences over, 98
one party-state model, 166–167, 253
Soviet intervention, view of, 143
Garba, Joseph, 119, 174, 193–194
Easum, meeting with, 192–193
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, 183–184, 186–189
Nyerere, criticisms of, 192–193
Patriotic Front, view of, 144–146
Gaylard, J. F.
Reinhardt, meeting with, 111–112
Geneva Conference
Five points, debate over, 106–107
Independence date, debate over, 106
Mobutu financial support, 120–122
planning for, 100–102
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich
Botha “Pik,” meeting with, 224–225
Germany, Federal Republic of
Muzorewa, view of, 231
Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 79
Glukhov, Arkady
Doble, meeting with, 208
Godwin, Peter
Gukurahundi atrocities, report of,
Gqabi, Joe
assassination of, 268
Graham, John
Nkomo, meeting with, 156–158
Nyerere, s of, 195
Patriotic Front, view of, 176–177
Grennan, Dennis
Mugabe, meeting with, 152–154
Nyerere’s Third Force idea, 68
Silundika, meeting with, 152–153
Gukurahundi
atrocities, account of, 305–307
atrocities, reporting of, 307–309
definition of, 269–270
Fifth Brigade, atrocities, 274–277
food aid, denial of, 307–309
race state arguments, 282–284
strategy shifts, 314
tribalism rationalization, 320
US, diplomatic response to, 287–297
Gumbo, Rugare
Varcoe, meeting with, 136
ZANU leadership, criticisms of, 161–164
ZANU negotiating terms, 136, 137–138
ZANU, leadership struggle, 138
Haas, Wilhelm, 231
Hamadziripi, Henry, 161–164
ZANU, leadership struggles, 138
Holmes, John
Nkomo, report on Moscow meetings, 134–135
Nkomo, view of, 172
Houser, George, 15
Dumbutshena, meeting with, 43–46
Kaunda, meeting with, 46, 192
Lancaster House, view of, 221–223
Mugabe, meeting with, 192
Muzorewa, meeting with, 46–47
Nkomo, meeting with, 221–222
Patriotic Front unity, view of, 221–223
Punabuntu, meeting with, 191–192
internal settlement, 179–180
Anglo-American Plan, impact on, 174–176
Executive Committee (EXCO), Lusaka Accord, concessions, 210
Executive Council, debates, 150–152
Patriotic Front, criticisms of, 139
Patriotic Front, pressure on, 152–153
threat of, 131–132
Kalanga
leadership in ZAPU, 40
Kangai, Tirivafi John
ZANU decision to run alone in 1980 election, 238
Karanga, 116–117
factionalism in ZANU, 44
Mugabe’s leadership of ZANU, claims, 67
Karlen, Henry, 288, 307–308
Fifth Brigade atrocities, report of, 274–275
Kaunda, Kenneth, 86–87
British, view of, 84–85
Front Line States, leadership of, 201–202
Houser, meeting with, 46, 192
Kissinger, meeting with, 84–85
Nkomo, support for, 73
Nkomo, view of, 278
Keeley, Robert
Byatt, view of, 294–295
ex-ZIPRA arms cachés, view of, 252–253
Fifth Brigade, view of, 287–289
Gukurahundi, diplomatic pressure over, 287–289
Gukurahundi, view of, 294–295
Mugabe, view of, 250–253, 257–261, 294–295
Nkomo, view of, 250–253, 257–261
UK, view of, 294–295
Khama, Seretse, 74, 212, 213, 231
Carrington, meeting with, 211–212
Thatcher, meeting with, 211–212
Kissinger, Henry
Annex C, promotion of, 91–92, 96–97, 123–126
British, pressure on, 83–84
British, view of, 84–85
Callaghan, meeting with, 78–79, 83–84
Callaghan, view of, 80–81
Chiao Kuan-hua, meeting with, 98–100
Chona, meeting with, 57
Crosland, meeting with, 81–83, 123–127
Kaunda, meeting with, 84–85
Kaunda, racist views toward, 86–87
Lusaka speech 1976, 57–58
Middle East diplomacy, 93
Nkomo, opinions on, 94–95
Nyerere, meeting with, 75–77
R. F. Pik Botha, meeting with, 80–81
Rhodesia, attitudes towards, 96
Richard, meeting with, 123–127
Smith, meeting with, 91
Smith, view of, 79
support for Rhodesian Front, 63
US domestic pressure, 82–83
USSR intervention, threat of, 90
Vorster, meeting with, 86–91
Vorster, view of, 78–79
Zimbabwe decolonization, influence on, 9, 128–129
Zimbabwean decolonization, influence on, 319
Zimbabwean nationalists, attitudes toward, 130
Kudryavtsev, Vladimir, 170–171
Lake, Anthony
Lancaster House land issue, 220
Lancaster House, 215–221
land issue, 216–221
Lanpher, Edward, 229
Gukurahundi, atrocities, reporting of, 307–309
Law and Order Maintenance Act (LOMA), 25–31
further restrictions on African nationalists, 28–29
Lelyveld, Joseph
ex-ZIPRA arms cachés, view of, 252
Mugabe vs Nkomo, view of, 252
Lewen, John
Chissano, meeting with, 149
Mugabe, meeting with, 160
Tongogara, meeting with, 200–201
Low, Stephen
Nkomo, meeting with, 101–102
Lumumba, Patrice
assassination, Zimbabwean nationalists attitudes toward, 24
Lusaka Accord, 211–212
Lyne, Roderic, 217, 316
Machel, Samora, 71, 178, 183, 188–189, 229
Anglo-American Plan, view of, 148–150
Nyerere’s description of, 75–76
Madzimbamuto, Daniel
Houser, meeting with, 221–222
Magaramombe, Gibson
Executive Council, debates, 152
Malan, Magnus
SADF in Zimbabwe, view of, 234–235
Malta talks, 166–170, 172–173
planning for, 158–160
planning of, 160–161
Mansfield, Philip
Chinamano, meeting with, 137–138
Nkomo, meeting with, 156–158
Manyika
factionalism in ZANU, 44, 50
Marshall, Julian
ZANU, leadership struggles, 138
Martin, David
Nyerere’s views on Zimbabwean leaders, 67
Mawere, Tapson, 109
Mazarire, Gerald, 43
Mbita, Hashim, 77–78
Mboya, Tom
criticizes LOMA and UDI, 30
Mengistu, Haile Mariam
Mugabe, support of, 196–197
Nkomo, support of, 196–197
Mgagao declaration, 65–66
Mhanda, Wilfred, 119
on Nhari rebellion, 42
Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA), suppression of, 129–130
Miles, Stephen, 64, 139
Mwaanga, meeting with, 50–51
Miller, Jamie, 4, 41, 106
Milner, Aaron
intervention in ZAPU split, 40
Nkomo, view of, 215
Mitchell, Nancy, 174, 188, 203
Mnangagwa, Emmerson, 288
democracy, view of, 254
ex-Zipra dissidents, accusations of, 258
Thatcher, meeting with, 299–302
ZAPU leaders, arrest of, 255
Mobutu Sese Seko
Mugabe, meeting with, 120–122
Nkomo, meeting with, 122–123
Mogwe, Archibald
Carrington, meeting with, 211–212
Thatcher, meeting with, 211–212
Mondlane, Eduardo, 76
Moon, Peter
Nyerere, meeting with, 193–195
Moose, Richard
Duff, meeting with, 205–206
Fourie, Brand, meeting with, 205–206
Moyo, Jason, 39, 40, 51, 117, 132, 133, 138
funeral of, 132–133
Mozambique, 10, 94, 107, 133, 151, See also Machel
Anglo-American Plan, view of, 148–150
race state, Soames view of, 264–265
Rhodesian cross border raids, 149–150, 159, 177–178
role in Zimbabwe diplomacy, 60
ZANLA, support for, 208
Msika, Joseph, 222
Msindo, Enocent, 40, 254
Msipa, Cephas
ZANU-ZAPU relations before 1980 election, 237
Mulcahy, Edward
Mugabe, view of, 74–75
Mudzi, Mukudzei, 109
Mugabe, influence over, 118
Mugabe, Robert
ANC (South Africa), view of, 245–246
Casey, meeting with, 261–262
Catholicism, 71
CIA, meeting with, 261–262
communism, view of, 208–209, 244–245
communist label, fear of, 93–94
de Chassiron, meeting with, 70–71
diplomatic cooperation with Nkomo, 216–221, 316–317
dissidents, view of, 290–291
Dupree, meeting with, 206–207
election victory, attitude toward, 241
Fifth Brigade, view of, 285–286
flight to Mozambique, 64–65
FRELIMO leaders, comparison with, 71
Grennan, meeting with, 152–154
Gukurahundi, leadership role in, 287–288
Gukurahundi, view of, 285–286
Houser, meeting with, 192
internal settlement, opposition to, 174–176
intransigence of, 316–317
Lancaster House, land compensation debate, 215–221
Lewen, meeting with, 160
Malta talks, 167–170
Mobutu, meeting with, 120–122
Moyo, speech at funeral of, 132–133
Nkomo as leader of ex-ZIPRA dissidents, accusation of, 259
Nkomo, accusation of USSR military aid, 261–262
Nkomo, criticisms of, 209, 245–246, 256, 308–309
Nkomo, humiliation of, 312
Nkomo, rivalry with, 196–197, 290–291
Nkomo, view of, 286, 299–300
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, account of, 192
Nott, meeting with, 262–264
Onslow, meeting with, 273
Owen, criticisms of, 158–160
Owen, meeting with, 167–170
Patriotic Front unity, claims of, 138–139, 189–190
Patriotic Front, internal rivalry with Nkomo, 133–134
Patriotic Front, leadership of, 136
Patriotic Front, unity, claims of, 136
PF joint election ticket, rejection of, 236–239
Reinhardt, meeting with,
Rhodesian Air Force officers, detained, view of, 300–301
rivalry with Nkomo, 11–12
SADF in Zimbabwe, criticisms of, 227–229
Schaufele, meeting with, 108–109
Soames, meeting with, 240–241, 245–246
Soviet Union, view of, 142–143
starvation curfew, responsibility for, 312
Thatcher, criticisms of, 273
Thatcher, meeting with, 256, 299–302
United Kingdom, criticisms of, 273
United States, criticisms of, 174
United States, view of, 206–207
USSR, view of, 206–207
Vance, meeting with, 173–174
warfare, view of, 71
white Rhodesians, attitude toward, 141–142
white Zimbabweans, view of, 301–302
Wisner, meeting with, 107–108
Young, meeting with, 142–143, 169–170
ZANU, leadership struggle, 138, 148, 161–164
ZAPU, threats to, 308–309
ZAPU, view of, 206–207, 286, 290–291
Zero Hour theory, promotion of, 299–300
Zhivkov, meeting with, 208–209
Muller, Hilgard, 88
Mutasa, Didymus, 148
Muzenda, Simon, 288
dissidents, view of, 273
Onslow, meeting with, 273
Muzorewa, Bishop Abel, 131
and the Pearce Commission, 39
competition with Nkomo, 47
Houser, meeting with, 46–47
Kaunda, view of, 198–199
Lusaka Accord, concessions, 210
Machel, criticisms of, 77–78, 178–180
Nkomo, competition with, 112–113
Nyerere, criticisms of, 77–78, 178–180
OAU, criticisms of, 77–78
Owen, meeting with, 198–199
Patriotic Front, view of, 198–199
South Africa military aid, request for, 235–236
South Africa, view of, 223–224
South African support, 232–233
supplies for ANC recruits, 178–179
Mvula, Albert, 48–49
Mwaanga, Vernon
Miles, meeting with, 50–51
Ncube, Pius
Fifth Brigade atrocities, reports of, 276
Ndlovu, Edward, 73, 110, 222
Ndlovu, Moven
murder of, 312–313
Neto, Agostinho, 183, 201
Ngwenya, Jane, 222
Nhari rebellion, 43, 47–49
Nhongo, Rex, 285
ex-ZIPRA soldiers, demobilization threat, 285
Mugabe, influence on, 163–164
Nigeria, 109, 201, 213, 218, 316, 348, 349
economic pressure on UK, 211
Patriotic Front, view of, 144–146
Nkala, Enos, 238, 305
Nkomo, view of, 254
ZAPU leaders, arrest of, 255
Nkomo, John
dissidents, attitudes towards, 271–272
Onslow, meeting with, 271–272
Nkomo, Joshua
Anglo-American Plan, attitude toward, 147–148
as Chibwechitedza, 27
Callaghan, meeting with, 144–146
communist label, response to, 139
competition with Muzorewa, 47
diplomatic cooperation with Mugabe, 216–221, 316–317
Dolanc, meeting with, 133–134
Graham, meeting with, 156–158
Houser, meeting with, 221–222
internal settlement, opposition to, 139, 140–141, 146–147, 157, 174–176
Kissinger, meeting with, 94–95
Lancaster House, land compensation debate, 215–221
Lancaster House, view of, 221–222
majority rule elections, view of, 141, 154–155
Malta talks, 167–170
military integration, view of, 145
Mobutu, meeting with, 122–123
Mugabe, rivalry with, 11–12, 141, 184, 196–197
Mugabe, view of, 71–72, 183, 203
Muzenda, view of, 203
Muzorewa, competition with, 112–113
Muzorewa, rivalry with, 145–146, 157
Muzorewa, view of, 146–147
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, account of, 186
Nyerere, criticisms of, 188
Owen, criticisms of, 158–160
Owen, meeting with, 144–146, 167–170, 183
Patriotic Front unity, claims of, 138–139
Patriotic Front unity, view of, 144–145
Patriotic Front, attitude toward, 123
Patriotic Front, view of, 203, 215–216
PF joint election ticket, view of, 236–239
Pravda, comments in, 134–135
race states, 197
racism, attitude toward, 123
racism, criticisms of, 197
Rhodesian whites, attitude toward, 123
sell-out label, 47, 318
Sithole, opposition to, 157
Sithole, rivalry with, 145–146
Sithole, view of, 146–147
Tekere, view of, 203
Tongogara, view of, 183, 203
travel logistics, 155
tribalism, criticisms of, 144–145
UK, exile to, 277–279
United Kingdom, criticisms of, 157, 197
US role in negotiations, criticisms of, 155–156
USSR military aid, 135
USSR military aid, accusation of, 261–262
USSR support, Mugabe claims of, 299–300
USSR, military aid request, 202
Vance, meeting with, 147–148, 155–156, 173–174
Wisner, meeting with, 215–216
Young, meeting with, 146–147, 169–170
Yugoslavia, military aid request, 203
ZANU, criticisms of, 134
Zimbabwe Development Fund, criticisms of, 157
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, 183–184, 186–195, 198
UK, planning of, 176–177
Norman, Denis, 243
North Korea
Fifth Brigade, gift of, 248–249
Nott, John
Mugabe, meeting with, 262–264
ZNA, view of, 262–264
Nyandoro, George, 39
Nyerere, Julius, 58–63, 119, 201, 204, 219
Anglo-American Plan, view of, 203–204
Callaghan, correspondence with, 102–104
Carrington, criticisms of, 224
ceasefire arrangements, criticisms of, 227
civil war, fear of, 194–195
Crosland, advice to, 86
Cuban military aid, view of, 205
Cuban role, view of,
efforts to unify Zimbabwean liberation forces, 40
Front Line States, leadership of, 193–195, 201–202
Kaunda, view of, 201–202
Kissinger, meeting with, 75–77
Lancaster House, land issue, 218–220
Lancaster House, view of, 224
Moon (Peter), meeting with, 193–195
Muzorewa, criticisms of, 77
Nkomo, criticisms of, 195
Nkomo, view of, 94–95
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, account of, 187–188, 193–195
Patriotic Front, view of, 201–202, 203–204
race states,
Rhodesia, British responsibility for, 103
Richard, criticisms of, 102
Smith, view of, 193
Soviet military aid, view of, 205
Spain (James), meeting with, 193–195, 203–204
Third Force, promotion of, 68
unification of ZIPRA and ZANLA, efforts, 65–66
Viets, meeting with, 224
view of George Houser, 15
views on Zimbabwean nationalist leaders, 58–59
Zimbabwe, view of, 255–256
Zimbabwe, visit to, 255–256
Zimbabwean nationalist leaders, view of, 100–101
ZIPA, support of, 98
Obasanjo, Olusegun
Mugabe, meeting with, 186–187, 189, 193
Onslow, Cranley
Crocker, meeting with, 279–280
Eagleburger, meeting with, 280
Mugabe, meeting with, 273
Mugabe, support of, 279–280
Muzenda, meeting with, 273
Nkomo (John), meeting with, 271–272
Sekeramayi, meeting with, 271
Wisner, meeting with, 279–280
Zimbabwe trip, 270–274
Organization of African Unity
Anglo-American Plan, view of, 184–185
Liberation Committee, 65–66, 119
Patriotic Front, view of, 184–185, 212
Owen, David
civil war, fear of, 181, 199
Malta talks, 167–170, 172–173
Mugabe, meeting with, 167–170
Muzorewa, meeting with, 198–199
Nkomo, meeting with, 144–146, 167–170, 183
Nkomo, view of, 165–166, 172
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, role in, 165–166, 183–184, 198
Patriotic Front, efforts to split leadership, 167
Ramphal, meeting with, 198
Patriotic Front
internal settlement, opposition to, 139, 174–176
internal settlement, pressure from, 152–153
leadership rivalry, 186–195
leadership struggle, 196–198
OAU recognition, 184–185, 212
Owen, critical letter to, 158–160
unity, claims of, 138–139, 209, 221–223
unity, failure of, 165–166
Pearce Commission, 39
Powell, Charles
SADF in Zimbabwe, 229
Price, Charles H.
Gukurahundi atrocities, reports of, 309–311
race state, Zimbabwe as, 309–311
Quelimane, Mozambique, 72
race state, 4, 5, 7, 30, 96, 103, 112, 126, 247, 263, 266, 282, 291, 298, 302, 310, 313, 314, 319
logic of, 321–322
Vorster, view of, 91
Zimbabwe as, 280–282, 302, 309–311
race war, 141–142
fear of, 10–11
Ramphal, Shridath
Nkomo-Smith secret meeting, view of, 198
Owen, meeting with, 198
Reinhardt, John
Mugabe, meeting with,
Rhodesian Front, meeting with, 111–112
Rhodesia
anti-communism, 142
war situation, losing of, 137–138
whites, economic incentives to stay, 87–91
Rhodesian Front
Reinhardt, meeting with, 111–112
Rhodesian Security Forces
Angola, cross border raid, 203–204
British citizens, detained, 300–301
cross border raids, 131, 159, 177–178, 205, 225–226
cross border raids, casualties, 204
Mozambique, cross border raids into, 148–150, 159
Thornhill Air Force Base, detained officers, 270–274
Richard, Ivor
Annex C, view of, 123–126
Chinamano, meeting with, 140
Geneva Conference, chairing role,
Geneva talks, agenda, 86
Kissinger, meeting with, 123–127
Nyerere, criticisms of, 102
Smith, meeting with, 106–107
Romania
ZANLA, military aid to, 244
Rowland, “Tiny”, 113, 163, 310
Rumsfeld, Donald, 61
SADF
presence in Zimbabwe before 1980 election, 227–230
Rhodesian war effort, view of, 150
Super ZAPU, support for, 268
Walls, meeting with, 150
Sadomba, Z. W.
Mgagao Declaration, 70
Samkange, Stanlake
Executive Council, debates, 150–152
Schaufele, William
Mugabe, meeting with, 108–109
Schmidt, Helmut, 56
Rhodesians, pressure on, 79–80
Sekeramayi, Sydney, 288
Byatt, meeting with, 284
dissidents, attitude toward, 271
Gukurahundi, view of, 284
Ndebele, view of, 284
Onslow, meeting with, 271
Shamuyarira, Nathan
Nkomo, view of, 305
Shiri, Perrance, 304–305
Shortis, Colin
Fifth Brigade, view of, 285–286
Gukurahundi, view of, 297–299
Mugabe, meeting with, 285–286
Shute, Mike
Gukurahundi casualties, estimate of, 307
Sibanda, Eliakim, 277
Silundika, George, 39, 222
Grennan, meeting with, 152–153
Sithole, Ndabaningi, 27, 28, 30, 39, 66, 76, 98, 131, 211, 238
arrest of, 64
challenges to his leadership of ZANU, 48
Executive Council, debates, 150–152
supplies for ANC recruits, 178–179
Sithole, Vesta, 238
Smith, David, 91, 243
Smith, Ian
Annex C, view of, 123–126
defence of UDI, 31–32
Executive Council, debates, 150–152
Kissinger, meeting with, 91
Mugabe, view of, 93–94
Muzorewa, view of, 112–113
Nkomo, view of, 112–113
race state, reasoning, 151
Richard, meeting with, 106–107
Soames, Christopher
election violations, response to, 241–242
Mugabe, meeting with, 240–241, 245–246
SADF in Zimbabwe, 229–230
transition period, strategy, 227
Zimbabwe race state, view of, 264–265
Solarz, Stephen
Mugabe, meeting with, 73
Solesby, Tessa, 302
Mugabe, view of, 312
Zimbabwe, trip to, 312
South Africa
elections, view of, 206
Muzorewa, view of, 223–224, 231
Soviet intervention, view of, 205–206
Super ZAPU, support for, 268, 320–321
United Nations Security Council, 234–235
Zimbabwe election, strategy, 232–236
Zimbabwe, cooperation with, 320–321
Zimbabwe, security cooperation with, 268
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, recognition of, 213–215
South African Defense Forces
presence in Zimbabwe before 1980 election, 236
South African National Congress (ANC)
ZANU criticisms of, 34
Spain, James
Nyerere, meeting with, 193–195
Spencer, Rosemary
Mugabe, view of, 117–119
Nkomo, view of, 116–117
Squires, H. G., 111
Super ZAPU, 268, 281
tamba wakachenjera, 163, 171
ZANU, strategy of, 209
Tambo, Oliver
ZANU criticisms of, 34
Tanzania, 10, 39, 42, 133, 204, See also Nyerere
ZANLA, support for, 208
Tekere, Edgar, 161
Doble, meeting with, 207–208
Muzorewa, criticisms of, 207–208
Tendi, Blessing-Miles, 114, 163
Thatcher, Margaret, 239
Banda, meeting with, 211–212
cease fire, view of, 225–226
cross border raids, view of, 225–226
Khama, meeting with, 212–213
Lusaka CHOGM, 210–213
Mnangagwa, meeting with, 299–302
Mogwe, meeting with, 212–213
Mugabe, meeting with, 256, 299–302
Nkomo, view of, 277–279
Patriotic Front, view of, 225–226
Thornhill Air Force Base
bombing of, 259–261
Thornton, Thomas
Patriotic Front, view of, 199–200
Todd, Garfield, 279, 288
Todd, Judith, 288
Tongogara, Josiah, 42, 43, 50, 237
arrest of, 53–54
assassination attempt, 42
attitude towards joint PF election ticket 1980, 237
death of, 237–238
Geneva conference, participation in, 110
leadership struggle, 138
Lewen, meeting with, 200–201
Mugabe, influence on, 163–164
ZANU, leadership struggle, 148
ZAPU, view of, 200–201
Trelford, Donald
Gukurahundi atrocities, reports of, 309
tribalism, 11, 27, 40, 49, 116, 144, 195, 282, 287, 294, 315
and race state thinking, 315
Nhari rebellion, account of, 47–49
UK perception of, 280–282
US perception of, 280–282
Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)
and race states, 32
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 34, 54–63, 109, 121, 142, 170, 180–183, 244, 245, 256, 293, 296, 299, 300
Anglo-American Plan, view of, 170–171, 208
intervention, threat of, 131, 143, 177
Nkomo, support of, 256
Nkomo, view of, 280–282
Patriotic Front, view of, 208
ZANU, relations with, 196–197
ZIPRA, military aid, 135, 171–172, 202
United Kingdom
civil war, fear of, 180–183, 205
Cold War race state, Zimbabwe as, 313–314
Cuban intervention, fear of, 180–183, 205–206
Fifth Brigade, view of, 256–257
Gukurahundi, diplomatic response to, 297–305
Gukurahundi, view of, 279–280, 282–287
Lancaster House strategies, 217–218
Mugabe, view of, 117–119, 244–245, 264–265
Nkomo, attitude toward, 277–279
Nkomo, view of, 172
Nkomo, view of at Geneva, 116–117
Nkomo-Muzorewa alliance, hope for, 233
Patriotic Front, efforts to split, 167
race state, view of, 264–265
Resident Commissioner, view of, 125–126
Rhodesia, responsibility for, 319
Soviet intervention, fear of, 205–206
transition period, strategy, 227
transition, role in, 172
USSR intervention, fear of, 180–183
ZANU ceasefire violations, response to, 234
Zimbabwe, as Cold War race state, 315–316
Zimbabwe, as race state, 280–282
Zimbabwe, relations with, 246–247
United Nations
Security Council, 234–235
United States
Central Intelligence Agency, civil war, view of, 295–297
civil war, fear of, 180–183
Cold War race state, Zimbabwe as, 313–314
Cuban intervention, fear of, 180–183, 205–206
domestic pressure on Rhodesia, 82–83
Gukurahundi atrocities, report of, 313
Gukurahundi, diplomatic response to, 287–297
Gukurahundi, view of, 279–280, 305–307
internal settlement, opinion of, 147–148
Lancaster House, land compensation debate, 220–221
Mugabe, CIA meeting with, 261–262
Mugabe, support for, 231
Mugabe, view of, 107–108, 142–143, 199–200, 223, 264–265
Nkomo, view of, 199–200, 215–216
Patriotic Front, view of, 199–200
Rhodesia, Cold War interests, 92–93, 319
Robert Mugabe, view of, 108–109
Southern Africa, policy shift,
USSR intervention, fear of, 180–183, 205–206
white Rhodesians, incentives for, 87–91
Zimbabwe, as Cold War race state, 315–316
Zimbabwe, as race state, 264–265, 280–282
Zimbabwe, relations with, 246–247
van der Byl, P. K., 111
Van Vuuren, Piet
cross border raids, view of, 204
Vance, Cyrus
civil war, fear of, 181
Mugabe, meeting with, 173–174
Nkomo, meeting with, 147–148, 155–156, 173–174
Varcoe, Jeremy, 71
Gumbo, meeting with, 136
Viets, Richard Noyes
Nyerere, meeting with, 224
Viscount
Rhodesia Air, ZIPRA shooting down of, 196, 203
Vorster, John, 79
detente, 41
Kaunda, racist views toward, 86–87
Kissinger, meeting with, 86–91
Walls, Peter, 243
complaints to Thatcher over 1980 election violations, 240
SADF Commander, meeting with, 150
SADF troops in Zimbabwe, 232
Werbner, Richard, 320
quasi-nationalism, 281
White, Luise, 13
Whitehead, Edgar
African nationalism, suppression of, 21
Wicken, Joan
Cuban/Soviet involvement, view of, 60
Nyerere’s Third Force idea, 68
Wisner, Frank
Mobutu, view of, 122–123
Mugabe, meeting with, 107–108
Nkomo, meeting with, 215–216
Nkomo, view of, 215–216
Young, Andrew
Malta talks, 169–170
Mugabe, meeting with, 142–143, 169–170
Nkomo, meeting with, 146–147, 169–170
Patriotic Front, view of, 182–183
Yugoslavia
archives of, 77
ZANLA, military aid to, 244
Zambia, 10, 19, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 52, 73, 93, 101, 115, 118, 121, 151, 154, 201, 232, 236, 245, 262, 277, See also Kaunda
civil war between ZIPRA and ZANLA, fear of, 191–192
Cuban air defense, potential for, 206
Rhodesian cross border raids, 177–178
Rhodesian cross border raids into, 225–226
Zhivkov, Todor
Mugabe, criticisms of, 208–209
Mugabe, meeting with, 208–209
Patriotic Front, criticisms of, 208–209
Zimbabwe
1980 election observers, 242
1980 election, intimidation by ZANLA, 239–241
1980 election, observers, 242–243
1980 election, results, 240
1980 election, South Africa, view of, 223–224
race state, perception of, 264–265
SADF, cooperation with, 268, 320–321
Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA), 66
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA)
ceasefire violations, 229–230
election intimidation, 239–241
external support, 34
ex-ZANLA vs ex-ZIPRA fighting, 247–248
Zimbabwe African National Union, 2
Central Committee, 163
Chinese Communist Party, comparison with, 163
criticisms of ZAPU-South African ANC alliance,
leadership struggle, 161–164, 183
one-party state, goal of, 253–254
rivalry with ZAPU, 27
tamba wakachenjera, strategy of, 209
ZAPU, rivalry with, 148
ZIPRA, “Zero Hour” plan, 148
leadership struggle, 138
Zimbabwe African Peoples Union, 2
ethnic politics, 216–221
leadership struggle, 215–216
rivalry with ZANU, 25–27
Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction and Development (ZIMCORD)
foreign aid pledged, 247
Zimbabwe Development Fund
Zimbabwe Development, 157
Zimbabwe National Army (ZNA), 247–250, 269–271, 274–277, 280–287
Fifth Brigade, 248–249, 256–257
Zimbabwe News, 34–36
Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA), 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 98, 100, 101, 110, 113, 116, 118, 119, 129, 130, 136, 138, 139, 161, 163, 164, 178
suppression of, 129–130
Zimbabwe Peoples Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), 34
cooperation with South African ANC’s MK, 35
demobilization threat, 285
ex-ZANLA vs ex-ZIPRA fighting, 247–248
ex-ZIPRA dissidents, accusation of kidnapping, 259–261
Gukurahundi, ex-ZIPRA officers view of, 285
South African ANC, cooperation with, 245–246
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
South African strategy toward, 213–215
Zvinavashe, Vitalis, 283, 285

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  • Index
  • Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia, Kent State University, Ohio
  • Book: Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe
  • Online publication: 02 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009281683.013
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  • Index
  • Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia, Kent State University, Ohio
  • Book: Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe
  • Online publication: 02 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009281683.013
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Timothy Lewis Scarnecchia, Kent State University, Ohio
  • Book: Race and Diplomacy in Zimbabwe
  • Online publication: 02 March 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009281683.013
Available formats
×