Index
Abdulaziz, King, 41
About Islam (Kasravi), 210
Abrahamian, Ervand, 52
Abramowitz, Morton, 249
Afghanistan, 50
Afkhami, Mahnaz, 104
African American Civil Rights movement, 124
African American conversion to Shiism, 158
Afshār, Mastūrah, 57
Ahmad, Jalal Al-e, , 114
Ahmad, Leila, 180
Ahmadiyya missionaries, 127
Ahmedinejad, Mahmoud, 248
Ajami, Fouad, 235
Akbal, Oktay, 110
Akbari, Parisa, 172
Ak-Doğuş (Islamist magazine), 230
Akgül, Hilal, 48
Akhavan-Bitaraf, Nayereh, 187
Aksay, Hasan, 152
Aktüel (magazine), 175
Akyavaş, Ragıp, 142
Akyol, Taha, 167
ʿĀlam-i Nisvān (women’s magazine), 57
al-ʿAyn, Tāhiri Qurrat, 54
Albania and Türkiye, 33
Al-Ghazzi, Omar, 255
al-Husseini, Amin, 133
Ali, Drew, 125
Ali, Imam, 168
Ali, Muhammad, 118, 159
on Iranian hostage crisis, 158
as representative of Black Islam, 149
support for Türkiye,
Al-Marashi, Ibrahim, 42
al-Rumi, Suhayb, 146
Alsultany, Evelyn, 177
“American Islam,”
Amin, Camron Michael, 54
Amini, Ali, 76
Ansari, Ali, 38
anti-imperialism in Islamic discourse,
Arnold, Matthew, 17
Asia Facing the West (Shayegan), 217
Asian–African Internationalism, 129
Aşk-ı Memnu (Forbidden Love) (TV series),
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 10, 22, 34. See also Kemalist/Turkish laicism
abolishment of the caliphate, 38
Gelvin on, 45
gendered modernization by, 55
narratives by Turkish scholarship on,
rise of, 40
Turkish clothing reforms, 55,
and Turkish constitutional revolution, 37
Atatürk ve Şah (Saygı), 48
attribution bias, 19
Atuk, M. Volkan, 48
Aydenlu, Sajjad, 18
Aydın, Cemil, 227
Azeri Turkic language, 70
Azzam, Abdul Rahman Hassan, 141
“bad Muslims,”243
Baghdadi, Ali Muhammad, 148
Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Enloe), 95
Baraheni, Reza, 217
Batılılaşma İhaneti (The Treason of Westernization), 149
Bederman, Gail, 34
Behnoud, Masoud, 247
Bein, Amit, 137
Bektashi order, ban on, 209
Benard, Cheryl, 242
Bey, Babanzade Ahmet Naim, 143
binary frameworks,
Birge, John Kingsley,
Bloom, Harold, 6
Bloom’s taxonomy, , 9
Blyden, Edward W., 125
Brannagan, Paul Michael, 112
Brown v. Board of Education, 129
Bunton, Martin, 40
Busk, Douglas L., Sir, 71
Cabas, Mirgün, 165
Casey, Bill, 233
Catholic Muslim Commission, 236
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 54
Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 23
Cheney, Dick, 245
Cheshire, Maxine, 76
Chow, Rey, 13
Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (Blyden), 125
CIA, portrayal of Farah Pahlavi,
“Clash of Civilizations,”206,
Cleveland, William L., 40
Cold War cosmopolitanism, 80
Cold War politics
comparative frameworks in, , 83,
geopolitics and the “arc of crisis,”
religious politics, ,
Collins, Patricia Hill, 9
comparative historiography
and 2016 Turkish army coup attempt,
comparative modeling in textbooks,
comparison as a political tool, 2
comparison as imperial tool,
complexity of comparative analysis,
critical reflections on the comparative approach,
cultural and historical connectedness,
cultural disconnection despite proximity,
differentiating “true” religion from “misguided” forms of spirituality, 214
English-language scholarship on two founding leaders,
founding father narratives, 31
hierarchies of knowledge and civilization,
and hijab ban,
kashf-i hijāb in Iranian scholarship,
language-based scholarly differences, 31
model-copy narrative, 30
orientalist and scholarly framing,
Persian-language scholarship,
Persian-language scholarship on two founding leaders,
social media on brotherhood and comparison,
Turkish-language scholarship,
US coursebooks, Atatürk–Reza Shah comparisons in,
in US foreign policy discourse,
West Asian media’s depiction of Reza Shah,
Western press on Reza Shah, 33
comparativism, Eurocentric, 16
A Concise History of the Middle East (2016) (Goldschmidt and Boum), 41
The Conquest of Western Civilization (Shadman), 212
Cooper, Andrew Scott, 76
Corbin, Henry, 216
Covering Islam (Said), 234
cranial capacity measurement and comparativism, 6
The Crisis of the Modern World (Guénon), 211
cross-cultural assumptions, in Turkish-and English-language analyses, 49
cultural and historical connectedness,
cultural imperialism and media influence,
cultural proximity and audience reception, 256
Curtis, Charlotte, 108
Customs Union Agreement, 181
Daneshvar, Simin, 114
Daqiqi, Abu-Mansur, 15
Daulatzai, Sohail, 117
DAVOS 2004,
Denktaş, Rauf, 155
DergiPark, 31
Diallo, Ayyuba Suleiman, 125
dialogue between civilizations and religions,
Din Yolu (Turkish religious magazine), 142
Diop, Cheikh Anta, 129
Diriliş: Ertuğrul, 258
Discovery of Secrets (Khomeini), 219
discriminatory immigration laws, 6
Diyanet, 223
Dorfman, Ariel, 253
Dow v. United States, 120
Dowlatabadi, Sediqeh, 57
Dulles, Allan, 23
Dulles, John Foster, 23
Dündar, Can, , 202
Durum (talk show), 174
economic cooperation, 253
Ecumenical Patriarch, 240
Edelman, Eric, 245
Eilts, Hermann F., Dr., 235
The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Lewis), 37
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 205
Emperyalist Çağda Modernleşme: Türk Modernleşmesi ve İran, 1800–1941 (Metin), 47
Emre, Yunus, 209
English-language scholarship
on Reza Shah,
on Shah’s Türkiye visit,
Enloe, Cynthia, 95
Ensani, 31
Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 107
Ergin, Murat, 123
Erguner, Ahmed Kudsı̄, 223
Ersoy, Mehmed Akif, 143
Eshkevari, Hassan Yusefi, 192
Eskandari, Mohtaram, 57
The Eternal Message of Muhammad (Azzam), 141
ethnonationalism despite cultural exchange,
Euromodernity, 5
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on headscarf ban,
European media on Farah Pahlavi, 96
Ex Parte Mohriez, 129
Faisal II, King of Iraq, 90
Family Protection Law of 1967, 161
Fanon, Franz, 148
Farhang, Mansour, 147
Fars News, 256
Fatmagül’ün Suçu Ne, 258
Fazilet, Princess, 90
fear of becoming Iran
and headscarf crisis,
Iranian Revolution and Türkiye,
and Turkish exceptionalism, 167
fear of cultural contamination,
Felski, Rita, 28
feminist nationalism
and kashf-i hijāb, 63
feminized aesthetics, 115. See also Pahlavi, Farah Diba, and international perceptions of Iran, aesthetics and soft power in comparison
Fereydun, king, 15
Fidas, George, 249
Ford, Gerald, 151
foreign language education, 201
Foreman, George, 152
Foster, Autherine Lucy, 142
founding father narratives, 31
Fowzieh, Princess of Egypt, 80
Friedman, Susan Stanford, 28
Frye, Richard N., , 85
Gallipoli campaign, 40
Gandhi, Mahatma, 221
Garner, Karen, 196
Garveyism movement, 126
Gelvin, James,
gendered critiques of modernization in Iran,
Gendered Islamophobia, 193
gharbzadegi (west-struckness or westoxication) discourse, 43, 101, , 211, 213. See also Islamic mysticism, and over-westernization critique
Ghaznavid Empire, 15
Ghoochani, Mohammad, 247
Giulianotti, Richard, 112
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 205
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 221
Gray Wolves, 145
Graziano, Michael, 224
Great Britain, meddling in Iran, 40
Greater Middle East Initiative (GMEI),
Greece, 150
Greek army, 40
Greek–Turkish conflict, 150
Green Left Party, 259
Green movement, 191
Greer, Germaine, 111
Grewal, Zareena, 140
Guénon, René, 211
Gülen, Fethullah, 145, 206
during failed coup attempt, 2016, 252
on Iranian Shiism,
and Naqshbandi-Khalidi,
and Özal’s privatization policies, 230
and pro-American Islam,
rejection of green card application of, 249
version of Islamic modernity, 242,
Gümüş (Noor), 255
Gündeş, Osman Nuri, 231
Gürakar, Tolga, 47
Haas, William, 35
hadith, 146
Hagar, 126
Haley, Alex, 158
Halis, Keriman, 90
Abdul Hamid II (Sultan), 258
Hanchard, Michael, 9
Hanım, Latife, 55
haram (forbidden under Islamic law), 219
Hart, Charles Calmer, 33
Hart–Celler Immigration Act, 124
Hashemi, Merzieh, 158
hate crimes, 241
The Hate That Hate Produced (documentary), 130
Hatiboğlu, Yasin, , 218
Hawari, Yahya, 139
headscarf ban, Türkiye,
and fear of becoming Iran,
and Islamic feminism,
headscarf politics across borders,
Heidegger, Martin, 211
Hempher, İngiliz Casusu, 65
Hezbollah, 234
Hicret (magazine), 157
hierarchical rankings of relations, 87
Hikmat, Ali-Asghar, 61
historical critique of comparativism, 4
A History of the Modern Middle East (Cleveland and Bunton), 40
hizmet (service) movement, 145
The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of America (Ali), 126
Hoover, J. Edgar, 127
Houghton II, Arthur, 20
How to Read Donald Duck, 253
Hunt, Michael, 21
Huntington, Samuel, 206,
Hussein, Saddam, 244
ideal types, 13
ideology, defined, 21
Ilıcak, Nazlı, 187
immigration and naturalization, racism in,
In re Najour, 120
İnan, Afet, 122
Institutional Enforcement of Secularism, 184
interreligious dialogue,
Iran (Hass), 35
Iran between the Two Revolutions (Abrahamian), 52
Iranian Centre for the Study of Civilizations, 216
Iranian Civil Code, 162
Iranian clothing reform,
Iranian feminist discourses on gendered reforms,
Iranian Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations, 238
Iranian news outlets on Kavakçı affair, 187
Iranian reformist women vs Turkish Islamist women, 191
Iranian religious nativism, 217
Iranian Revolution and Türkiye
comparative frameworks between Turkey and Iran,
and fear of becoming Iran,
outreach to Black Americans,
strategic use of religious differences,
Turkish–Islamic synthesis,
Iranian scholarship, kashf-i hijāb in,
Iran–Iraq war, 221
Iran–US Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 136
Isfandiari, Fathullah Nuri, 65
Islam. See also moderate Islam/Muslims
African American roots, 125
competing versions of,
in the context of global politics, 241
as counter-hegemonic force,
media representation of, 160
US perspectives on,
Islam and the West (Lewis), 237
Islam Has Banned Racism, 143
Islamic antiracism,
contradictions in, 159
Islamic mysticism. See also Sufism, contested interpretations of, introduction
and over-westernization critique,
state regulation and appropriation of,
Islamicizing Persophilia and Westernization critique,
Islamist magazines, on Türkiye’s Sufism,
Ismail, Shah, 19
Jackson, Sherman A., 127
Jacobin radicalism, 224
Jahān-i Zanān (journal), 57
Jalāl ad-Dı̄n Muhammad Rūmı̄ (Mevlânâ), 204
Jam, Mahmoud, 60
Jamʿı̄yat-i Zanān-i Āzādı̄khāh-i Īrānı̄ (Organization of Freedom-Seeking Iranian Women), 60
Janissary Corps, 209
Johnson, Lyndon B., 135
Johnson-Reed immigration act, 123
July 14 Revolution, 90
Justice and Development Party (JDP), 44
Justice Party (AP), 135
KA.DER, a feminist non-profit organization, 186
Karakoç, Sezai, 134
Karimian, Saeed, 257
Kashani, Ayatollah, 226
Kashani-Sabet, Firoozeh, 147
kashf-i hijāb, 161
and feminist nationalism, 63
implementation methods,
resistance from older women, 61
Kasravi, Ahmad, 210
Kavakçı, Merve, affair, 164, , 192
effect on state and nation, 190
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on,
Iranian news outlets on,
personal politics,
reformist Iranian women on,
Turkish citizenship of, 195
US response to,
Kavus, King, 15
Keane, A. H., 119
Kemalist/Turkish laicism, 164
after Kavakçı incident,
American ambivalence about, 246
and Christian US policymakers, 224
Erdoğan’s revision of, 247
Huntington on,
US criticism of,
as Western-style modernization,
and women’s rights,
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 75
Keyhan (newspaper), 187
Khamenei, Ali, 16
Kharazi, Kamal, 187
Khatami, Mohammad, 182, 199, , 243, 246
keynote speech at DAVOS, 245
promoting inter-civilizational dialogue, 206
Khomeini, Ahmad, 157
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 51, 89, , 113, 118, 136, 218
anti-American stance, 136
comparative mysticism and the Islamic revolution,
on Cypriot Turks, 139
exile to Türkiye,
release of all women and Black hostages at the US embassy, 157
Revolutionary Council,
on Reza Shah, 64
speeches against racism, 145
theorization of “the rule of jurists,”169
Kılıçdaroğlu, Kemal, 259
Kissinger, Henry, 151
Klein, Christina, 80
knowledge production and power,
Köprülü, Fuad, 227
Kraidy, Marwan, 255
Krauss, Rosalind, 81
Kuhn, Ferdinand, 36
Kurdish militancy, 183
Kurdish nationalism, 260
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 183
Kuros, Alexis, 173
language reform in Iran, 71
Lerner, Daniel, 37
Lewis, Thomas, 227
Libya, support for Türkiye, 151
LIFE (magazine), 207
Lubin, Alex, 116
MacArthur, Douglas, 94
Maghbouleh, Neda, 120
Magnificent Century, 257
Mahmood, Saba, 194
Mahmoody, Betty, , 174
Makdisi, Ussama, 200
Makkı̄, Hussain, 65
Marr, Timothy, 170
Mattelart, Armand, 254
Mehdizadeh, Babak, 247
Meinhof, Ulrike, 107
The Memoirs of Mr. Hempher, The British Spy to the Middle East, 65
Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization under Reza Shah and Ataturk (Atabaki and Zürcher), 38
Menderes, Çınar, 144
The Message (movie),
The Message to the Black Man in America (Muhammad), 131
Metin, Celal, 47
Mevlânâ Museum, 245
Midnight Express (film), Hollywood personification of Türkiye, 163,
Mignolo, Walter D., 3
military-led suppression of Islamist politics,
Milli Görüş movement, 229
Modarres, Hasan, 39
The Modern Middle East: A History (Gelvin), 42
modernization theory and Cold War comparative frameworks, ,
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 129
Moorish Science Temple (MST), 125
Moradian, Manijeh, 147
Moradian Said, Omar, 125
Morgenthau, Henry, 17
Mount Ararat, 70
Muhammad, Elijah (formerly Elijah Poole),
Muhammad, Wallace Fard, 126
Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), 255
Musa, Abdul Alim, 158
Muslim ban by US, 156
Mutual Services of Iran and Islam (Motahhari), 146
My Thousand and One Days (Nasr), 105
Nabavi, Ebrahim, 189
Naqd-i Sīnamā (Iranian magazine), 183
Narayan, Uma, 9
Nation of Islam (NOI), 117,
gharbzadegi rhetoric in publications of, 140
Naeem’s role in, 140
under the new leadership of Warith Deen Muhammad, 149
nationalized identity, construction of, 17
Naw’dust, Rawshanak, 57
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 129
Neshat (newspaper), 192
Nguyen, Mimi Thi, 111
Nirumand, Bahman,
Nkrumah, Kwame, 129
Noormags, 31
Norton, Ken, 154
Nostra aetate, 214
Never Without Women, 186
nuclear family as political symbol,
Nurcu movement, 228
Olson, Robert, 189
Omidsalar, Mahmoud, 16
Onaran, Aslıhan, 177
One Million Signatures Against Gender Oppression, 181
Operation Atilla, 150
The Order of Things (Foucault), 5
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), 155
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 152
Orientalism (Said), 9
orientalist and scholarly framing,
over-westernization discourse, 44
Ökçün, Ahmet Gündüz, 157
Özal, Korkut, 230
Özal, Turgut, 229
Özkök, Ertuğrul, 185
Özsoy (lit. “pure lineage”) (Turkish opera), 69
Özyürek, Esra, 67
Pahlavi, Ashraf, 61
Pahlavi, Farah Diba, and international perceptions of Iran, 17, 20, 75, 90, 216
aesthetics and soft power in comparison,
aesthetics as indicator for Iran’s development status,
aesthetics as political power,
aesthetics as ruse,
aesthetics as superficial modernization,
comparative frameworks in Cold War politics, , 83
early life and her marriage to the Shah of Iran,
gendered embodiment of Iranian modernization, 83
gendered nation-branding,
limits of aesthetic soft power, 79
mass media comparativism, , , 96
official coronation, 88
official politics of aesthetics,
Pahlavi, Shams, Princess, 58
Pakistan, support for Türkiye, 151
Panturkists (or Turanists), 16
Parker, Alan, 171
Parsa, Fakhr-Afaq, 57
Parsons, Talcott, 84
Patriotic Women’s League (Anjuman-i Nisvān-i Vaṭankhāh), 57
Payitaht: Abdülhamid, 258
Persepolis (graphic memoir series), 32
Persia: A Model of a Developing Nation or the Dictatorship of the Free World (Nirumand), 106
Persian linguistic nationalism, 71
Persophilia (Dabashi), 17
Pezeshkian, Masoud, 16
politics of appearance and identity,
Politics of Developing Areas (Rustow), 85
Pompeo, Mike, 252
positionality in knowledge-making, 9
postmodern coup, 184
Powell, Colin, 245
Power and Principle (Brzezinski), 233
prayer leader-preacher (imam-hatip) schools, 223
Pro-Pahlavi memoirs, 65
Rabah, Bilal ibn, 159
race, religion, and the politics of defiance
Cold War religious politics, ,
intersection of race with religion and politics,
Iranian and Turkish perceptions of Islam’s racial politics, broadening,
in the Iranian hostage crisis,
legal construction of race, 118
racial liminality of Middle Eastern identity,
racial liminality of West Asians,
(re)constructing antiracist, anti-imperialist Islam,
transnational Islamic solidarity,
westernization critique and Cold War alignments,
Race and Class (journal), 147
racial capitalism, 5
racial capitalist imperialism, 20
Radio Free Europe, 248
Rafsanjani, Faezeh Hashemi, , 195
Rastakhiz party, 103
Redempteris Missio, 236
Refah (Welfare) Party, , 231
reformist Iranian women, on Kavakçı affair,
regional solidarity,
religious differences, strategic use of,
religious identity, political implications of,
religious leadership and public relations,
religious reform and foreign policy, 227
religious scholars (ʿulamā), 38
The Rising Tide of Color: The Threat Against White World-Supremacy (Stoddard), 121
Roots (Haley), 158
Rushdie, Salman,
Rustow, Dankwart, 85
Saadi, 205
Sadr, Mohsen, 60
Safavid Empire, 19
Şahin, Haluk, , 176
Sahin v. Türkiye, 193
Salahuddin, Dawud, 158
Samanid Empire, 15
Samanyolu (Islamist TV station), 255
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 211
The Satanic Verses (Rushdie), 158
Satrapi, Marjane, 32
Saud, King, 226
Saudi Arabia, 131
SAVAK, 106
Saygı, 48
Saygun, Adnan, 69
Sect and Government in Türkiye and Iran (Akyol), 167
Sedghi, Hamideh, 53
Seiple, Robert, 197
Selim II, Sultan, 19
Shadman, Seyed Fakhreddin, 212
Shah, Idries, 205
Shah, Mohammad Reza, 1, 23, 65, 75, 232
beauty as distraction for authoritarianism,
first marriage, 80
marriages as political arrangements,
Mission for My Country, 86
second marriage, 80
support for Türkiye, 151
White Revolution, 76,
Shah, Reza, 10, 17, 22, 23
Ayatollah Khomeini on, 102
Cleveland and Bunton on, 40
comparison with Mustafa Kemal, 34
and conspiracy view of kashf-i hijāb,
English-language analyses of Türkiye visit,
Goldschmidt and Boum on, 41
hijab ban as modernization,
Iranian constitutional revolution and, 37
James Gelvin on,
kashf-i hijāb policy, 161
men’s clothing policy, 59
Persian-language scholarship on,
rise to power, 40
strengthening Türkiye–Iranian relationships, 70
Shams, Princess, 60
Shannon, Kelly, 196
Shariatmadari, Ayatollah, 156
Sharvand-e Emruz (newspaper), 247
Shaw, Gardiner Howland, 208
Shia shrines in Iraq, 71
Shibusawa, Naoko, 92
situated knowledge, 9
Smith, John, 132
Soltanalishahis (Sufi sect), 222
Soraya, Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, Princess,
Sori, Abdul Rahman Ibrahima, 125
Soroush, Abdolkarim, 247
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan,
Sözcü (Turkish newspaper), 68
Spivak, Gayatri, 28
Stages of Growth (Rostow), 91
Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA), 89
Stoler, Ann Laura, 74
Struggle Against Communism Association, 228
Suez Canal, 129
Sufism, contested interpretations of
introduction,
Islamicizing Persophilia and Westernization critique,
Khomeini’s comparative mysticism and the Islamic Revolution,
as political tool, 242
Suheyb-i Rumi, 143
Sukarno, 129
Sullivan, John J., 220
Supreme Wisdom, 140
Susurluk incident, 183
Tabatabai, Ali Akbar, 158
Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn, 215
Tabatabai, Sayyid Ziya, 32
Tajali, Mona, 191
Tarbiat, Hajir, 60
Tārīkh-i bīst sāli-yi Īrān (history series), 65
tariqat (the mystical path), 210
Tatlıtuğ, Kıvanç, 258
Third Worldism, 128
Three Letters (Akhundzade), 54
Tohidi, Nayereh, 192
Topçu, Nurettin, 134
Tousi, Dariush, 69
transnational construction of religious categories,
transnational feminist approach,
transnational formation of anti-Westernization discourse,
Treaty of Saadabad, 72
True Path party (DYP), 182
Truman Doctrine, 22
Tülümen, Turgut, 157
Tunç, Osman, 168
Turan, M. Halis, 230
Turkey’s New Geopolitics from the Balkans to Western China (Fuller), 237
Turkic nomadism, 17
Turkish Alevis, 168
Turkish and Iranian women’s activists and comparisons
failed transnational solidarity, 164,
Khomeini’s Revolutionary Council, 161
Turkish army coup attempt, 2016,
Turkish intelligence agency (MIT), 183
Turkish Islamic response to American Civil Rights Movement,
Turkish Islamists and Iranian revolutionaries, comparative frameworks,
Turkish Orientalism vs. Western Orientalism,
Turkish secularism, US-sponsored realignment of,
Turkish society, media representation vs. reality, 258
Turkish Sufi Islam and West, 243
Türkiye
and 1973–1974 oil crisis, 89
1980 military coup, 229
Cyprus invasion, 148,
embracement of Hollywood’s personification of Iran,
Islamic knowledge production in,
Jewish community in, 240
making of “moderate” Islam,
model for other Muslim-majority countries,
NATO membership, 124
in NOI teachings, 132
outreach to America’s Black Muslims,
political Islam in, 183
Türkiye ve İran: Gelenek, Çağdaşlaşma, Devrim (Gürakar), 47
Tusi, Abu’l-Qâsem Ferdowsi, 15
Two Centuries of Silence, 146
The Ugly American, 91
Umrah, 130
United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) initiative, 246
The United States and Turkey and Iran (Thomas and Frye), , 85
United States Information Agency (USIA), 141
US
coursebooks, Atatürk–Reza Shah comparisons in,
on Islam,
media hierarchical rankings, 108
sanctions, Iran–Türkiye relations and,
and Turkey diplomatic relations, 173,
US International Freedom Act (IRFA), 197
Uykusuz (Turkish humor magazine), 261
Üzerli, Meyrem, 258
War on Terror and its impact on Muslim representation,
Warhol, Andy, 109
Weber, Max, 13
West Asian media’s depiction of Reza Shah,
West on Islamic mysticism, 221
Western critique
of non-Western modernization,
and Türkiye as the anti-model,
Wilson, Woodrow, 72
women’s uprising of March 1979, 161
