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The 1973 Billy Graham Crusade in Seoul: Korean Protestant Exceptionalism and American Uniqueness
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 September 2025
Abstract
The 1973 Billy Graham Crusade in Seoul witnessed a record-breaking attendance not just in terms of Graham’s career, but in the entire history of Christianity. The event’s success attracted significant American attention. But the Korean side of the story remains largely untold. This article explores the Korean background, aims for the crusade and their interpretation of its success. It argues that Korean Protestants leveraged their American connections to advance their own national agenda, causing tensions in the process, and that the crusade’s numerical success stimulated Korean Protestant exceptionalism which challenged ideas of American uniqueness.
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- © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press
References
1 Seon-Chul Cho (ed.), 복음의 대향연: 빌리 그래함 한국 전도대회 전말 [The great feast of the Gospel: the full story of the Billy Graham evangelistic crusade in Korea], Seoul 1973, 269.
2 ‘3백만 복음 인파 감동시킨 빌리 그레함 메세지’ [The Billy Graham message which inspired three million people], 기독공보 [CN], 9 June 1973, 2; ‘Billy Graham calls crowd in Seoul largest of career’, New York Times, 4 June 1973, 6.
3 ‘Epochal event: what God did in Korea’, Christianity Today, 22 June 1973, 33.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 ‘The Korean Christian phenomenon’, ibid. 23; Samuel H. Moffett, ‘What makes the Korean Church grow?’, ibid. 23 Nov. 1973, 10.
7 W. Hutchison and H. Lehmann (eds), Many are chosen: divine election and Western nationalism, Minneapolis, Mn 1994; A. Hastings, The construction of nationhood: ethnicity, religion and nationalism, Cambridge 1997, 185–209.
8 Hutchison and Lehmann, Many are chosen, 145–201 at p. 179.
9 ‘General assembly – Han, Dr. Kyung-Chik – Graham, Billy (1973 crusade)’, Box 83, Folder 2, Moffett Korea manuscript collection 2, Princeton Theological Seminary Library, Princeton, NJ, at https://commons.ptsem.edu/id/generalassemblyh832unse, accessed 17 December 2022; Cho, Great feast, 64.
10 G. Wacker, ‘Introduction’, and W. Martin, ‘God’s ambassador to the world’, in A. Finstuen, G. Wacker and A. B. Wills (eds), Billy Graham: American pilgrim, New York 2017, 2, 96–7; America’s pastor: Billy Graham and the shaping of a nation, Cambridge 2014, 21; and One soul at a time: the story of Billy Graham, Grand Rapids, Mi 2019, 187, 196, 202.
11 M. McAlister, The kingdom of God has no borders: a global history of American Evangelicals, New York 2018; D. Swartz, Facing west: American Evangelicals in an age of world Christianity, New York 2020; U. A. Balbier, Altar call in Europe: Billy Graham, mass evangelism, and the Cold-War West, New York 2022.
12 Swartz, Facing west, 35–62.
13 H. J. Kim, Race for revival: how Cold War South Korea shaped the American Evangelical empire, New York 2022.
14 ‘Epochal event’, 33.
15 ‘지금이야말로 … 5천만 복음화 운동의 횃불을 높이 들 때입니다’: Kyung-Chik Han, ‘빌리그래함 한국전도대회를 맞으며’ [A welcome to holding the Billy Graham crusade in Korea], 크리스챤신문 [Christian Press], 27 Jan. 1973, 2.
16 For a brief history of the divisions see S. C. H. Kim and K. Kim, A history of Korean Christianity, New York 2015, 196–201, and Society of the History of Christianity in Korea (ed.), 한국 기독교의 역사 [A history of Christianity in Korea], iii, Seoul 2017, 81–108.
17 ‘사설: 교회의 단합과 새 사명’ [Editorial: solidarity and the new responsibility of churches], 기독공보 [CN], 9 June 1973, 2; ‘사설: 세계의 오순절 한국서’ [Editorial: the world’s Pentecost from Korea], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 2.
18 ‘삼천만을 그리스도에게로!: 1965년 전국복음화 운동의 해의 표어’ [Thirty million to Christ!: the slogan of the year for the 1965 National Evangelistic Campaign], 크리스챤신문 [Christian Press], 21 Nov. 1964, 1.
19 ‘지금이야 말로 복음으로써만 이 나라와 이 민족을 구원할 수 있으리라는 굳은 신념’: Hyun–Sul Hong, ‘전국 복음화운동의 윤곽’ [An overview of the National Evangelistic Campaign], 기독교사상 [Christian Thought] ix/2 (1965), 57.
20 The Central Committee of the 1965 National Evangelistic Campaign, 삼천만을 그리스도에게로!: 전국복음화운동 보고서 1965 [Thirty million to Christ!: a report of the 1965 National Evangelistic Campaign], Seoul 1966, 3.
21 Jang-Sik Kyeon, ‘동부전선 9252부대 합동 세례식에 참석하고서’ [A record of attendance for the mass baptismal ceremony of 9,252 troops on the eastern front], 새가정 [CH] cxcvi (1971), 140–2.
22 Kyung-Chik Han, ‘전군신자화운동과 5천만의 복음화’ [The movement to make the whole army believers and evangelising fifty million people], 새가정 [CH] ccxix (1973), 36.
23 In-Cheol Kang, 한국의 개신교와 반공주의 [Korean Protestantism and anti-Communism], Seoul 2006, 359.
24 Deok-Joo Rhie, 한국 감리교회 군선교 66년사, 1948–2014 [A history of the military mission of the Korean Methodist Church, 1948–2014], Seoul 2015, 165.
25 ‘새로운 부흥의 불길’: Han, ‘A welcome to holding the Billy Graham crusade in Korea’, 2.
26 ‘전에 생각할 수도 없었던 새로운 정세’: ibid.
27 Seuk-Ryule Hong, Tae-Kyun Hong and Chang-Hyun Jung, 한국현대사 2: 경제성장과 민주주의, 그리고 통일의 과제 [The contemporary history of South Korea: economic growth, democracy, and the task of unification], ii, Seoul 2018, 146–50.
28 Ibid. 153–7.
29 Ok-Gil Kim, ‘국군의 달을 맞고: 전군 신자화 운동의 의의’ [On the month of the armed forces: the significance of the movement to make the whole army believers], 새가정 [CH] ccvii (1972), 12; Han, ‘The movement to make the whole army believers’, 35.
30 Han, ‘A welcome to holding the Billy Graham crusade in Korea’, 2.
31 ‘정신적인 양식’, ‘물량적 성장’: Cho, Great feast, 103.
32 P. Y. Chang, Protest dialectics: state repression and South Korea’s democracy movement, 1970–1979, Stanford, Ca 2015, 25–6; G. Brazinsky, Nation building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the making of a democracy, Chapel Hill, NC 2007, 127–62.
33 Hong, Park and Jung, The contemporary history of South Korea, 111–16.
34 Tae-Hyun Kim and Chang-Jae Baik, ‘Taming and tamed by the United States’, in Byung-Kook Kim and E. F. Vogel (eds), The Park Chung Hee era: the transformation of South Korea, Cambridge 2011, 60.
35 Hyung-A. Kim, Korea’s development under Park Chung Hee: rapid industrialization, 1961–79, London–New York 2004, 210.
36 Cho, Great feast, 184–5; Chang, Protest dialectics, 56–8; Society of the History of Christianity in Korea, A history of Christianity in Korea, iii. 121–6.
37 ‘오늘날 우리 민족이 당면한 모든 문제의 해결은 전민족이 복음화되는 길밖에는 달리 찾을 길이 없다’. ‘세계 최대 집회될 빌리그래함 한국전도대회’ [The Billy Graham crusade in Korea will be the largest evangelistic conference in the world], 기독공보 [CN], 3 Mar. 1973, 4–5.
38 ‘충무광장에 전교파운집: 하나님의 사신으로 내한했다’ [An interdenominational gathering at Chungmu plaza: a visit to South Korea as God’s ambassador], 기독공보 [CN], 22 Dec. 1952, 1; ‘빌리 그래함 전도집회’ [The Billy Graham crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 6 Feb. 1956, 1.
39 ‘서울집회 대성황’ [The great success of the Seoul crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 5 Jan. 1953, 1; ‘빌리 그래함 박사 전도 강연’ [Dr Billy Graham’s lecture on evangelism], 기독공보 [CN], 5 Mar. 1956, 1; ‘한경직 목사와의 대화’ [A conversation with Revd Kyung-Chik Han], in Byung-Hee Kim (ed.), 한경직 목사 [Revd Kyung-Chik Han], Seoul 1982, 79–80.
40 Kyung-Chik Han to Billy Graham, 20 Nov. 1970, cited in Kim, Race for revival, 111.
41 Ibid. (Han’s italics).
42 ‘「빌리그레함」의 대회가 아니라 「한국전도대회」’: ‘The Billy Graham crusade in Korea will be the largest evangelistic conference in the world’, 4–5.
43 ‘빌리 그래함 집회’ [The Billy Graham crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 16 Sept. 1972, 6; ‘General assembly – Han, Dr. Kyung–Chik’.
44 Han, ‘A welcome to holding the Billy Graham crusade in Korea’, 2; Wacker, One soul at a time, 98.
45 Cho, Great feast, 247–51.
46 ‘해외교회 유대강화’ [The decision to strengthen relations with overseas Churches], 기독공보 [CN], 17 Mar. 1973, 1.
47 ‘성명서’ [A statement], 교회연합신보 [UCT], 6 May 1973, 2. For McIntire’s stance against Graham see M. Ruotsila, Fighting fundamentalist: Carl McIntire and the politicization of American fundamentalism, New York 2016, 133–4.
48 Cho, Great feast, 102, 247–53.
49 Kyung-Chik Han, ‘빌리그레함 전도대회의 비죤과 그 목표’ [The vision and aim of the Billy Graham crusade], in Association of Korean Christian Mission (ed.), 빌리그래함 전집: 한국전도대회 특집 [Collected works of Billy Graham: the Billy Graham crusade in Korea], Seoul 1973, 10.
50 ‘빌리그레함 전도대회가 아니라 한국교회 전체의 전도대회’: ‘The Billy Graham crusade in Korea will be the largest evangelistic conference in the world’, 4–5.
51 ‘이번 집회는 이름이 빌리 그레함 한국 전도 대회지 실상은 한국교회 전체의 집약된 갈구의 표현으로 이루어진 집회이다. 이 집회를 … 이끄신 분들은 그것을 깊이 의식하고 기도하고 준비한 것이다. 빌리 그레함 집회에 한국 교인들이 모인 것이 아니라 한국 교회의 집회에 빌리 그레함 목사가 강사로 오신 것이다’. ‘서울집회 연 3백 20여만명 운집’: [Around 3.2 million people gathered at the Seoul crusade in total], 교회연합신보 [UCT], 10 June 1973, 2–3 (italics mine).
52 Wacker, One soul at a time, pp. xv, 148; Kim, Race for revival, 117–18.
53 Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Billy Jang–Hwan Kim (eds), 길이요 진리요 생명이니: 1973년 빌리그래함 한국전도대회 발단에서 결과까지 [I am the way, the truth and the life: from the beginning of the 1973 Billy Graham crusade in Korea to its consequence], Seoul 1983, 32–58.
54 Han, ‘The vision and aim of the Billy Graham crusade’, 10; Kyung-Chik Han, ‘The present and future of the Korean Church’, in Bong-Rin Ro and M. L. Nelson (eds), Korean church growth explosion, Seoul 1983, 369.
55 Han, ‘The vision and aim of the Billy Graham crusade’, 10.
56 Brazinsky, Nation building in South Korea, 160; Chang, Protest dialectics, 24–5.
57 On Park’s oppression of the democratisation movement and the role of Christians in the movement in the period of Park’s authoritarianism see Chang, Protest dialectics, 49–110.
58 ‘여의도 전역 통금 해제’ [The lifting of the curfew throughout Yoido area], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 1; Sook-Kyung Chang, ‘한국 개신교의 산업선교와 정교유착’ [The Protestant industrial mission and the collusive relations between religion and politics in Korea], unpubl. PhD diss. Sungkyunkwan 2008, 168.
59 ‘박정희 대통령 전도대회의 금일봉’ [President Chung-Hee Park granted gift of money to the Billy Graham crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 1.
60 Chang, Protest dialectics, 98–102, 108.
61 Cho, Great feast, 164.
62 Ibid.
63 Ibid. 62, 75.
64 ‘71년 전국복음화 운동위해 “빌리그래함” 박사 초청’ [An invitation to Dr. ‘Billy Graham’ for the 1971 national evangelisation movement], 기독공보 [CN], 12 Dec. 1970, 1; J. C. Pollock, Billy Graham, evangelist to the world, New York 1979, 44.
65 ‘빌리그래함 집회준위’ [The executive committee of the Billy Graham crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 13 Mar. 1971, 1.
66 Ibid.
67 Pollock, Billy Graham, 44.
68 ‘취재 기자에 비친 지방 대회의 이모저모’ [A report of the crusades at the provincial cities], 기독공보 [CN], 26 May 1973, 2; Pollock, Billy Graham, 44.
69 The names of the evangelists for the crusade at each provincial city and their dates: Daejeon (16–23 May, Akbar Abdul Haqq); Daegu (18–25 May, John W. White); Chuncheon (20–27 May, Cliff Barrows); Jeonju (20–27 May, Howard O. Jones); Gwangju (20–27 May, Ralph S. Bell); and Busan (20–27 May, Grady B. Wilson). ‘빌리그래함 한국전도: 이 민족에게 불길을 붙이자’ [The Billy Graham crusade in Korea: let’s kindle the flame of revival among the people in this nation], 크리스챤신문 [Christian Press], 10 Mar. 1973, 10.
70 ‘지방교회지도자들에겐 큰 충격’: ‘A report of the crusades at the provincial cities’, 2. See also Pollock, Billy Graham, 46.
71 Pollock, Billy Graham, 46.
72 ‘빌리 그래함 부흥운동화 하려는 의도가 다분히 있었읍니다’, ‘이번 빌리 그래함 전도대회가 한국전도대회라는 것’: Cho, Great feast, 102.
73 ‘빌리 팀은 이번 집회를 빌리 그래함 부흥운동화 하려는 의도를 노골적으로 드러냈읍니다’: ibid. 104.
74 Ibid. On the press conference see ‘빌리그레함 박사 한국대회 인도차 내한’ [Dr. Billy Graham’s visit to Korea to lead the crusade], 교회연합신보 [UCT], 27 May 1973, 1.
75 Cho, Great feast, 104.
76 ‘7천여 연합 성가대 대합창’ [A great chorus of the united choir which consisted of around 7,000 members], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 1.
77 Kim, Race for revival, 119.
78 ‘심지어 찬송 인도까지 미국인이 나와서 하는 모양은 어느 정도 우리의 불쾌감을 자아내었다’: Cho, Great feast, 94.
79 ‘한경직 목사와 이하 간부들은 이 대회를 한국교회의 집회로 이끌어 가려고 시종일관 애를 썼고 어느 정도 성공했다고 봅니다’: ibid. 104.
80 ‘빌리 그래함 팀은 다른데 가서도 겸손하게 말씀의 증거자로 초청 받은 자로 행동하고 자기의 기록을 만들기 위한 일은 삼가는 것이 좋을 줄 압니다’: ibid.
81 ‘매 집회마다 걷는 헌금은, 그것이 빌리 그래함 팀의 고유한 전통이라고 할지라도’: ibid. 94.
82 Pollock, Billy Graham, 46.
83 ‘빌리그래함 서울 전도 마치고 이한’ [Billy Graham departed from Korea after the Seoul crusade ended], 동아일보 [Donga Daily News], 4 June 1973, 7.
84 Ibid; ‘3백만에 복음: 빌리 그래함 서울 전도대회 폐막’ [The Gospel was preached to 3 million people: the end of the Billy Graham Seoul crusade], 경향신문 [Kyunghyang Daily News], 4 June 1973, 7.
85 Cho, Great feast, 104; Byeong-Il Chang, ‘이정표 없는 전도대회’ [An aimless crusade], 기독교사상 [Christian Thought] xvii/7 (1973), 96.
86 Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Kim, I am the way, 31–169. On the pattern of his crusade preaching see Wacker, One soul at a time, 88–101.
87 ‘비교적 설교를 듣는 수준이 높은 한국 교인들’: Cho, Great feast, 93.
88 ‘General assembly – Han, Dr. Kyung-Chik’.
89 ‘그만한 설교라면 웬만한 한국 목사이면 누구나가 할 수 있는 설교다’: Cho, Great feast, 94.
90 Ibid. 93. Themes such as ‘the liberation of North Korean people’, ‘The servicemen’, ‘the Youth’ were planned for each day from 31 May to 2 June: Association of Korean Christian Mission, Collected works of Billy Graham, 8.
91 ‘우리 한국적인 상황에 들어맞는 내용은 별로 없었다’: Cho, Great feast, 93.
92 ‘그는 한국에 적당한 메시지를 가지고 오리라 믿는다’: ‘The Billy Graham crusade in Korea will be the largest evangelistic conference in the world’, 4–5.
93 ‘민족중흥의 새 힘 과시’ [Korean Christianity demonstrated its emerging impact on the national restoration], 기독공보 [CN], 9 June 1973, 1; ‘북한동포에도 이 복음을’ [Please let North Korean people also hear this Gospel], 경향신문 [Kyunghyang Daily News], 1 June 1973, 7.
94 ‘전세계에 울려퍼진 빌리 그레함 한국전도대회’ [The Billy Graham crusade in Korea which attracted worldwide attention], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 1; Pollock, Billy Graham, 59; ‘사상 최고 “복음인파”’ [A record–breaking ‘attendance at the crusade’], 조선일보 [Chosun Daily News], 31 May 1973, 7.
95 Association of Korean Christian Mission, Collected works of Billy Graham, 69.
96 Sung-Deuk Oak, The making of Korean Christianity: Protestant encounters with Korean religions, 1876–1915, Waco, Tx 2013, 271–304; Deok-Joo Rhie, 토착화와 민족운동 연구 [The study of indigenisation and the nationalistic movement], Seoul 2018, 545–50.
97 Korea Research Institute for Religion and Society, 한국종교연감 [The yearbook of Korean religions], Seoul 1993, 168, 174.
98 On this tradition see Wacker, One soul at a time, 98–107.
99 ‘110만의 신도를 여의도 대광장에 모은 한국기독교의 눈에는 한국 사회의 밑바닥에서 이 사회를 떠받치느라고 피와 땀을 흘리며 살과 뼈를 갈아 희생의 제물이 되고 있는 근로대중의 현실이 보이지 않았던 것이다’: Hyeong-Gyu Park, ‘소외된 대중과 교회의 선교’ [Marginalised public and Christian mission], 기독교사상 [Christian Thought] xvii/7 (1973), 30. On Park’s importance in the Christian engagement in the democratisation movement see Chang, Protest dialectics, 85–8.
100 ‘자유다, 민주주의다, 민족의 해방이다 하는 예언자적인 메시지’: Cho, Great feast, 113.
101 ‘나는 헬리콥터를 타고 가신 분이 다시 헬리콥터를 타고 오실까 걱정이다’. ‘1973년과 한국교회 1. 선교’ [The year of 1973 and the Korean Church, 1: mission], 교회연합신보 [UCT], 2 Dec. 1973, 2. On the criticism among Korean liberal Christians of the missiological emphasis on numerical growth see Chang, ‘An aimless crusade’, 92–9.
102 ‘대사회적 책임 감당해야’ [The necessity to take social responsibility], 기독공보 [CN], 9 June 1973, 1; ‘Editorial: solidarity and the new responsibility of churches’, 2.
103 ‘Epochal event’, 33.
104 Cho, Great feast, 89.
105 Ibid. 171–200.
106 Ibid. 184–5.
107 Ibid. 95–6.
108 Ibid. 96.
109 For a detailed analysis of how Billy Graham’s ministry blended religious revival with American business practices and capitalist culture in Cold War Europe see Balbier, Altar call in Europe, 44–72.
110 Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Kim, I am the way, 71–3, 82; Cho, Great feast, 129, 166.
111 Billy Graham Evangelistic Association and Kim, I am the way, 75.
112 ‘미국식 상업주의’: Cho, Great feast, 104, 111–12.
113 Ibid. 111.
114 Ibid. 111–12.
115 Society of the History of Christianity in Korea, A history of Christianity in Korea, iii. 127; Yong-Kyu Park, 한국기독교회사 [A history of the Korean Christian Church], iii, Seoul 2018, 274.
116 Cho, Great feast, 83.
117 U. A. Balbier, ‘The World Congress on Evangelism 1966 in Berlin: US Evangelicalism, cultural dominance, and global challenges’, Journal of American Studies li/4 (2017), 1171–96; D. C. Kirkpatrick, A Gospel for the poor: global social Christianity and the Latin American evangelical left, Philadelphia, Pa 2019.
118 ‘이번에 우리가 한 가지 큰 발견을 한 것은 한국 교회는 인적로나 재정으로나 굉장한 자원을 보유하고 있다는 사실이다 …. 우리가 마음만 합하고 원하기만 하면 못할 것이 없다는 확신을 얻게 되었다’: Cho, Great feast, 95–6.
119 ‘한국에서 빌리 그래함과 같은 전도자를 서양으로 역수출할 수 있는 날’: ibid. (italics mine).
120 Billy Kim, The life of Billy Kim: from houseboy to world evangelist, Chicago 2015, 73.
121 Ibid. 74.
122 Ibid. 79.
123 Kim, Race for revival, 122–31, and The life of Billy Kim, 77–81.
124 ‘Remember therefore from where you have fallen; repent, and do the works you did at first. If not, I will come to you and remove your lampstand from its place, unless you repent’(English standard version).
125 ‘이번 대회를 통해서 얻은 가장 큰 소득은 … “이제 복음전도의 주도권은 한국에 맡겨졌다”는 사실일 것이다. …. 서구 교회가 경화된 관념론적 사색에만 몰두함으로써 종교개혁 당시의 뜨거운 사랑을 버렸고 미국교회가 좌경된 현대 자유주의 신학과의 사련에 빠져서 청교도적 경건을 버린 이 때에 금촛대가 한국에 옮겨온 것은 당연한 주님의 섭리다 … 성령께서 우리를 사용하여 그 선교 사명을 감당케 하시려는 차제에 우리는 … 명실공히 “금촛대를 맡은 나라” … 로서 주님의 지상명령인 “땅 끝까지 나의 증인이 되라”는 분부를 잘 감당하는 한국 교회가 되기를 바란다’: Nam-Kyu Choi, ‘금촛대가 한국교회에’ [The golden lampstand has moved to Korea], 신앙계 [World of Faith] lxxxviii (1973), 83.
126 Cho, Great feast, 164; ‘전도헌신예배’ [The dedication service of the crusade], 기독공보 [CN], 2 June 1973, 1.
127 Kim, Race for revival, 130; Cho, Great feast, 126; ‘The Billy Graham message’, 2.
128 For the study of Graham’s American exceptionalism from a rhetorical perspective see J. D. Redding, One nation under Graham: apocalyptic rhetoric and American exceptionalism, Waco, Tx 2021.
129 M. S. Hamilton, ‘From desire to decision: the evangelistic preaching of Billy Graham’, in Finstuen, Wacker and Wills, Billy Graham: American pilgrim, 52–3.
130 Choi, ‘The golden lampstand has moved to Korea’, 83.
131 ‘우리는 …. 우리 한국 기독교회를 통하여 온 아시아와 전 세계를 향하여 하시고자 하시는 크신 경륜을 또한 기억하여야 할 것이다. 특별히 아시아는 세계 인구의 가장 밀접한 지역이나 기독교도는 100명에 세 사람이 채 되지 못하는 현실이다. 이러한 현실 속에서 하나님께서 우리 한국 교회에 특별한 은총을 베푸시고 성령의 역사를 일으키신 것은 먼저 우리 민족 5천만이 다 그리스도께 돌아와 하나님의 택한 백성이 되고 그리하여 온 아시아 복음화의 위대한 사명을 맡기시려는 크신 경륜이 있음을 깨달아야 할 것이다’: Kyung-Chik Han, ‘한국 복음화의 새 활로’ [A new way to evangelise Korea], in Cho, Great feast, 71.
132 J. D. Douglas (ed.), Let the earth hear his voice: International Congress on World Evangelization, Lausanne, Switzerland: official reference volume: papers and responses, Minneapolis, Mn 1975, 1398.
133 Ibid. 1399.
134 Kim, Race for revival, 133–4.
135 ‘한국은 문자 그대로 세계의 일등 국가가 될 것입니다’: Joon-Gon Kim, CCC와 민족복음화운동 [The Campus Crusade for Christ in Korea and the national evangelisation movement], Seoul 2005, 110.
136 ‘민족 복음화를 위하여, 한국인에 의해서, 오직 성령으로’. For more on the assembly see Lee, Born again, 101–5.
137 Council for the Centennial Anniversary of the Korean Church, 한국 기독교 100주년 기념사업 총람 [Comprehensive records of the memorial enterprises of the centennial year of Korean Protestantism], Seoul 1987, 45–115.
138 ‘The Korean Christian phenomenon’, 23; Kim and Kim, A history of Korean Christianity, 274–5.
139 Joon-Gon Kim, ‘Korea’s total evangelisation movement’, in Ro and Nelson, Korean Church growth explosion, 29; ‘80복음화 대성회의 결산’ [An evaluation of the 1980 World Evangelisation Crusade], 동아일보 [Donga Daily News], 18 Aug. 1980, 5; Kang, Korean Protestantism and anti-Communism, 133–6.
140 J. H. Moorhead, ‘The American Israel: Protestant tribalism and universal mission’, in Hutchison and Lehmann, Many are chosen, 146.
141 M. Nazir-Ali, From everywhere to everywhere: a world view of Christian mission, New York 1990.