Editorial

Heightened concern for the health and well-being of young people (Patton et al. Reference Monson and Thurley2016; Bo, Reference Bo2017) has given rise to an international youth mental health movement, with focus on the provision of youth mental health services (Malla et al. Reference Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas and Walters2016). Together with Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, Ireland has been at the forefront of this movement (McGorry et al. Reference Malla, Iyer, McGorry, Cannon, Coughlan, Singh, Jones and Joober2013). Yet despite considerable progress, the transformation of the Irish youth mental health landscape still has a long way to go.

Youth, defined here as 12–25-year olds, is a period of biological, psychological and social changes (Birchwood & Singh, Reference Birchwood and Singh2013), which can create challenges for young people as they navigate to adulthood. The complexities of these challenges result in many young people requiring mental health support. Internationally, the peak period for the onset of mental health problems has been identified as adolescence and early adulthood (Kessler et al. 2005, Reference Karwig, Chambers and Murphy2007) and it is estimated that one in five young people is experiencing a diagnosable mental disorder at any given time (Costello et al. Reference Coates and Howe2011). Within Ireland, lifetime prevalence for any Axis I DSM-IV disorder of 38.8% has been found among 11–13-year olds (Coughlan et al. Reference Costello, Copeland and Angold2014) and of 56% among 19–24-year olds (Cannon et al. Reference Cannon, Coughlan, Clarke, Harley and Kelleher2013) has been found.

Additional challenges arise when support for mental health issues is sought. The traditional model of mental health services, which is divided into child and adolescent services and adult services, sees a transition for young people once they turn 18 years old. In the Irish context, an analysis of the youth mental health sector suggests that, despite advances, a coherent continuum of services and supports is still lacking (O’Reilly et al. Reference O’Reilly, Illback, Peiper, O’Keeffe and Clayton2015; Malla et al. Reference Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas and Walters2016). Examples of good practice do exist. For example, Jigsaw, a primary care youth mental health service in Ireland provides accessible, responsive community-based supports for young people experiencing mild-to-moderate mental health difficulties. Since its inception over 10 500 Irish youth has availed of the service and evidence of effectiveness is emerging (O’Reilly et al. 2015). The 13 Jigsaw services are almost exclusively publicly funded underlining the commitment of successive governments and the Health Service Executive (HSE) in Ireland to youth mental health. However, this much-needed service is still only available in nine of 26 counties. More broadly, the resourcing and delivery of mental health services across primary, secondary and tertiary care are variable. Barriers into care as well as discontinuity of care across the spectrum of services still endure. This can lead to unmet and poorly managed need, which in mental health care, is particularly problematic given that untreated, or poorly treated mental health problems are associated with poorer outcomes (Kohn et al. Reference Kessler, Angermeyer, Anthony, De Graaf, Demyttenaere, Gasquet, De Girolamo, Gluzman, Gureje, Haro and Kawakami2004; Dell’Osso et al. Reference Coughlan and Doyle2013; Burns & Birrell, Reference Burns and Birrell2014).

The International Declaration on Youth Mental Health (IAYMH, Reference Hughes, Hebel, Badcock and Parker2011) set out a shared global vision, principles and action plan for mental health service provision for young people aged 12–25 years with countries such as Australia providing exemplars of transformational change across both primary and specialist care levels (McGorry et al. Reference Malla, Iyer, McGorry, Cannon, Coughlan, Singh, Jones and Joober2013). Enacting the IAYMH plan in Ireland will ‘necessitate a commitment among leaders and professionals within the field, to challenge traditional service delivery models and to consider how best to use available resources to better meet young people’s mental health needs’ (Coughlan, 2013). Undoubtedly, the challenges to professionals, researchers and policymakers in the field of youth mental health are considerable and beg the question, where do we go from here?

Drawing from international best practice and documents such as the IAYMH (Reference Hughes, Hebel, Badcock and Parker2011) we propose evidence-based direction for the redesign of services in Ireland if we are to continue to lead the way in youth mental health care and provision.

Take a human rights-based approach to mental health

The United Nations Resolution on Mental Health (United Nation General Assembly, 2010) calls for a human rights-based approach to mental health. Such an approach emphasises mental health as an integral part of the right to good health, on par with physical health, and provides for the right of both children and adults to access timely and appropriate mental health supports and services. Ireland continues to be out of step with international best practice in this regard and has been negatively evaluated for shortcomings in implementing the government mental health policy A Vision for Change (Mental Health Reform, 2015). For example, Ireland has seen an increase in the number of children and adolescents to adult mental health units. In the first 5 months of 2017, there were 44 child admissions to adult units compared to 36 for the same period in 2016 (Mental Health Commission, Reference McGorry2017). This is an unacceptable feature of mental health practice in Ireland. A human rights approach would not only provide for dignity and respect in accessing mental health support but also allow for accountability and redress when failings or shortcomings of this nature occur.

Youth participation is also a critical component of a human rights approach and helps to ensure that the voice of young people is present at all stages of care and support. Increasingly youth participation in mental health settings has become widely valued and respected as a right (Monson & Thurley, Reference McGorry, Purcell, Hickie and Jorm2011) with identified benefits for the individual and the organisation (Revans, Reference Patton, Sawyer, Santelli, Ross, Afifi, Allen, Arora, Azzopardi, Baldwin, Bonell, Kakuma, Kennedy, Mahon, McGovern, Mokdad, Patel, Petroni, Reavley, Taiwo, Waldfogel, Wickremarathne, Barroso, Bhutta, Fatusi, Mattoo, Diers, Fang, Ferguson, Ssewamala and Viner2009; Checkoway, Reference Zechmeister, Kilian and McDaid2011; Coates & Howe, Reference Clayton and Illback2014). As such, young people should be consulted with and have opportunities to share their suggestions and feedback in all areas of mental health service provision (McGorry et al. Reference McGorry, Bates and Birchwood2007). Service’s such as Jigsaw, ReachOut and St. Patrick’s have embraced youth participation, but it is incumbent upon the spectrum of services to deliver on a human rights approach to youth mental health that puts youth participation at its core.

Develop a systemic, integrated approach to service provision

At present, there is an opportunity to advance leadership and vision within the Irish mental health service sector. However, there are numerous statutory and voluntary mental health services and organisations working across Ireland, and while acknowledging the invaluable support provided by many of these services, this work is too often reactive and un-coordinated. Internationally it is accepted that we need a health care system that can rapidly engage young people and provide comprehensive, integrated treatments and support services across the spectrum of need (McGorry, Reference Kohn, Saxena, Levav and Saraceno2007). For example, a tiered approach in Australia has been successful in addressing early intervention for common mental health problems, as well as attending to young people with complex presentations or more severe conditions who require a more intensive level of support and specialised care (McGorry et al. Reference Malla, Iyer, McGorry, Cannon, Coughlan, Singh, Jones and Joober2013). Whilst there have been some developments aimed at enhancing service provision (e.g. the introduction of standard operating procedure for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services in 2015, funding for ~100 assistant psychologist posts for youth mental health in 2017), joined up thinking is required in order to ensure such developments result in integrated service delivery. An initial first step could be the establishment of a leading authority for the youth mental health sector. Such an authority could ensure the adequate resourcing of the sector to create quality and responsive services (Coughlan & Doyle, Reference Coughlan2015). Practical actions such as a detailed audit of supports and services operating within the Irish mental health sector would be welcome. Such an audit would facilitate the identification of opportunities to configure services in a way that meets youth mental health need and is consistent across the country. Greater opportunities for collaboration and partnership amongst services are also desirable (Hughes et al. Reference Franklin, Kim, Ryan, Kelly and Montgomery2017) and would be a natural result of a more systemic approach to service provision.

Create/provide a single access point

Many mental health services in Ireland are overly arduous to access. GPs and emergency departments are currently acting as an access point into care, but this system is neither working efficiently nor effectively. Trust in the provider and cost of access to care is a key issue for young people (Gulliver et al. Reference Dooley and Fitzgerald2010). A single free, confidential access point is needed, which would provide rapid and appropriate signposting for routine, urgent and emergency referrals. This access point should operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days per year and cover the spectrum of mental health need, from mild to moderate to severe. As well as accepting referrals from health professionals and statutory services, the possibility of self-referral through this single point of access should be explored. Self-referral has been operating successfully in the Jigsaw service for several years and whilst we acknowledge potential challenges in implementation across the spectrum, self-referral would greatly improve accessibility to services for young people.

Revise/change the cut-off age for services

Mental health services have traditionally tended to be allocated based on client age; with 18 years old generally cited as the cut-off point at which adult services assume responsibility from child and adolescent services. Coughlan & Doyle (Reference Coughlan2015) propose that the use of age as a criterion for inclusion or exclusion has potentially resulted in many young people aged 16–18 years old being excluded from both child and adolescent and from adult mental health services solely on account of their age. Internationally there exists a strong case for a paradigm shift in mental health service provision, whereby services are informed by epidemiological evidence and organised on the basis of need (Coughlan & Doyle, Reference Coughlan2015). For example, Jigsaw has embraced this paradigm shift by offering a service to young people aged 12–25 years thus providing a template to guide the reconfiguration of other services to cater more appropriately for the needs of young people.

Invest in low-cost, high-scale online supports

Although the international evidence for online mental health supports for young people is not yet conclusive, there is evidence that such supports can have a significant positive impact on adolescent health and well-being (Clarke et al. Reference Checkoway2015). Initial studies indicate that investment in quality-assured, low-cost, high-scale online resources can promote positive mental health, increase youth mental health literacy and ensure consistent signposting of supports (Clarke et al. Reference Checkoway2015), as well as reflect the help-seeking preferences and behaviours of young people (Dooley & Fitzgerald, Reference O’Reilly, Illback, Peiper, O’Keeffe and Clayton2012; Karwig et al. Reference Hunt and Eisenberg2015). There is also promising evidence that computerised cognitive behavioural therapy interventions can aid in the management of adolescent and emerging adult’s anxiety and depression. Ireland is well positioned to take advantage of the online landscape with organisations such as ReachOut already providing high-quality online information and signposting. Given the emerging evidence, coupled with the high level of technology usage and availability amongst Irish adolescents, it makes sense that the development of online supports should be a priority.

Develop a coordinated approach to education settings

Outside of service provision, and with primary prevention in mind, education settings, in particular schools, have long been identified as having a vital role to play in the promotion of youth mental health (Franklin et al. 2012). While national guidelines related to well-being in primary and post-primary schools do exist, there is a sense that they do not go far enough and that much of the work in terms of mental health awareness and education is being conducted by community and non-governmental organisations. To ensure the safety and responsible education of students, this work needs to be coordinated and evaluated. This links back to our point on a systemic approach to youth mental health provision, whereby one leading authority could be tasked with overseeing the sector. It also requires collaboration between organisations who provide content in schools to ensure consistency. For example, mental health training for teachers (both pre-service and in-service) and school staff should be mainstreamed to ensure quality and consistency. Cognisant of the fact that universal well-being programmes may not meet sufficient need within schools, targeted and evidence-based prevention programmes should also be introduced to support optimal mental health outcomes for young people (Weare & Nind, 2011).

Similar issues, of inconsistency and lack of coordination and evidence-based supports, exist in the field of higher education and our considerations extend to this setting also (Hunt & Eisenberg, Reference Gulliver, Christensen and Griffiths2010). Given that most mental disorders have the first onset by young adulthood (Kessler et al. 2005), and approximately 60% of young adults attend post-secondary education in Ireland, higher education provides one of the best opportunities for the prevention, detection and treatment of early onset disorders.