Pharmacists play a vital role in healthcare and public health. With 91% of Americans living within 5 miles of a community pharmacy ^{Reference Qato, SZenk, Wilder, Harrington, Gaskin and Alexander1} and with longer business hours than traditional medical offices, pharmacies are commonly used as care access points. Medicare beneficiaries visit community pharmacies an average of 6–7 additional times annually compared to primary care physicians (PCPs), with the largest discrepancies in rural areas. ^{Reference Berenbrok, Gabriel, Coley and Hernandez2} Not only are pharmacists highly accessible healthcare providers, they are also consistently viewed as one of the most trustworthy professions. ³

This accessibility and trustworthiness have been paramount during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Pharmacists have been essential in expanding vaccination efforts, especially in underserved communities. Of the 559 million US COVID-19 vaccine doses administered, >234 million (42%) were administered in pharmacies. ⁴ Given discrepancies in national vaccination rates with lower uptake in rural ^{Reference Saelee, Zell and Patel Murthy5} and minoritized communities, ^{Reference Marcelin, Swartz and Bernice6,Reference Abdul-Mutakabbir, Caset and Jews7} pharmacists have proven instrumental in decreasing inequities through innovative practices and greater accessibility. ^{Reference Abdul-Mutakabbir, Caset and Jews7}

Sadly, in the United States, inequities related to social determinants of health in COVID-19 pervade beyond vaccination efforts. Although severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in rural areas have been similar to those in urban areas, death rates are 33% higher. ^{Reference Ullrich and Mueller8} Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic/Latino, and Native American persons are twice as likely to be hospitalized or die from COVID-19 than White persons. ⁹ Excess mortality vulnerability factors in rural areas include older age, increased comorbid conditions, lack of health insurance, and distance to hospitals with intensive care units. ^{Reference Dobis and McGranahan10}

The authorization of monoclonal antibodies was a groundbreaking advance, offering our first therapeutic option that could significantly decrease the risk of hospitalization or death. ^{Reference Gupta, Conzalez-Rojas and Juarez11–Reference Gottlieb, Nirula and Chen13} Unfortunately, accessibility inequities with these agents have also been evident over the past 18 months. In addition to medication shortages, the monoclonal antibodies are often not used in the highest-risk patients. Reasons for this include difficulty navigating the healthcare system, limited and complicated treatment availability, time constraints between diagnosis and administration, and geographic limitations. ^{Reference Behr, Joynt Maddox and Meara14} Additionally, Black, Asian, and other non-White races received monoclonal antibody therapy 22%, 48%, and 47% less frequently than their White counterparts, respectively. ^{Reference Wiltz, Feehan and Molinary15} Pharmacists have been instrumental in increasing access to monoclonal antibodies in rural and minoritized communities, ^{Reference Bariola, McCreary and Wadas16} subsequently increasing the number of Black patients receiving treatment. ^{Reference McCreary, Bariola and Minnier17}

In December 2021, the first effective oral antiviral agents were authorized by the FDA for high-risk patients in the United States. ^{18–Reference Jayk Bernal, Gomes da Silva and Musungaie21} Although these agents have the potential to broaden access to early treatment and to reduce inequities given the ease of administration, there are significant barriers to success. These include the need for rapid initiation within 5 days of symptom onset, the requirement for a positive test result, and several pharmacologic considerations requiring careful prescribing (ie, drug interactions, renal dosing, and teratogenicity). Recognizing these barriers, President Biden launched a nationwide test-to-treat initiative. ²² Pillars of this initiative include pharmacy-based community clinics offering on-the-spot SARS-CoV-2 testing and immediate access to treatment for qualifying patients. Unfortunately, the small percentage of community pharmacy chain locations with prescriber-based clinics (only 11% of CVS pharmacies ²³ and 4% of Walgreens pharmacies ²⁴ ), the absence of such clinics at independent pharmacies, and the limited hours of federally qualified community health centers will unnecessarily impede the ability to access these facilities and will further worsen inequities.

Pharmacists are well positioned to navigate many of these barriers and have documented experience improving outcomes and access with test-to-treat initiatives, including respiratory infections. Although the Ninth Amendment of the PREP Act authorized pharmacists to “order and administer select COVID-19 therapeutics” that are “administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or orally in accordance with the FDA approval, authorization, clearance, or licensing,” ²⁵ the language within the emergency use authorization (EUA) for both oral agents specifically states that they “may only be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, and physician assistants.” ^18,19 As a result, these EUAs override the Ninth Amendment of the PREP Act, prohibit pharmacists from prescribing the oral antivirals independently, and severely compromise the test-to-treat initiative.

Community pharmacies have ideal blueprints and footprints for independently prescribing oral anti–COVID-19 therapeutics. Additionally, community pharmacists have close relationships with the communities they serve. This familiarity allows for improved education, awareness, and advocacy of therapeutics to patients experiencing symptoms of COVID-19. Since early in the pandemic, community pharmacists have been at the forefront of COVID-19 testing. Because prompt initiation of treatment (within 5 days) or onset of symptoms is required for these drugs to be effective, testing followed by prompt initiation of therapy is critical. Of the 20,000 federally supported, free testing sites nationwide, community pharmacies comprise at least half of the sites. ²⁶ Because patients are used to going to the pharmacy for SARS-CoV-2 testing, a natural extension would be to allow pharmacists the authority to independently prescribe an oral anti–COVID-19 therapeutic to eligible patients who test positive. This reduces barriers for patients who qualify for therapies, decreases the time to treatment, and limits exposures to infectious individuals.

Similar collaborative community pharmacy-based models for disease management have proven safe and effective for other acute infectious conditions such as group A Streptococcus, influenza, and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. ^{Reference Klepser, Klepser and Smith27–Reference Nunn29} These models are used in several countries including the United States, Canada, England, and New Zealand. Relating to pandemic inequities, data show that upward of 54% of individuals using these services report not having a primary care physician and 38% presented outside traditional clinic hours for evaluation. ^{Reference Klepser, Klepser and Smith27} Algorithms incorporating risk factors and clinical presentations direct pharmacists to refer patients for higher-level care (eg, emergency department, urgent care, or primary care physician) when necessary, versus determining which patients require anti-infectives or over-the-counter symptomatic relief. ^{Reference Klepser, Klepser, Murry, Borden and Olsen28} In fact, these models were initially created to develop infrastructure and skills to allow pharmacies to offer a higher degree of care should a pandemic arise. As result of the experiences with influenza and acute pharyngitis care models, a similar service can be developed for the COVID-19 pandemic. Because screening and testing for SARS-CoV-2 already occur in pharmacies, all that is needed is a collaborative practice agreement (CPA) allowing an oral antiviral to be dispensed. A CPA could easily be developed using the existing parameters for use that are included within the EUA for each of the medications. During times of crisis, the full criteria for use could be incorporated into a template CPA and endorsed by the FDA.

Although significant treatment nuances exist regarding use of currently available COVID-19 oral antivirals, these considerations make a compelling argument for pharmacist prescribing rather than against it. Pharmacists are drug experts. Their education on pharmacology, agent selection, dosing, adverse effects, and drug interactions is vastly more extensive than other healthcare professionals. Drug interactions are a major concern with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, and notably the National Institutes of Health guidelines highlight that clinicians should consult an expert, such as a pharmacist, prior to use. ³⁰ Although COVID-19–specific drug-interaction websites exist, access to an accurate medication record, knowledge of how to interpret or adjust concomitant medications, and ability to counsel patients on managing interactions is imperative to prescribing nirmatrelvir-ritonavir. In addition to their drug expertise and experience managing drug interactions, pharmacists are well versed in taking medication histories, and many times the pharmacy is the only place where an accurate medication list exists. This combination makes pharmacists ideally positioned to independently prescribe nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for most patients. When less straightforward and more complex patient scenarios occur, pharmacists can initiate additional discussion with a patient’s primary care physician or specialist and can work collaboratively to determine the optimal course of action. Importantly, this is no different than what should occur in these scenarios if another EUA-approved healthcare provider currently prescribed nirmatrelvir-ritonavir at a pharmacy-based clinic.

Additional pharmacological concerns include renal dosage adjustment with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir ¹⁸ and teratogenicity concerns with molnupiravir. ¹⁹ Pharmacists are well positioned and experienced to address these issues as well. With more complete access to medication records, pharmacists can identify other renally adjusted medications or medications prescribed for complications of kidney disease. Community pharmacists have demonstrated the ability to accurately identify patients who require renal dosing adjustments comparable to prescribers. ^{Reference Vogel, Billups, Herner and Delate31} Alternatively, under a CPA, pharmacists can be authorized to order laboratory tests for patients to assess for appropriateness of drug therapies. Furthermore, pharmacists routinely counsel patients regarding teratogenicity risks and the necessary precautions with such therapies.

Supplemental training for pharmacists is required for appropriate diagnostic utilization, interpretation, and medication prescribing. Several national pharmacy organizations have readily available training programs. The National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations has a certificate training program for pharmacy-based point-of-care and test-to-treat for various conditions/pathogens including coronaviruses, influenza, group A streptococcus, HIV, and hepatitis C. ³² This program provides updates on relevant disease states, reviews physical assessment and triaging skills, and provides examples of incorporating disease management services. To date, ∼7,000 pharmacists have completed this program. Further, according to the PREP Act requirements, training was necessary for pharmacists to prescribe and administer COVID-19 monoclonal antibodies, and organizations such as the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists and the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists provide such resources. ^33,34 A similar approach could be applied to the oral antivirals. Notably, the Ninth Amendment of the PREP Act grants liability protection to pharmacists. If the PREP Act were to expire and pharmacists’ authority were granted under a CPA or protocol, liability would only be assumed if the pharmacist deviated from the CPA or protocol.

Most importantly however, community pharmacies need further resources before they can independently prescribe oral therapeutics. The EUA language needs to be amended, allowing pharmacists the authority to prescribe. Adequate reimbursement must be provided for the cognitive and dispensing services provided. This begins with legislation allowing pharmacists to bill Medicare Part B for services provided to its beneficiaries, such as the Pharmacy and Medically Underserved Areas Enhancement Act. ^35,36 Receiving Medicare B recognition and reimbursement will in turn allow for additional staffing models to absorb the increased work required and will allow time for appropriate patient care.

In conclusion, pharmacies represent an increasingly critical access point for disease prevention and treatment for millions of Americans. Pharmacists have proven themselves over several decades to be integral members of the healthcare team. They have a high degree of community trust, and they are too often the only access to healthcare in the United States. The availability of highly effective oral antivirals and a test-to-treat plan are critical steps in limiting morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19. However, its success is dependent on the ability to reach members of every community, particularly communities disproportionately devastated by the pandemic. ^{Reference Khazanchi, Evans and Marcelin37,Reference Wiltz and Molinari38} Pharmacists have proven their ability to test to treat with outpatient respiratory infections, improving both access and outcomes. With appropriate training and financial compensation, pharmacists are optimally situated to collaboratively achieve this goal with other healthcare providers.