Introduction
How can a being take another being into its world, but while preserving or respecting the other’s own relations and world?Footnote 1
Gilles Deleuze, Spinoza: Practical Philosophy
An art form that is neither imitative nor figurative, drag lip-sync performance synthesizes a materially and critically processual territory wherein music, with its contested meanings, can be reimagined.Footnote 2 In encounters of drag performance, where music is intimately entangled in multiplicities of socio-cultural matter, opposing and often contradictory meanings overlap and grapple with one another to be heard. Through mapping the mutual mediations of drag and music, whilst mobilizing ‘dragging’ as a socio-sonographic instrument, it is hoped that we may unpick and analyse musical meaning and its import without effacing its temporally fleeting and spatially slippery complexities.Footnote 3
From the moment a drag performer carves out their stage, bathing in the spotlight (or waiting surreptitiously in darkness), multiplicities of mediations are already at work. Beings, as per the epigraph to this article, are attempting to take each other into their worlds, all while respecting each other’s own relations and worlds. When such beings (from musical sounds to audience screams) attempt to take each other, what is happening and what is its import? More importantly, as Deleuze asks, how does this taken import happen?Footnote 4 Which forces, in other words, produce and are produced by sounds and their socio-cultural relations? Born out of a double movement of theoretical speculation (queer theory) and empirical particularity (drag performance), this paper develops the notion and method of ‘dragging’ as a queer socio-cultural conception of musical meanings, how they are produced, contested, and interpretively sustained (by performers, audiences, critics, theorists, and so on).Footnote 5
In contemporary drag culture, the medium of lip-sync has become a powerful tool in the drag artist’s arsenal through which performers drag meanings and interpretations into and out of musical tracks and other sonic materials towards queer futurities.Footnote 6 This illumination of a queer horizon is produced through a social hermeneutics wherein the pluri-potentialities of meanings – the condition of virtually aggregated meanings, all seeking actualization – are excavated and, ultimately, an immanent queerness is actualized through the critical interpretations made by drag performers, audiences, and their socialities.Footnote 7
This semiotics of popular music is tested out in an analysis of the track ‘Creep’ by Radiohead as its potentially queer meanings are dragged during a lip-sync performance by the drag artist Vander Von Odd. Dragging here proffers a reimagining of the life cycle of meaning as it travels, socially, through ‘regimes of signs’.Footnote 8 My understanding of such journeys through semiotic regimes comes, monstrously, from queer theory, namely scholars thinking about ‘drag’ as a temporal and spatial force, where ‘dragging’ can involve the prolongation of time’s movement and the physical pulling of an object through space.Footnote 9 Theories of drag, as my case study demonstrates, are inspired by and co-dependent on theatrical entertainment traditions where performers, constituting their bodies as instruments, often subvert, play with, and undo social vectors of gender.Footnote 10
The co-dependent relationship between queer theory and queer practice is palpable in much queer thinking, though the parallel movement of theory-practice is most integral to ‘dragging’ where drag is both a queer art form and a critical queer theory. It is not controversial to state plainly at the outset that much of queer theory targets ‘cisheteronormativity’, where ‘being heterosexual and cisgender’ is institutionalized, normalized, and ultimately privileged.Footnote 11 Queer and transgender theory have begun to expand their foci to simultaneously examine white supremacist, ableist, and classist cisheteronormativity.Footnote 12 Such a complex oscillation between an ontologized being and normalization (identity and power) demonstrates that queer theory is not just about queer life, but rather it is a critical framework (something one does) born out of multiply marginalized LGBTQ+ experiences that seeks to destabilize institutionalized and intersectional notions surrounding ‘gender’ and ‘sex(uality)’.Footnote 13
My focus on non-musicological queer literature is not for a lack of queer musicological work,Footnote 14 but more so for my own sufficiently undisciplined mode of thought alongside methodological camaraderie with queer theories and debates that are distinctly found outside of queer musicology.Footnote 15 I write not as an expert on (musical) sound who is to explain (to whom?) the queerness of sounds, but as a social and cultural theorist who concerns themselves with sonic and musical matters and their queer potentialities. To be clear, I am less concerned with asking what a reified ‘queer theory’ can tell us about a reified ‘music’, or with what may be statically ‘queer’ about certain sounds, than I am with how music, as just one component of drag performance, mutually mediates (and, hopefully, illuminates) queerness. How do music’s social mediations, in this case, help us imagine a queer horizon? Or, when and where through sound and its relations is a queer utopian horizon illuminated and made possible?
This article is structured as a rhetorical triptych: theory–practice–abstraction. The first section establishes the methodological and theoretical foundations of the ‘socio-cultural semiotics’ of music – which is understood primarily through a reading and expansion of Georgina Born’s planes of music’s social mediationFootnote 16 – in relation to DeleuzoguattarianFootnote 17 semiotics, where ‘meaning’ is ‘an interface between at least two force fields’ wherein ‘a thing has as many meanings as there are forces capable of seizing it’.Footnote 18 The subsequent section proceeds to infuse Bornian and Deleuzian understandings of ‘music’ and semiotics with recent queer theories of temporality. Pursuing a thick description of a drag performance, the central portion of the paper attends to the intricacies of music’s social mediations during such events, pressing against the limits of these planes of mediation when considering queerness. Rather than ending with an overdetermined attachment of theory to practice, the paper concludes with a non-dualistic, generative synthesization of abstract and empirical modalities: ‘dragging’ emerges as both a methodology towards understanding how queer meanings – with their temporal and spatial imports – come into being and a mode of thinking and writing about the imports of music’s social mediation. That is, the abstract and the empirical drag one another, such that this analysis and its conceptual speculation is born out of a dynamic oscillation between action and abstraction.Footnote 19
As a methodology, it will become clear, dragging can pertain to many musical and sonic situations despite finding its metaphysical–empirical off-shooting from socio-cultural semiotics and queer theory. Drag performance offers us an opening to thinking about how drag drags sounds and other actors, as well as a rich case of such mediations, all the while specifically pertaining to issues of gender and sexuality and their elective affinities with, and complications of, music.
Music, Semiotics, and Assemblage Theory
There are, as ever, competing theories and applications of semiotics in music studies.Footnote 20 Rather than devote time and space to criticizing neo-formalist semioticians, whose work frustratingly reduces musical meaning to ‘the music itself’, this section pursues a positive articulation of the semiotics I find conceptually resonant with queer theory.Footnote 21 This alternative lineage of music semiotics, one that draws on Deleuze, thus lays the necessary foundations needed for my notion of dragging.
Though I do not wish to dwell on formalist semiotics, it would be condescending to pretend that such scholars do not engage with conceptions of meaning which escape structural analysis. For instance, Raymond Monelle’s Linguistics and Semiotics in Music (1992), a predominantly formalist (text-centred) book, flirts with the idea that ‘post-structural’ semiotics is important for investigations into ‘the untidy, the irrelevant, and the marginal’.Footnote 22 I wish to take up Monelle’s speculation, particularly thinking about musical meaning (or any cultural meaning) as immanently ‘untidy’, or ‘messy’. I believe any attempt to tidy up the messiness of musical meaning through meta-structural models or reductive social determinism is nothing less than a compression of the radical potentialities of music’s contested meanings.Footnote 23
Monelle’s admission that poststructuralism is important for us to think about ‘messiness’ prompts my shift here to Deleuzoguattarian thought. Though they have received little positive attention in music studies, I believe Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s scattered concepts can be productively mobilized towards a queering of music semiotics.Footnote 24 Emblematic of Deleuze and Guattari’s understanding of philosophical method and theory in What Is Philosophy? (1994) is the contention that philosophy concerns above all the creation of concepts, concepts that speculatively enable us to glue different kinds of experience together and ultimately think differently about them.Footnote 25 A second characterization of Deleuze’s (single-authored) philosophy is that it is a philosophy of difference as opposed to identity and sameness insofar as, for Deleuze, one of the key errors in Western philosophy has been the emphasis on the same, the ordered, and the patterned.Footnote 26 This together constitutes Deleuze’s critique of ‘the Image of Thought’ (common sense) in (Anglo-American analytic) philosophy, a critique similarly foundational to queer theoretical commitments, since it has long been contended by queer theorists – in my reading of their methods and concerns – that ‘ordinary language philosophy’ is only equipped to sustain the status quo, and that to begin to critically queer our current world and the world of the future we have to be transformed by the poetic and the affective (forces derided as ‘illogical’, for instance, by ‘common sense’ positivists).Footnote 27
Since the scope of this article cannot boast an extensive account of how Deleuzoguattarian philosophy can influence musical semiotics (and indeed queer musical semiotics), I will instead focus on particular concepts and draw from some recent attempts to relate them to music studies.Footnote 28 Deleuze and Guattari built a cornucopia of concepts in their respective and joint careers, the most well known of their ideas being the Body without Organs, the rhizome, de/reterritorialization, assemblages, ritournelle, and the smooth and striated. Most apposite to my understanding of dragging is the notion of assemblages, which has been influential in the thinking of a variety of music theorists, historians, and anthropologists, and contains within it a combination of the aforementioned concepts.Footnote 29
The assemblage provides useful grounding for the attempts to tap into fluid and fleeting relations. It has been latently influential in musico-theoretical attempts to unpick relations and their meaningful imports, ranging from Ivanka Stoïanova’s idea of ‘the musical utterance’Footnote 30 to Amy Cimini’s ‘musical Spinoza’ and the affective interactions of music, as a sounding body, capable of affecting and being affected.Footnote 31 The assemblage undergirds my own argument of dragging as the conceptualization of (sonic, musical, corporeal, social, and so on) forces interacting within an emergent composite state. Deleuze, to be clear, writes that an assemblage is a ‘multiplicity which is made up of heterogeneous terms and which establishes liaisons, relations between them’ wherein ‘the assemblage’s only unity is that of co-functioning’.Footnote 32 Any interaction and constitution of bodies (human and non-human) – for example, a concert hall, a production line, a zoom meeting, a score, a gaming console – can be understood as an assemblage.Footnote 33 Affect brings us to new modes of feeling and knowing which are accessible when we open up to as many ways of being affected and affecting as possible. The affective assemblage thus helps us move away from dominant semiotic frameworks – ‘which all seek some kind of hidden depth’ in reducing meanings to social structure – towards seeking to understand ‘connections and interrelations’ that lie between ‘a text and its outside’, enabling a mapping of the significance of rhizomatic (non-hierarchical) ontologies.Footnote 34
One of the most productive and novel developments of the assemblage as such comes from Born, who has proposed that music has no essence, ‘but a plural and distributed material being’, and that we ought therefore to think of music as ‘an aggregation of sonic, social, discursive, visual, technological, corporeal, and temporal mediations: as a musical assemblage, where this is defined as a characteristic constellation of such heterogeneous mediations’.Footnote 35 In response to this plural and distributed ontology of music, Born develops the four planes of music’s social mediation, a methodology that allows for examination of multiple, cross-scalar forms of mediation.Footnote 36
Born’s planes (performance socialities, musically imagined communities, social identities, and institutions) allow us to attempt rich analyses of musical assemblages. This method, as a kind of social semiotics, is ‘non-determined’ in the sense that there is no fixed or desired outcome for the analyst: when assembling the assemblage, the analyst of musical planes is not ascribing meaning nor are they deciphering it in relation to a predetermined understanding of ‘the social’Footnote 37 or ‘the music’. Moreover, this method allows us to tap into the immanent socialities of creative musical practices without limiting ourselves to either the micro-social planes of, say, performance socialities (including ‘the music itself’) or a grand narrative, meta-framework interpretation: we can look at both and more.Footnote 38
In light of the untidiness of meaning, I have attempted to elucidate the core Deleuzian ideas of assemblage and affect and how they have been related to music through mediation.Footnote 39 These interlacing ideations provide a conceptual and methodological framework through which we can begin to open up the possibilities of musical meaning beyond those that are made available in existing meta-theoretical attempts to codify and interpret meaning. Building on the incorporation of Deleuze into musical semiotics, then, my novel contribution to this exegetical dialogue is made through both lived queer experience as well as queer epistemological frameworks. Drag lip-sync is a phenomenon that alters, momentarily, the meanings of sounds and their constituent forces – dragging attempts to conceptualize the moments when a being, a bodily component of a given composite state, is dragged through the assemblage and brought out of its prescribed time and place. In our current global assemblage, that is, queer, trans, and of colour meanings remain suppressed. Dragging asks what happens politically and poetically when such alien and alienated meanings are repositioned to the fore of the assemblage, and in particular asks how music offers and is offered such potentialities.
Queer Theory, Temporality, and Drag
In order to orientate assembled and mediated semiotics towards queering musical meaning as part of a drag lip-sync performance, substantial space must be given to queer theory.Footnote 40 There are at least two functions of its inclusion: first, ‘queer’, with etymological relations to the Indo-European word ‘twist’,Footnote 41 is an important mode of sensing and feeling in our desire for an emancipatory world,Footnote 42 used to express the lived experiences of gender and sexual minorities whose existence deviates from (cis)heterosexual paths;Footnote 43 second, ‘queer theory’, as an epistemological frame, has profound links to decentred notions such as ‘assemblage’, ‘affect’, and ‘mediation’, since from its inception queer theory has always challenged essentialist and rationalist philosophies.Footnote 44 The queer theoretical affinity with poststructuralism explored in this section – which is both historical, in the American academy, and conceptual – helps us relate the preceding, seemingly abstract and disembodied concepts to the embodied and discursive politics of gender and sexuality and how these mediate musical meanings. To borrow an untimely distinction from anthropology, ‘queer’ serves as both an ‘emic’ mode of being (ontology) in LGBTQ+ existence and an ‘etic’ analytic (method) – that is, it acts from the inside (emic) and the outside (etic).Footnote 45 Importantly, the emic and the etic are inseparable and indeed reciprocally mediate how queer life and queer theory can be done.Footnote 46
Though there have been valuable contributions towards queering music studies,Footnote 47 a discipline that has long avoided issues of the body and pleasure so pertinent to queer frameworks,Footnote 48 my understanding of queer theory comes directly from writers such as Sara Ahmed, Jack Halberstam, José Esteban Muñoz, and Elizabeth Freeman.Footnote 49
For Ahmed, bodies are ‘queered’ and ‘straightened’ by their relational positioning in the spaces they experience and produce.Footnote 50 She writes about phenomenal ‘lines’, as in the ‘straight lines’ that we strive for: soberly walking in a straight line; having a straight, linear argument; straightening up. The streets that we walk along today are aggressively ‘straight’ in the sense that when our bodies navigate such cisheteronormative spaces they are affectively told what and how to do and be.Footnote 51 In her work, Ahmed makes clear that ‘lines of use’ are only straight by default because they are what has been made easy over time. Footnote 52 To deviate from the straight and narrow is to actively queer one’s orientation and the objects to which one relates.
Freeman’s work on ‘queer temporality’ carries on this idea of lines but on a wider historical scale. Queer temporality builds on feminist criticisms of reproduction-oriented temporality wherein the heterosexual life is determined by sexist expectations of women to reproduce: cisheteronormative life, which can be pursued by cisheterosexual and LGBTQ+ people alike, is defined by institutionally recognized moments such as engagement, marriage, children, and so on.Footnote 53 Queer temporality snaps the family line. It rejects the normalization of heteronormative temporality and finds lines of escape in fleeting, emergent fissures wherein the temporal dimensions of life are not prescribed or hierarchized. Halberstam’s relation of this to subcultural theory, which made a case for queer youth cultures subverting heteronormative temporality, is one of the few queerings in music studies that has not fallen back on possessed and given identity as the sole arbiter of ‘queerness’.Footnote 54 Rather, following Freeman, Halberstam presents alternative temporalities in queer kinship and drag king culture, where queering emerges as radical bodily critique.Footnote 55
Contrary to much work on ‘queer music’, with the focus on identity, I wish to propose, following Muñoz, that ‘queerness is not yet here […] We may never touch queerness, but we can feel it as the warm illumination of a horizon imbued with potentiality. We have never been queer.’Footnote 56 Whilst I acknowledge that many LGBTQ+ persons, including myself, consider themselves queer, I want to probe this conceptual ‘not-yet-ness’ of queer – the pre-normative apprehensions of queerness. The becoming-queer of queer futurity encapsulates notions of affectivity as forces clash and bodies are reconstituted in assemblages. I argue that affective mediation finds conceptual camaraderie in queer thinking: queering qua a spatio-temporal mediation – of synchronic, diachronic, and non-chronic affect – thus fleetingly emerges from sites of liberating aggregation.
Taking queer temporality and the snapping (instead of merely twisting, since a twist keeps the branch in place rather than bringing it to the ground) of normative lines further, Freeman writes about ‘temporal drag’, stressing ‘all of the associations that the word “drag” has with retrogression, delay, and the pull of the [possibly reluctant] past upon the present’.Footnote 57 Dragging is a common term for musicians, as it is what we are often accused of when we have not been looking at a conductor or listening to our ensemble partners for a while. Indeed, not just pulling the past upon the present, dragging always connotes a notion of being ‘out of time’ in music.
The anthropologist Tom Boellstorff has noted that critiques such as Freeman’s actually consolidate the belief that time ‘is’ straight.Footnote 58 In order to reject the linear paradigm of straight time, Boellstorff raises the possibility of radical temporalities that ‘displace (rather than just slow or reverse) straight time’.Footnote 59 ‘Displacement’ brings the temporal into collision with the spatial and gives a different nuance to the concept of ‘drag’. ‘Drag’, not just a temporal term, evokes its more everyday spatial implications: dragging an object through space. In this sense, space and time both have the potential to be ‘dragged’. By being ‘out of time’ and ‘out of place’, dragging is here imagined as a radical act of queer mediation that displaces and heterochronizes musical meaning.
Vander Von Odd’s ‘Creep’: A Case of Dragging
In this analysis, I am attempting a thick description of the track ‘Creep’ by Radiohead as it is dragged during a lip-sync by the drag artist Vander Von Odd.Footnote 60 The track used in this performance is an acoustic cover of ‘Creep’ by Brian Justin Crum, originally performed on America’s Got Talent. Footnote 61 Whilst this analysis is not grounded in the situated knowledge of physical participant-observation, I still attempt to account for how I am a ‘participant’, ‘observer’, and discursive re-constructor of this event as I experience it digitally on YouTube.Footnote 62 Beyond participant-observation, and its limits, this analysis proceeds in an anthropological key by looking at the social lives of this track and its mediators as they move in actual and imagined time.
Before the singing voice is heard and Odd connects to and (re)synchronizes with it, the original track has undergone transformation, embarking on a ‘social career’.Footnote 63 Though it would go beyond the scope of this paper to extend in full my methodological insistence on empirical detail and critical abstraction to Radiohead’s or Crum’s renditions and their respective planes of mediation, it is necessary to briefly discuss their ‘respective worlds’ in order to map what is being dragged in Odd’s lip-sync. Crum’s talent contest cover has taken ‘Creep’ from the alt rock sound world of early Radiohead to an acoustic arrangement: his performance, as recorded, seems to draw out more immediately the vulnerability of the lyric ‘I’ in this track. With the voice spatially centred in the recording, ironically edited to sound immediate, it is as though Crum’s acoustic cover attempts to strip back to an apparently more ‘authentic’ expression of feeling Other. I also hear this vulnerability, however, in Thom Yorke’s original recording, where the voice is made vulnerable by the overwhelming intensity of the electric guitar in the chorus.
Vulnerability, though present in each case, comes to have differing modalities and imports. With Radiohead, vulnerability lies as a virtuality, there to be affectively impressed, whilst with Crum vulnerability is a point of departure and a point of arrival, a flatly overdetermined interpretation of the original track’s potential meanings. In only recorded terms, the track’s potential is already being negotiated, and indeed vulnerability (daring to fail, to be exposed) emerges as a latency within ‘Creep’ that can be expanded and dragged out. The potentiality of vulnerability sounds out an immanent potential for queering, as the vulnerable may be configured in terms of (non-)masculinity. Of course, such vulnerability means different things for Yorke, Crum, and Odd, and to the latter of these I will now turn.Footnote 64
When I first press play, a crowd, whose heads I can glimpse in the periphery of the camera, cheers and whoops for Vander Von Odd.Footnote 65 Whilst Odd is eclipsed in darkness, synthetic strings emit siren-like sounds, as though a never-ending, microtonal portamento heralds danger; words in a monochrome circus font are projected behind the queen, such as ‘creep’, ‘weirdo’, ‘pansy’, ‘loser’, ‘maricón’, ‘fairy’, ‘faggot’, ‘freak’.Footnote 66 The lights are cut as the strings dissipate at their apex. Delicate piano chords enter to break the silence. As Odd begins to turn her body to face the audience, a spotlight falls onto her.
She wears an all-black velvet dress that resembles a Dior silhouette from the 1940s, the front chest cut out to the abdomen, with an excessively large bow on her jet-black wig (Figure 1). She takes off her sunglasses to reveal her black eyeshadow matching her lips. On the line ‘couldn’t look you in the eyes’, she snaps open her eyelids, allowing us to see her all-white eyeballs that counteract her blackened teeth. The crowd ‘oohs’ and ‘wows’ gently; some scream in affirmation. Odd continues to contort her lips and body in mesmerizing synchrony with the track. Her fingers, lengthened by her talon nails, wriggle with the shaking voice of the vocalist.
Screenshots of Vander Von Odd, performing ‘Creep’ at Sasha Velour’s Nightgowns, 19 February 2018.
As the chorus of the track lands, Odd begins to take off her right sleeve, commencing what could be considered a twisted cabaret. We being to see scars painted across her right bicep and chest. As she menacingly and poignantly tells us ‘I don’t belong here’, she raises her right arm slowly, showing us her painful scars. They make out, ‘LOVE ME’. As the track progresses, not a sound is heard from the audience. The second arm is revealed and we see the words ‘FUCK ME’. Odd’s gestures and expressions possess a troubling mixture of anger, poignance, and menace. As the chorus winds down, her body convulses as her eyes brood.
During the bridge, the voice of the singer has filled the room with screams of discontent, where the body of the singer has filled the room and become attached to the body of Odd, a divide between lip-syncer and voice is sutured by the haptic force of the speakers.Footnote 67 At the climax of the track, where the singer belts their longest note, Odd removes both her dress and her wig in one fell swoop. Everyone is screaming; I feel myself in a parasocial relationship with this audience, sharing their emotional responses.Footnote 68 She leaves her dress and wig dangling in her outstretched arms, leaving nothing but her bald head and body as they are upheld by her thigh-high boots. She drops her dress and wig to the floor. As the track draws to a close, Odd remains still, scraping her nails along her flesh and staring out to the audience. The spotlight turns off.
Odd’s lip-sync performance of ‘Creep’, as mediated by my writing and experience through YouTube, is a complex aggregation of sounds, bodies, technologies, movements, and various pertinent actors. I am interested in how the multiple affordances of this track are in dialogue with, and possibly displaced by, social forces that agglomerate as an assemblage.Footnote 69 I locate in Odd’s wickedly enchanting performance a concrescence of a queer potentiality immanent within and without ‘Creep’.Footnote 70 That is, I hear a potential for queerness in ‘Creep’, both by Radiohead and in various covers, and this potential is actualized through Odd’s drag. Dragging is here mobilized to demonstrate precisely the ways that such potential meanings travel throughout this assemblage and seize ‘meaning’, competing with one another to materialize certain affects.
As an audience, ‘we’ (in-person and online) relate to the performer (first plane) in ways that are non-hierarchical. The sonic forces come not just from a loudspeaker as channelled by a drag performer; the audience-participators also mediate how I and others may experience moments of this performance.Footnote 71 There is, to be clear, no singular conduit of affect, but rather there are multiplicities of conduits, all pulling and pushing one another towards certain speeds and intensities. For instance, when the audience screams, or when someone shouts the queer-of-colour-coded term ‘yas’, the performance extends beyond the stage spatially and in this moment temporally.Footnote 72 This performance sociality, therefore, contains mutual and multifarious drags. The performer drags our attention, taking us to a nonpulsed (unmeasured) temporality, but the audience also drags attention, bringing their voices and their socialities to bear on Odd’s bodily multiplicity.Footnote 73
This performance sociality therefore contains multitudes of media, of bodies that are sounding and resounding across, between, and beyond one another.Footnote 74 The socio-sonic ‘thickness’ of the event provides an expanded imagination of the performance ecology. There are competing actors, both human (Odd, the audience, and myself the YouTube viewer) and non-human (musical sounds and (para)linguistic features) – these all clash together, steering the temporal directionality of meanings. In other words, the meanings of the musical and linguistic features of ‘Creep’ are being redirected (spatially) towards, I argue, a queer imagination that escapes normatively produced lines (temporalities).
There are also multiple musically imagined communities (second plane) at work in this assemblage. The physical audience, and possibly most who watch on YouTube, are all likely fans of ‘drag’ and perhaps Odd herself. We are aggregated in our joint listenership, conceiving of ourselves as a physical and virtual community that shares an interest in the musical art of lip-sync.
This aggregation is complicated by the track ‘Creep’. The track has its own social career insofar as it was written by Radiohead, has been acoustically covered by Crum, and is now in the realm of queer culture.Footnote 75 The recording we hear has already undergone a remarkable transformation from the electric guitar-laden version offered by Radiohead to the stripped-back cover; it is now dragged by Odd into a different socio-sonic space, one imbued with queerness. The same sounds (harmonies and melodies) are plugged into radically differing assemblages. When this recording is stripped from one performance sociality and dragged into the one under discussion – a process the late R. Murray Schafer called ‘schizophonia’ – it carries with it sonic spectres of one soundworld but is nonetheless infected and remediated as part of a new sound- and lifeworld.Footnote 76
The track by Radiohead is not considered part of any ‘queer musical canon’, if such a stratification could be said to exist.Footnote 77 The musical communities are thus not determined by the track or vice versa. It is possible, however, that many who listen to this track locate within it the potentiality for queering. This certainly seems to be the case for Odd, I take it, given her dragging of the idea of ‘Creep’ (a ‘creepy’ person) towards queerness as an alienated and othered mode of being which longs for an escape from the here and now. Indeed, the way Odd drags ‘Creep’ demonstrates not only that the track is neither inherently ‘straight’ nor ‘queer’, but also that its meanings emerge at the site of performance.
The straight ear, as that organ which has been disciplined (straightened) to hear certain frequencies over others, may over time hear ‘Creep’ in normative, anodyne ways. The dominance of cisheteropatriarchal listening practices and interpretive formulae might lead a listener to hear only the cis and straight potential frequencies in ‘Creep’, whilst supressing the queer potentialities that I (and clearly Odd) locate within and without the track. Odd’s case of dragging, contra the modes of listening enforced by cisheteropatriarchy, snaps the chronic temporality of cisheterosexuality, destratifying the ear with its queer frequencies such that it finds a new line of escape, warping the ‘arrow of listening’ in a queer direction. This snap is a snapping of time, where time is stratified temporalities, the ordering of moments and experiences. Once ordered, it becomes incredibly difficult to break these lines, as Ahmed has argued. Queerness does not simply twist these temporal and spatial lines, however, as Ahmed has it, but rather snaps them in a much more radical way. It breaks time and forges its own, entirely new timeline.
In terms of social identity (third plane), many members of this audience, including the public commenting on YouTube, establish themselves as queer (through verbal ‘insider’ gestures and comments, such as the aforementioned ‘yas’), but there is no evidence to suggest that everyone attending considers their identity to be LGBTQ+. The medium through which I experienced the event, moreover, limits my knowledge of the racial, gendered, and classed identity of the audience.Footnote 78 What can be known, due to her status in the drag community, is Odd’s identity as a trans-femme performer of colour.Footnote 79 Not only is her naked body clashing forces with other bodies (sonic, corporeal, technological, and such), her body is also itself a processual topology that interacts, like all bodies, with matters of race, class, gender, and sexuality, which all come to matter within the assemblage.
Finally, as I am centring queer theoretical models, I take ‘cisheteronormativity’ to be an institutional (fourth) plane that operates within and without this dragged track. Though I am sensitive to the universalizing tendencies of macro-social and sometimes monological concepts like ‘patriarchy’ and ‘cisheteronormativity’, the geographical and socio-cultural context of this performance (UK–US) make it uncontroversial (empirically and discursively) to claim that cisheteronormativity institutionally governs many ways of thinking, and listening, at the time and place in which Odd is performing.Footnote 80 This plane ‘operates’ and ‘governs’ the insides and outsides of this track insofar it is what makes it easy, over time, to hear ‘Creep’ as straight and in straight ways. Cisheteronormativity is the line, or path, that has been well trodden; to deviate from these paths is hard, proximally (what is at reach and for whom), temporally (when is something at reach), and politically (what is it possible to reach).
Odd’s dragging of ‘Creep’, a cultural labour that forges a new path for meaning through a transitive snap, is not a romanticized resistance to cisheteronormativity. There is no negation here, only positive escape. Queerness is not anti-straight or anti-cis. Cisness and straightness are anti-queer. In existing prior to and outside of all normativity, queer does not require cisheteronormativity to exist. Whilst cisheteronormativity relies on queerness, as its constitutive Outside, queerness is a purely positive illumination of a ‘not-yet’ futurity – where ‘not’ is an affirmation, a willing of a future return to pre-normativity in post-normativity – which escapes the temporalities offered by straight time. This positive understanding of queerness goes against many conventional and intuitive queer theories where ‘queer’ is always already in relation to normativity. I would rather we flip that formulation, suggesting that normativity is always already in relation to queerness. This relation is, counterintuitively, not mutual. It might be more productive for our desire for emancipation to understand normativity as the mode of being that has had to straighten itself up, de-queer itself.
This fourth plane, and the temporal meanings it permits, is dragged by Odd’s performance: cisheteronormative soundings and meanings of ‘Creep’, in this cultural context, are displaced and heterochronized, taken out of space and out of time to the alien world of queerness. This escape to a new world of meaning might in fact be a return to a prior meaning, the meaning that risks being erased over time. ‘Creep’’s potential for queerness, something that has always been there, is materialized, dragged positively into being. Though the fourth plane tries to drag it back, Odd’s drag is more forceful, more intense, and thus wins.
The planes of music’s social mediation, as they cohere into an assemblage, make clear precisely when and where dragging acts and what its significance is. The planes are not always equal in force, nor are they always complementary. As the planes drag one another, in competing speeds, intensities, and directions, there is no contradiction, only a messy and complex aggregation of creativities. It is not that the fourth plane has been negated or resisted: this performance assemblage, instead, proffers lines of escape, lines that do not need cisheteronormativity to overcome. Without cisheteronormativity, the queer potentialities of ‘Creep’ are laid bare, pointing towards a horizon imbued with radically queer ways of being and listening.
Queerness here, perhaps both relationally and non-relationally, is not defined negatively as ‘not this or that’. It is a pre-normative being, thinking, listening, sounding, resounding, and so on – Odd’s concrescence of queer meaning creates a fissure in space and time for us to jump into, escaping this present world.Footnote 81 In such an analysis, ‘Creep’ becomes imbued with the warm glow of queerness, subsuming the imagination that Odd partially assembles in this moment.
The queer potentialities of the track – potentialities that are immanent in all cultural objects – alongside the queerings attempted by the performer and her audiences momentarily coalesce, only to dissipate once the performance ends, leaving us with a residual impression of what is possible. The imaginations of meaning queerness offers are endlessly creative and aggressively political in their construction of radical alternatives. When queer performance presents new possibilities, lines of escaping the oppressions of here and now, we might start to imagine a then and there.
Dragging Music: A Queer Methodology
If my approach were to decode the intra-musical features of this track and this performance, relying on metaphor (concepts are not metaphorical) and/or formalism, how would I account for the complexity of the socio-cultural meanings in which music is always entangled? Likewise, if I presented a grand-narrativized interpretation of this track solely in terms of ‘cisheteronormativity’, I would simply be reducing the affective, mutually meaningful relationships between music and queerness as they operate in the material processes of this artistic phenomenon. It is only through the combination of the particular and the large-scale, the material and the critical, that we get closer to apprehending the potential meanings of queerness as they are dragged both out of and into music.
‘Drag’ qua analytic allows us to map when and where queer-material processes are emergent. Grounded in a Deleuzian and Bornian semiotics of music, where music’s ontology is neither predetermined nor singular, drag makes conceptual space for apprehending the complexity of all musical experiences. When Odd reveals her naked, scarred, and painted body in relation to the strained high note of the track’s climax, the screams of the audience appear neither as a response to the powerful vocals nor to the drag queen’s body, but rather the two forces (and more) as they are dragging each other. This dragged displacement and heterochrony of sounds is so because it takes a being (‘Creep’) that can be heard as straight into the realm of the liminal body as constituted through drag, namely an alien body that queers our emergent understanding of this track’s meanings and significance. ‘Drag’ therefore invokes fissures of queer potentiality as they emerge as though coming from ‘out of time’ and ‘out of space’. Drag’s connotation of reluctance, as beings are dragged away from certain lines, demonstrates Ahmed’s notion of ‘straight [meaning]’ being made easy, since the ability to make audible the non-normative meanings of a thing takes considerable effort.
Dragging helps us imagine alternatives to what is offered by wider social forces such as cisheteronormativity. This performance is not defined by cisheteronormative power relations, but a fleeting escape from such power has bold poetic and political implications. When the body of Odd is broken and scarred by the desire to be ‘loved’ and ‘fucked’, the ‘meanings’ of ‘Creep’ – its linguistic connotations, its sonic affordances, its configurations of space, and so on – are intensely dragged into a time and place saturated by queer experience, the experience of being an alien body that fails to orientate itself in ‘straight’ or ‘cis’ ways. Such bodies exist out of cisheterosexual time and space. Dragging offers an explanation and enhancement of the queering of meaning, in which ‘how’ something comes to mean is understood as a coalescence of competing forces.
Dragging is an epistemological and methodological commitment to servicing and furthering subaltern politics, such that (multiply) marginalized identities find meaning to which they can relate and from which they can powerfully re-orientate their imagination of what is possible. I am sure its application can (and must) extend to other intersectional minoritarian positionalities, in a way that would take further the analysis of Odd’s queer of colour performance presented here. This analytic fluidity suggests that dragging is relational, but it simultaneously makes space for dragging as something non-relational that mobilizes the ‘not-yet-ness’ of queer futures. This not-yet-ness evokes the emergence of meanings as they are becoming-queer through dragging, and maintains a ‘yet’ inasmuch as the track’s meanings are both becoming-queer and unbecoming-queer as the pressures of cisheteronormativity are likewise trying to drag us into their own normative world.
This analysis of meaning as it is ‘dragged’ offers a new kind of semiotics that demonstrates how the ‘pluri-potentialities’ of musical meaning are selectively actualized.Footnote 82 It illustrates the temporal contingency of meaning, making clear that ‘meaning’ is not inherent to a text or determined by a context. Musical meanings are so easily dragged because music is a ‘sticky’ object, an intensity that affectively assembles and is assembled by other bodies.
A queer intervention in semiotics, as Odd so beautifully makes possible, is important because it makes available alternative and, in fact, radical musical meanings that affirm subaltern peoples while displacing the colonizing forces of cisheteronormativity. Through refusing to focus either the music or its contexts, I have produced a socio-cultural semiotics that allows us to analyse complex multimedia artistic practices where music is important but not necessarily ‘central’. Finally, I have taken the planes of music’s social mediation to a new plateau by bringing ‘queer’ as an identity-imbued epistemology into the assemblage.
The theoretical world of Deleuze and Guattari, and their applications to music semiotics, made an opening for queer thinking that I have tried to stretch. The affective assemblage has clear resonances with the aims of queering: to destabilize normative and normalized modes of knowledge production. Methodologies, such as the one developed here, are not a way of standardizing and reproducing existing epistemologies but should conversely respond to our materials and in turn transvaluate our standard ways of thinking and listening. Through such means, and once we get past trying to determine what queer is, we can start adequately accounting for how queer potential is dragged into and out of meaning. Dragging has proven a powerful concept for thinking in new and productive ways about how music’s plural and distributed meanings are constantly (un)becoming in this way. Drag is a preliminary answer to Deleuze’s question in my epigraph: through dragging, a being takes another being into its world while preserving the other’s own relations and world.
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