Characteristics of patients

Seventeen of the patients were male, two female. Fourteen patients suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, one from simple schizophrenia, two from delusional disorder and two from affective psychosis. The majority of patients additionally experienced significant difficulties in the personality domain usually manifested in impulsive antisocial behaviour, substance misuse and in the violence of their offences. Nine patients were subject to hospital orders with restrictions (Section 37/41) ; two were sentenced prisoners, transferred under Section 47/49 ; there was one remand prisoner, transferred under Section 48/49, three were subject to hospital orders without restrictions (Section 37) ; four were detained under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983.

Attendance

The data pertain to 50 sessions between May 1998 and July 1999. Nineteen patients attended the group with a range of attendance from 3-45 sessions (mean per patient (s.d.) 24.2 (4.6)). No patient refused ever to attend. Five therapists were involved with the group and only the consultant was consistently present throughout the period described. Average monthly attendances for 1998 were as follows : May, 8.5 ; June, 9.2 ; July, 8.0 ; (August : break) September, 8.8 ; October, 7.8 ; November, 7.6 ; December, 7.0. For 1999 : January, 9.5 ; February, 10.5 ; March, 11.3 ; April, 11.0 ; May, 10.3 ; June, 10.0 ; July, 10.3. When the seven months of 1999 were compared with the seven months of 1998 there was a statistically significant increase (mean number of patients attending (s.d.) 10.4 (0.6) v. 8.1 (0.8) p<0.01, Mann—Whitney U-test).

Security

It was never necessary to call for emergency support although personal alarms were worn. When patients left prematurely (three occasions, two patients) they were accompanied by a therapist back to their ward. No episode of self-harm or harm to another occurred during the group or the subsequent two hours.

Group process

The agenda for each group was determined by the patients. They raised issues concerning the individual, their families, the unit, the community and also wider social and political matters. Many used the group as an opportunity for direct questioning of the consultant about their treatment, for making requests and for ensuring that information reached the consultant. Responding to questions focused on individuals, the consultant could provide educational information. In declining to make decisions, he could emphasise the multi-disciplinary nature of decision-making.

Discussion

The differences between our patients and those traditionally believed to benefit from group approaches (Reference YalomYalom, 1985) together with the view that forensic patients do not readily develop cohesive or otherwise therapeutic group dynamics (Reference Stein and BrownStein & Brown, 1991) may explain the fact that a consultant-led group for medium-secure in-patients has not previously been reported. It is the author's impression that consultant-led groups are currently uncommon in UK medium secure units. The present report indicates the feasibility of such a group. No attempt has been made to assess the therapeutic effect of the group nor to ascertain the patients' views, both of which would have required a different design. The patients were encouraged but not pressured into attending and some patients attended only very occasionally. A mean attendance of more than 60% is suggestive of the importance of the group to the patients. The improvement in attendance in the second seven-month period suggested the group had become more established and possibly more valued.

Yalom (Reference Yalom1985) compared an ‘acute in-patient therapy group’ with ‘conventional out-patient group psychotherapy’. The former was shorter term, had a higher turnover of staff and patients who were often more disturbed, frequently reluctant and heterogeneous. Yalom suggested that therapeutic technique should be more active, supportive, structured and oriented to the ‘here-and-now’. The group described in the present paper occupies a position intermediate between the traditional out-patient psychotherapy group and Yalom's acute inpatient group. As in the former, its members are available for periods of above 18 months and the majority are not (no longer) acutely psychotic. Like the latter, its members are often involuntary in-patients and lack insight. In terms of therapists, the consultant was a constant presence while his co-therapists changed. In contrast to Yalom's suggestions for an ‘acute’ group, we decided not to impose an agenda, nor obvious structure, in part because of the shorter duration of each session (45 minutes v. 75 minutes).

Cox (Reference Cox, Cordess and Cox1996), discussing his psychotherapeutic approach to patients in maximum security, emphasised the ‘continuum between interpretive and supportive psychotherapy’ as well as the ‘ubiquity of transference and countertransference phenomena’. Our intention was that our group should be supportive and educational (Reference Bloch and BlochBloch, 1986) but we anticipated that strong negative emotions, especially those towards the consultant or the unit, would require ‘attuned empathic holding’ (Reference Cox, Cordess and CoxCox, 1996). In several sessions, the consultant was the subject of angry (verbal) attacks but, on almost all such occasions, a tense atmosphere gave way to one of less confrontation after the consultant's response. Our experience appeared similar to that of Elliott (Reference Elliott, Welldon and Van Velsen1997) who pointed out how the ‘inevitable intense, negative feelings… experienced towards the therapist’ are made more bearable if they are survived in the context of the more neutral or positive feelings available within a group. This allows the group members ‘to slowly integrate diverse parts of themselves and others’ (Reference Elliott, Welldon and Van VelsenElliott, 1997). The fact that the consultant was seen to be capable of withstanding such intense attacks without retaliating or collapsing appeared beneficial.

Experience suggests that most patients view the consultant as vested with power and authority. In the context of a medium secure unit, Persaud & Meux (Reference Persaud and Meux1994) demonstrated the potential containing effect of such authority by measuring the increased disruption during the consultant psychiatrist's temporary absence. Many patients in medium security complain that they have insufficient contact with the consultant. While this may have a basis in reality, it may also reflect what Kirtchuk & Haworth (Reference Kirtchuk, Haworth, Cordess and Cox1996) have designated the “very distorted concepts of authority” in forensic psychiatry patients. Our consultant-led group provided a regular weekly session of fixed duration and format in which the consultant was consistently available. It seems reasonable to hypothesise that such ‘reality’, particularly the availability of the consultant, might influence the projective phenomena underlying these ‘distorted concepts of authority’.

While generally beneficial, the consultant's presence may have led to a focus on concrete issues and thereby affected the group's development as a space for imaginative reflection. A longer duration may be required for such more ‘playful’ communications to emerge in a group of patients such as ours (Van Velsen, 1999, personal communication).

It appeared that the consultant, the multidisciplinary team and the patients benefited from the weekly consultant-led group. From the point of view of the consultant and the multi-disciplinary team, good quality information as to the individual patient's mental state was obtained each week. In addition, observation of the patient's social interaction in the group enabled a further dimension of functioning to be assessed. From the patients' point of view, the group represented a safe, efficient and practical way of responding to their wishes for consultant contact and of meeting some of their needs for information, support and ‘talking treatments’ (Reference WoodWood, 1993).