Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-8wtlm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-18T12:26:29.439Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

White Racial Identity, Racial Attitudes, and Latino Partisanship

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2023

Ivelisse Cuevas-Molina Open the ORCID record for Ivelisse Cuevas-Molina [Opens in a new window]
Ivelisse Cuevas-Molina*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
*
Email: cuevasmolina@fordham.edu
Get access

Abstract

While partisanship in American politics has been historically tied to racial identity and racial attitudes, most studies of Latino partisanship do not incorporate these factors into understanding their partisan attachments. I argue that the concepts of race, color, and mestizaje as they are understood within Latino communities in the United States can influence political attitudes and partisanship among Latinos themselves. Using six consecutive Cooperative Election Study (formerly Cooperative Congressional Election Study) surveys I examine how self-identification as white, racial resentment, and color-blind attitudes influence Latino partisanship. I find that white racial identity has a small but significant positive association with Republican partisanship among Latinos, and a negative association with Democratic partisanship. Additionally, negative racial attitudes among Latinos are strongly related to identification as Republican, even when controlling for ideology and other factors like immigrant generation and religion. These results have important implications for understanding current and future Latino voting patterns.

Keywords

Hispanicpartisanshipracial attitudesracial identitycolor-blind

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics , Volume 8 , Issue 3 , November 2023 , pp. 469 - 491
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Race, Ethnicity, and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abrajano, M, and Alvarez, RM (2019) Answering questions about race: how racial and ethnic identities influence survey response. American Politics Research 47, 250–274.10.1177/1532673X18812039CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abrajano, M and Hajnal, ZL (2015) White backlash: Immigration, race, and American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, A and McCoy, J (2019) United States: racial resentment, negative partisanship, and polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, 137–156.10.1177/0002716218811309CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adames, HY, Chavez-Dueñas, NY and Organista, KC (2016) Skin color matters in Latino/a communities: identifying, understanding, and addressing Mestizaje racial ideologies in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 47, 46.10.1037/pro0000062CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Affigne, T (2000) Latino politics in the United States: an introduction. PS: Political Science & Politics 33, 523–528.Google Scholar
Agadjanian, A (2022) CCES Racial Resentment Data, 2016. Harvard Dataverse, V1, UNF:6:eKXLf9wT+3jHH+QkLUwNTg. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EDCICD.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alamillo, R (2019) Hispanics para Trump? Denial of racism and Hispanic support for Trump. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 16, 457–487.10.1017/S1742058X19000328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, GW (1954) The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Alvarez, RM and García Bedolla, L (2003) The foundations of Latino voter partisanship: evidence from the 2000 election. The Journal of Politics 65, 31–49.10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, S and Schaffner, BF (2013) CCES Common Content, 2012. Harvard Dataverse, V9, UNF:5:Eg5SQysFZaPiXc8tEbmmRA. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/HQEVPK CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, S and Schaffner, BF (2017) CCES Common Content, 2016. Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:WhtR8dNtMzReHC295hA4cg. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/GDF6Z0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beltrán, C (2010) The Trouble with Unity: Latino Politics and the Creation of Identity. United States: Oxford University Press on Demand.Google Scholar
Bobo, L (2001) Racial attitudes and relations at the close of the twentieth century. In Smelser, NJ, Wilson, WJ and Mitchell, F (eds), America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences. Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, Volume 1, pp. 264–301.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, E (2006) Racism Without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, E and Glover, KS (2004) We are all Americans”: the Latin Americanization of race relations in the United States. In Krysan, M and Lewis, AE (eds), The Changing Terrain of Race and Ethnicity. New York: Russel Sage, pp.149–183.Google Scholar
Cain, BE, Kiewiet, DR and Uhlaner, CJ (1991) The acquisition of partisanship. American Journal of Political Science 35, 390–422.10.2307/2111368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, A, Converse, PE, Miller, WE and Stokes, DE (1960) The American Voter. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carmines, EG and Stimson, JA (1980) The racial reorientation of American politics. In Pierce, JC and Sullivan, JL (eds), The Electorate Reconsidered. Beverly Hills. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 199–218.Google Scholar
Chavez-Dueñas, NY, Adames, HY and Organista, KC (2014) Skin-color prejudice and within-group racial discrimination: historical and current impact on Latino/a populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 36, 3–26.10.1177/0739986313511306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cobas, JA, Duany, J and Feagin, JR (2015) How the United States Racializes Latinos: White Hegemony and Its Consequences. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315634104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corral, ÁJ (2020) Allies, antagonists, or ambivalent? Exploring Latino attitudes about the Black lives matter movement. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 42, 431–454.10.1177/0739986320949540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dancey, L and Goren, P (2010) Party identification, issue attitudes, and the dynamics of political debate. American Journal of Political Science 54, 686–699.10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00454.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, MC (1994) Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
De la Garza, RO (2004) Latino politics. Annual Review of Political Science 7, 91–123.10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104759CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Garza, RO and Cortina, J (2007) Are Latinos republicans but just don’t know it? The Latino vote in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections. American Politics Research 35, 202–223.10.1177/1532673X06294885CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De la Garza, RO, DeSipio, L, Garcia, FC, Garcia, J and Falcon, A (1992) Latino Voices. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
DeSipio, L (1998) Counting on the Latino vote: Latinos as a New Electorate. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Ditonto, TM, Lau, RR and Sears, DO (2013) AMPing racial attitudes: comparing the power of explicit and implicit racism measures in 2008. Political Psychology 34, 487–510.10.1111/pops.12013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duany, J (1998) Reconstructing racial identity: ethnicity, color, and class among Dominicans in the United States and Puerto Rico. Latin American Perspectives 25, 147–172.10.1177/0094582X9802500308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, PJ (2020) Identity as dependent variable: How Americans shift their identities to align with their politics. American Journal of Political Science 64, 699–716.10.1111/ajps.12496CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ennis, SR, Rios-Vargas, M and Albert, NG (May 2011). “The Hispanic Population: 2010.” In 2010 Census Briefs, US Census Bureau. Available at https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/c2010br-04-092020.pdf (accessed 17 October 2021).Google Scholar
Giles, MW and Hertz, K (1994) Racial threat and partisan identification. American Political Science Review 88, 317–326.10.2307/2944706CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DP, Palmquist, B and Schickler, E (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Haywood, JM (2017) ‘Latino spaces have always been the most violent’: Afro-Latino collegians’ perceptions of colorism and Latino intragroup marginalization. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 30, 759–782.10.1080/09518398.2017.1350298CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, TK (2003) ‘Too Black to be Latino/a:’ Blackness and Blacks as foreigners in Latino studies. Latino Studies 1, 152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hero, R, Garcia, FC, Garcia, J and Pachon, H (2000) Latino participation, partisanship, and office holding. PS: Political Science & Politics 33, 529–534.Google Scholar
Highton, B (2011) Prejudice rivals partisanship and ideology when explaining the 2008 presidential vote across the states. PS: Political Science & Politics 44, 530–535.Google Scholar
Hooghe, M and Dassonneville, R (2018) Explaining the trump vote: the effect of racist resentment and anti-immigrant sentiments. PS: Political Science & Politics 51, 528–534.Google Scholar
Huddy, L and Bankert, A (2017) Political Partisanship as a Social Identity. In William Thompson (ed), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. United States: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, M (2007) The persistent problem of colorism: Skin tone, status, and inequality. Sociology compass 1, 237–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, M (2012) The Consequences of Colorism. In Hall RE (ed), The Melanin Millennium: Skin color as 21st Century International Discourse, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 247–256.Google Scholar
Hutchings, VL (2009) Change or more of the same? Evaluating racial attitudes in the Obama era. Public Opinion Quarterly 73, 917–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, VL and Valentino, NA (2004) The centrality of race in American politics. Annual Review of Political Science 7, 383–408.10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104859CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itzigsohn, J and Dore-Cabral, C (2000) Competing identities? Race, ethnicity and panethnicity among Dominicans in the United States. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 15, pp. 225-247). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
Jardina, A (2019) White Identity Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108645157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones-Correa, M (2011) Commonalities, competition, and linked fate. In Telles, E, Rivera-Salgado, G and Sawyer, M (eds), Just Neighbors. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 63–95.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, M, Wallace, SJ and Zepeda-Millán, C (2016) The impact of large-scale collective action on Latino perceptions of commonality and competition with African Americans. Social Science Quarterly 97, 458–475.10.1111/ssqu.12164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufmann, KM (2003) Cracks in the rainbow: group commonality as a basis for Latino and African-American political coalitions. Political Research Quarterly 56, 199–210.10.1177/106591290305600208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, NJ and Kelly, JM (2005) Religion and Latino partisanship in the United States. Political Research Quarterly 58, 87–95.10.1177/106591290505800108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, NJ and Morgan, J (2008) Religious traditionalism and Latino politics in the United States. American Politics Research 36, 236–263.10.1177/1532673X07309738CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinder, DR and Sanders, LM (1996) Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Klar, S and Krupnikov, Y (2016) Independent Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316471050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knuckey, J (2005) Racial resentment and the changing partisanship of southern whites. Party Politics 11, 5–28.10.1177/1354068805048470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knuckey, J (2011) Racial resentment and vote choice in the 2008 US presidential election. Politics & Policy 39, 559–582.10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00304.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knuckey, J and Kim, M (2015) Racial resentment, old-fashioned racism, and the vote choice of southern and nonsouthern whites in the 2012 US presidential election. Social Science Quarterly 96, 905–922.10.1111/ssqu.12184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krupnikov, Y and Piston, S (2016) The political consequences of Latino prejudice against blacks. Public Opinion Quarterly 80, 480–509.10.1093/poq/nfw013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuziemko, I and Washington, E (2018) Why did the Democrats lose the South? Bringing new data to an old debate. American Economic Review 108, 2830–2867.10.1257/aer.20161413CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landale, NS and Oropesa, RS (2002) White, black, or Puerto Rican? Racial self-identification among mainland and island Puerto Ricans. Social Forces 81, 231–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layman, GC and Carsey, TM (2002) Party polarization and” conflict extension” in the American electorate. American Journal of Political Science 46, 786–802.10.2307/3088434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Layman, GC, Carsey, TM and Horowitz, JM (2006) Party polarization in American politics. Annual Review of Political Science 9, 83–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Espiritu, Y (2016) Race and US panethnic formation. The Oxford handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity (Ronald H. Bayor Ed.). United Sates: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, J and Pachon, HP (2007) Leading the way: an analysis of the effect of religion on the Latino vote. American Politics Research 35, 252–272.10.1177/1532673X06295300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T and Hajnal, ZL (2011) Why Americans Don’t Join the Party: Race, Immigration, and the Failure (of Political Parties) to Engage the Electorate. Prienceton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, RD (1995) Separating partisanship from party in judicial research: reapportionment in the US district courts. American Political Science Review 89, 413–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lopez, MH, Gonzalez-Barrera, A, Krogstad, JM and López, G (2016) Democrats maintain edge as party ‘More concerned´ for Latinos, but views similar to 2012. Pew Research Center: Hispanic Trends. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/10/11/latinos-and-the-political-parties/ (accessed 15 February 2021).Google Scholar
Lupton, RN, Smallpage, SM and Enders, AM (2020) Values and political predispositions in the age of polarization: examining the relationship between partisanship and ideology in the United States, 1988–2012. British Journal of Political Science 50, 241–260.10.1017/S0007123417000370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margolis, MF (2018) How politics affects religion: partisanship, socialization, and religiosity in America. The Journal of Politics 80, 30–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, L (2016) A cross-cutting calm: how social sorting drives affective polarization. Public Opinion Quarterly 80(S1), 351–377.10.1093/poq/nfw001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, L and Wronski, J (2018) One tribe to bind them all: how our social group attachments strengthen partisanship. Political Psychology 39, 257–277.10.1111/pops.12485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, PD et al. (2006) Racial distancing in a southern city: Latino immigrants’ views of Black Americans. The Journal of Politics 68, 571–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, PD et al. (2010) Black elites and Latino immigrant relations in a southern city: do black elites and the black masses agree? In Junn, J and Haynie, KL (eds), New Race Politics in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 145–165.Google Scholar
McDaniel, EL and Ellison, CG (2008) God’s party? Race, religion, and partisanship over time. Political Research Quarterly 61, 180–191.10.1177/1065912908314197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, M (2011a) Black attitudes and Hispanic immigrants in South Carolina. In Telles E, Rivera-Salgado G and Sawyer M (eds), Just Neighbors? Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 242–263.Google Scholar
McDermott, M (2011b) Racial attitudes in city, neighborhood, and situational contexts. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 634, 153–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchaca, M (2002) Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. Austin,TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Moberg, SP, Krysan, M and Christianson, D (2019) Racial attitudes in America. Public Opinion Quarterly 83, 450–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morales, DA (1999) Racial attitudes and Partisan identification in the United States, 1980–1992. Party Politics 5, 191–198.10.1177/1354068899005002003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neville, HA, Lilly, RL, Duran, G, Lee, RM and Browne, L (2000) Construction and initial validation of the color-blind racial attitudes scale (CoBRAS). Journal of counseling Psychology 47, 59.10.1037/0022-0167.47.1.59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newby, CA and Dowling, JA (2007) Black and Hispanic: the racial identification of Afro-Cuban immigrants in the Southwest. Sociological Perspectives 50, 343–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, SP and Segura, GM (2005) Issue agendas and the politics of Latino partisan identification. In Segura GM and Bowler S (eds), Diversity in Democracy: Minority Representation in the United States, Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, pp. 51–71.Google Scholar
Oboler, S (1995) Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re) Presentation in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ocampo, AN and Flippen, CA (2021) Re-evaluating intergroup dynamics in the South: racial attitudes among Latino immigrants in Durham, NC. Social Science Research 94, 102504.10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102504CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostfeld, MC and Yadon, ND (2022) ¿ Mejorando La Raza?: The political undertones of Latinos’ skin color in the United States. Social Forces 100, 1806–1832.10.1093/sf/soab060CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Padilla, FM (1984) On the nature of Latino ethnicity. Social Science Quarterly 65, 651.Google Scholar
Quiros, L and Dawson, BA (2013) The color paradigm: the impact of colorism on the racial identity and identification of Latinas. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 23, 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, CE (2000) Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar
Roth, W (2012) Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.10.1515/9780804782531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, F (2017) Segmented political assimilation: perceptions of racialized opportunities and Latino immigrants’ partisan identification. In Race, Migration and Identity, Martin Bulmer, John Solomos (eds.), New York: Routledge, pp. 84–112.Google Scholar
Sanchez, GR (2008). Latino group consciousness and perceptions of commonality with African Americans. Social Science Quarterly 89, 428–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffner, BF (2022). Do Repeat CES Respondents Affect Inferences? A Preliminary Report. Cooperative Election Study. Available at https://cces.gov.harvard.edu/files/cces/files/report_repeaters.pdf (accessed 27 September 2022).Google Scholar
Schaffner, BF and Ansolabehere, S (2015) CCES Common Content, 2014. Harvard Dataverse, V5, UNF:6:WvvlTX+E+iNraxwbaWNVdg. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XFXJVY CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffner, BF, Ansolabehere, S and Luks, S (2019) CCES Common Content, 2018. Harvard Dataverse, V6, UNF:6:hFVU8vQ/SLTMUXPgmUw3JQ. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZSBZ7K CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffner, BF, Ansolabehere, S and Luks, S (2021) Cooperative Election Study Common Content, 2020. Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:zWLoanzs2F3awt+875kWBg==. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E9N6PH CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, DO (1988) Symbolic racism. In Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). Boston, MA: Springer US.Google Scholar
Sears, DO, Danbold, F and Zavala, VM (2016) Incorporation of Latino immigrants into the American party system. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 2, 183–204.10.7758/rsf.2016.2.3.10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, DO and Funk, CL (1999) Evidence of the long-term persistence of adults’ political predispositions. The Journal of Politics 61, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segura, GM and Valenzuela, AA (2010) Hope, tropes, and dopes: Hispanic and White racial animus in the 2008 election. Presidential Studies Quarterly 40, 497–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, RM, Post, SS and Rinden, AL (2000). Reconciling context and contact effects on racial attitudes. Political Research Quarterly 53, 285–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes-Brown, AK (2012) The Politics of Race in Latino Communities: Walking the Color Line. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tate, K (1994) From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Telles, E (2018) Latinos, race, and the US Census. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 677, 153–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, M (2016) Post-racial or most-racial? Race and politics in the Obama era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226353159.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, M and Sears, DO (2010) Obama’s Race: The 2008 Election and the Dream of a Post-Racial America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tesler, M (2013) The return of old-fashioned racism to White Americans’ partisan preferences in the early Obama era. The Journal of Politics 75, 110–123.10.1017/S0022381612000904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torres-Saillant, S (1998) The tribulations of blackness: stages in Dominican racial identity. Latin American Perspectives 25, 126–146.10.1177/0094582X9802500307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valentino, NA and Sears, DO (2005) Old times there are not forgotten: race and partisan realignment in the contemporary South. American Journal of Political Science 49, 672–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valenzuela, AA (2014) Tending the flock: Latino religious commitments and political preferences. Political Research Quarterly 67, 930–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, P (2010) Race and Ethnicity in Latin America: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational (Edition 2). London: Pluto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, CL (2015) Political and spiritual migration: the adaptive formation of religious and partisan attachments among Latino immigrants in the United States. Politics and Religion 8, 488–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, NJ (1983) Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Westwood, SJ and Peterson, E (2020) The inseparability of race and partisanship in the United States. Political Behavior 44, 1–23.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, BC (2014) Perceptions of commonality and Latino–Black, Latino–White relations in a multiethnic United States. Political Research Quarterly 67, 905–916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, BC and Earle, E (2013) Taking a new perspective to Latino racial attitudes: examining the impact of skin tone on Latino perceptions of commonality with Whites and Blacks. American Politics Research 41, 783–818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, JS (2000) The effects of age and political exposure on the development of party identification among Asian American and Latino immigrants in the United States. Political Behavior 22, 341–371.10.1023/A:1010630130895CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Cuevas-Molina supplementary material

Appendix

Download Cuevas-Molina supplementary material(File)
File 2.2 MB