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Naderid Iran's Statehood, Territoriality, Status, and Diplomatic Capacity on Ottoman Scale: 1723-1748
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 November 2024
Abstract
This article explores Naderid Iran's nature of statehood, position in international balance of power, and evolving diplomatic practice. It argues that from 1723 to 1747, the sovereign establishment in Iran remained fundamentally dynastic without giving way to territoriality, continued to acknowledge Ottoman superiority in hierarchy as well as power relations as a principle, and gradually began to adopt, for the first time, early modern specialized phenomena in diplomatic conduct. The study bases itself on the documentation produced by Iranian-Ottoman diplomacy from the Afghan overthrow in 1722 until the aftermath of Nāder Shah's murder in 1747, contextualizes these records in comparison to those of earlier centuries, and treats the Hotaki regime, the Safavid rump state, and Nāder's monarchy in Iran as a whole.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Association for Iranian Studies
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Bibliography
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İbnülemin—HariciyeGoogle Scholar
Name-i Hümayun DefterleriGoogle Scholar
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Kütükoğlu, Bekir. Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri (1578-1612). Istanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti, 1993.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudi. “Historiographical Reflections on the Eighteenth Century in Iranian History: Decline and Insularity, Imperial Dreams, or Regional Specificity?” In Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran, edited by Axworthy, Michael, 21–42. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudi. “The Wrath of God or National Hero? Nāder Shah in European and Iranian Historiography.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 34, no. 1 (2024): 109–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Colin P. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Newman, Andrew J. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.Google Scholar
Öksüz, Mustafa. “Şem'danizade Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi'nin Mür'i’r-Tevarih Adlı Eserinin (180b–345a) Tahlil ve Tenkidi Metni.” MA thesis, Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts, 2009.Google Scholar
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Parsa, Mohammad Amir Hakimi. “Iranian Identity and Imperial State Formation ca. 1720–1750.” PhD diss., University of London SOAS, 2023.Google Scholar
Roemer, H. R. “The Safavid Period.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, edited by Jackson, Peter and Lockhart, Laurence, 189–350. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rota, Giorgio. “In a League of Its Own? Nāder Sah and His Empire.” In Short-Term Empires in World History, edited by Rollinger, Robert, Degen, Julian, and Gehler, Michael, 215–26. Wiesbaden: Springer, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saçmalı, M. Habib. “The Sunni Caliph Defends the Shi'ite Shah: The Ottoman Universal Caliphate in the Persian Turmoil of the 1720s.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 8, no. 2 (2021): 281–85.Google Scholar
Saçmalı, M. Habib. “Sunni-Shiite Political Relations in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century and Early Modern Ottoman Universal Caliphate.” PhD diss., University of California–Davis, 2021.Google Scholar
Şevik, İsa. “Şah Tasmasb (1524–1576) ile Osmanlı Sarayı Arasında Teati Edilen Mektupları İçeren “Münşe’ât-ı ‘Atîk”in Edisyon Kritiği ve Değerlendirilmesi. MA thesis, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2008.Google Scholar
Talay, Aydın. “Dürrî Ahmed Efendi.” Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 10 (1994): 34–35.Google Scholar
Toğaç, Süleyman. ”Kırımlı Mustafa Rahmi Efendi'nin İran Sefaretnamesi.” MA thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2000.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “Iran and the Ottomans after Nāder Shah: The Dorrani-Ottoman Exchange of Letters in Their Eighteenth-Century Iranian Context.” In Crises, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran, edited by Axworthy, Michael, 61–69. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “Nader Shah's Idea of Iran.” In The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran, edited by Melville, Charles, 9–25. London: I. B. Tauris, 2022.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2006.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “The Peace Negotiations of 1736: A Conceptual Turning Point in Ottoman-Persian Relations.” Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1996): 16–37.Google Scholar
Cevdet—AskeriyeGoogle Scholar
İbnülemin—HariciyeGoogle Scholar
Name-i Hümayun DefterleriGoogle Scholar
I. Mahmud—Nâdir Şah Mektuplaşmaları. 3 Numaralı Nâme-i Hümâyun Defteri (Transkripsiyon / Tıpkıbasım). Istanbul: DAGM Osmanlı Arşivi Dâire Başkanlığı, 2014.Google Scholar
Mahmud, Ahmed b.. Defter—Tarih-i Göynüklü. Berlin State Library, Oriental manuscripts Ms. or. quart. 1209.Google Scholar
Asnād o Mokātabāt-e Seyāsi-ye Irān az Sāl-e 1038 tā 1105. Edited by ‘Navāi, Abdolhosayn. Tehran: Bonyād-e Farhang-e Irān, hs.1360.Google Scholar
Asnād o Mokātabāt-e Seyāsi-ye Irān az Sāl-e 1105 tā 1135. Edited by ‘Navāi, Abdolhosayn. Tehran: Moassasa-e Motāla‘āt o Tahqiqāt-e Farhangi, hs.1363.Google Scholar
Asnād o Mokātabāt-e Tārikhi-ye Irān az Timur tā Shāh Esmā‘il. Edited by ‘Navāi, Abdolhosayn. Bongāh-e Tarjomeh vo Nashr-e Ketāb, 1341.Google Scholar
Efendi, Ebusehl Nûman. Tedbirât-ı Pesendîde: Beğenilmiş Tedbirler. Edited by Savaş, Ali İbrahim. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1999.Google Scholar
Khājagi Esfāhāni, Muhammad Ma‘sum. Kholāseh al-Siyar. Edited by Afshar, Iraj. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ‘Elmi, hs. 1358.Google Scholar
Mecmua-yı Mükâtebât. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Orientalische Handschriften, Cod. Mixt. 371.Google Scholar
Münşeat Mecmuası. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Orientalische Handschriften, A.F. 166 (425).Google Scholar
Nazmizâde, Hüseyin Murtazâ b. Seyyid Ali el-Bağdadi. Münşeat-ı Nazmizâde. Süleymaniye Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi, Esad Efendi no. 3322.Google Scholar
Mehmed, Ragıb. Tahkik ve Tevfik, Osmanlı-İran Diplomatik Münasebetlerinde Mezhep Tartışmaları. Edited by Zeki İzgöer, Ahmet. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2003.Google Scholar
Mehmed, Raşid and Asım, Çelebizade İsmail. Tarih-i Raşid ve Zeyli. Edited by Özcan, Abdülkadir, Zeki İzgöer, Ahmet, Çakır, Baki, and Uğur, Yunus. Istanbul: Klasik, 2013.Google Scholar
Efendi, Subhî Mehmed. Subhî Târihi: Sâmi ve Şâkir Târihleri ile Birlikte (İnceleme ve Karşılaştırmalı Metin). Edited by Aydıner, Mesut. İstanbul: Kitabevi, 2007.Google Scholar
Torkman, Eskandar Beyg Monshi. Zayl-e Tārikh-e ‘Ālam-ārā-ye ‘Abbāsi. Edited by Sohayli Khwānsāri, Ahmad. Tehran: Chāpkhāneh-i Eslamiyeh, hs. 1317.Google Scholar
Aktepe, Münir. 1720–1724 Osmanlı-İran Münasebetleri ve Silahşör Kemani Mustafa Ağa'nın Revan Fetih-Namesi. Istanbul: Istanbul University Faculty of Letters Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Axworthy, Michael. Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axworthy, Michael. The Sword of Persia: Nāder Shah, From Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.Google Scholar
Davutoğlu, Ahmet. “Devlet.” Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 9 (1994): 234–40.Google Scholar
Floor, Willem. The Rise and Fall of Nader Shah: Dutch East India Company Reports, 1730–1747. DC: Mage, 2009.Google Scholar
Fragner, Bert G. “Historische Wurzeln neuzeitlicher iranischer Identität; zur Geschichte des politischen Begriffs ‘Iran’ im späten Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit.” In Studia Semitica necnon Iranica-Rudolpho Macuch septuagenario ab amicis et discipulis dedicate, edited by Macuch, Maria, Müller-Kessler, Christa, and Fragner, Bert G., 79–100. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989.Google Scholar
Gerber, Haim. Economy and Society in an Ottoman City: Bursa, 1600–1700. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1988.Google Scholar
Güngörürler, Selim. “Diplomacy and Political Relations between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639–1722.” PhD diss., Georgetown University, 2016.Google Scholar
Güngörürler, Selim. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639–1682: Diplomacy and Borderlands in the Early Modern Middle East. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2024.Google Scholar
Fahrettin, Kırzıoğlu, ed. “Kaa'ime, h. 1117–1135 (1705–1723). (Çökmekte olan İran—Safavî Devleti'nde Afgan Sülâlesi hâkimiyeti, Şirvan ile Dağıstan Sünnîlerinin istiklâli ve Moskof Çarı I. Petro'nun İstilâsı üzerine, Osmanlı gizli istihbârâtının özeti).” Atatürk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Araştırma Dergisi 7 (1976): 87–171 (offprint).Google Scholar
Kunt, Metin. “Ottomans and Safavids: States, Statecraft, and Societies, 1500–1800.” In A Companion to the History of the Middle East, edited by Choueiri, Youssef M., 191–205. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.Google Scholar
Kütükoğlu, Bekir. Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri (1578-1612). Istanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti, 1993.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudi. “Historiographical Reflections on the Eighteenth Century in Iranian History: Decline and Insularity, Imperial Dreams, or Regional Specificity?” In Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran, edited by Axworthy, Michael, 21–42. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Matthee, Rudi. “The Wrath of God or National Hero? Nāder Shah in European and Iranian Historiography.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 34, no. 1 (2024): 109–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Colin P. The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric. London: I. B. Tauris, 2009.Google Scholar
Newman, Andrew J. Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.Google Scholar
Öksüz, Mustafa. “Şem'danizade Fındıklılı Süleyman Efendi'nin Mür'i’r-Tevarih Adlı Eserinin (180b–345a) Tahlil ve Tenkidi Metni.” MA thesis, Mimar Sinan University of Fine Arts, 2009.Google Scholar
Olson, Robert W. The Siege of Mosul and Ottoman-Persian Relations, 1718–1743. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University, 1975.Google Scholar
Parsa, Mohammad Amir Hakimi. “Iranian Identity and Imperial State Formation ca. 1720–1750.” PhD diss., University of London SOAS, 2023.Google Scholar
Roemer, H. R. “The Safavid Period.” In The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6, edited by Jackson, Peter and Lockhart, Laurence, 189–350. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rota, Giorgio. “In a League of Its Own? Nāder Sah and His Empire.” In Short-Term Empires in World History, edited by Rollinger, Robert, Degen, Julian, and Gehler, Michael, 215–26. Wiesbaden: Springer, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saçmalı, M. Habib. “The Sunni Caliph Defends the Shi'ite Shah: The Ottoman Universal Caliphate in the Persian Turmoil of the 1720s.” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 8, no. 2 (2021): 281–85.Google Scholar
Saçmalı, M. Habib. “Sunni-Shiite Political Relations in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century and Early Modern Ottoman Universal Caliphate.” PhD diss., University of California–Davis, 2021.Google Scholar
Şevik, İsa. “Şah Tasmasb (1524–1576) ile Osmanlı Sarayı Arasında Teati Edilen Mektupları İçeren “Münşe’ât-ı ‘Atîk”in Edisyon Kritiği ve Değerlendirilmesi. MA thesis, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2008.Google Scholar
Talay, Aydın. “Dürrî Ahmed Efendi.” Türkiye Diyânet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi 10 (1994): 34–35.Google Scholar
Toğaç, Süleyman. ”Kırımlı Mustafa Rahmi Efendi'nin İran Sefaretnamesi.” MA thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2000.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “Iran and the Ottomans after Nāder Shah: The Dorrani-Ottoman Exchange of Letters in Their Eighteenth-Century Iranian Context.” In Crises, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran, edited by Axworthy, Michael, 61–69. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “Nader Shah's Idea of Iran.” In The Contest for Rule in Eighteenth-Century Iran, edited by Melville, Charles, 9–25. London: I. B. Tauris, 2022.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. Nadir Shah's Quest for Legitimacy in Post-Safavid Iran. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2006.Google Scholar
Tucker, Ernest. “The Peace Negotiations of 1736: A Conceptual Turning Point in Ottoman-Persian Relations.” Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1996): 16–37.Google Scholar