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Succession to Treaties and International Fluvial Law in Africa: the Niger Regime*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2009

T. Maluwa
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Extract

International fluvial law is one branch of international law that presents thestudent of international law with a seemingly irreconcilable paradox. On the one hand, judging from the scanty treatment often given to the issue in the standard treatises (and its almost complete absence from college syllabi), one could easily conclude that international fluvial law is only to be located on the periphery of international law; that it is a fringe subject, just as air law and space law were regarded only half a century ago. But, on the other hand, a more patient enquiry into the history and development of international law soon reveals that, in fact, international law has been concerned with the regulation of international watercourses (lakes, rivers, etc.,) for a long time, with individual pronouncements by publicists dating back to the writings of the acclaimed ‘fathers’ of international law: Grotius, Pufendorf and Vattel. Viewed from this angle, then, international fluvial law, or the law of international watercourses, lies at the very core, rather than on the fringes, of the historical development of international law. Indeed, it is apt to observe that the history of the modern international organization, and thus the advent of the law of international institutions, dates back to the establishment of the various international commissions by European States in respect of some of the major international rivers in Europe between 1815 and 1866: the Rhine Commission (1815), the European Commission for the Danube (1856) and those dealing with the Elbe (1821), the Douro (1835), the Po (1849) and the Pruth (1866).

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Netherlands International Law Review , Volume 33 , Issue 3 , December 1986 , pp. 334 - 370
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1986

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References

1. For text of the treaty, see Hertslet, E., Commercial Treaties, vol. 17 (1890) p. 62Google Scholar.

2. The obvious exceptions here were the two States of Ethiopia and Liberia which, although acknowledged as ‘European-style’ sovereign States, were nevertheless not invited to take part in the Berlin West Africa Conference, nor had they ever been regarded and accepted as legitimate participants in the existing international legal order. As to the forceful argument regarding the international legal personality of the pre-colonial ‘traditional’ African States, see Elias, T.O., ‘African Law’, in Larson, A. et al. , eds., Sovereignty Within the Law (1965) p. 220Google Scholar; see also, Okoye, E.C., International Law and the New African States (1971) pp. 4–5Google Scholar, and Alexandrowicz, C.H., The European-African Confrontation (1973) pp. 9–13Google Scholar.

3. See, ILC Yearbook 1971, vol. 2 part 1, p. 350. The term ‘international watercourse’, which was adopted by the ILC, is thought preferable to ‘international river’ by the majority of modern writers on the subject. The concept is one that includes the international river itself, its tributary streams and rivers, and lakes and canals constituting part of a system. See, for example, Article II of the Helsinki Rules on ‘The Uses of the Waters of International Rivers’ in Rep. of 52nd Conf. of the ILA (Helsinki 1966) p. 477 et seq.

4. The Act and the Agreement were signed on 26 October 1963 and 25 November 1964, respectively.

5. See, Maluwa, T., ‘The Origins and Development of International Fluvial Law in Africa: a Study of the International Legal Regime of the Congo and Niger Rivers from 1885 to 1960’, 29 NILR (1982) p. 368CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6. 2 BFSP, p. 52.

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14. 8 LNTS, p. 26.

15. 83 BFSP, p. 19.

16. See text in 64 RGDIP (1960) p. 878, also in 15 Revue Egyptienne de droit international (1959) p. 321.

17. 93 LNTS, p. 43; also, 160 BFSP, p. 106; Cmnd. 3348; for negotiations relating to the conclusion of the treaty, see Cmnd. 3050.

18. PCIJ Series A/B No. 63 (1934).

19. Ibid., p. 80.

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38. The situation was given legislative recognition in the 1931 Statute of Westminster which declared, in respect of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa, that no Act of the imperial Parliament could henceforth extend to the dominions without their own legislative consent. See generally, Fawcett, J.E.S., The British Commonwealth in International Law (1963)Google Scholar.

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42. Some of the leading scholarly works in this respect in the English language are: O'Connell, op. cit. n. 31, and his ‘Independence and Succession to Treaties’, 38 BYIL (1962) p. 84Google Scholar, and ‘Recent Problems of State Succession in Relation to New States’, 130 Hague Recueil (1970) p. 95Google Scholar; Brownlie, I., Principles of Public International Law, 3rd edn. (1979) pp. 651–673Google Scholar; Udokang, O., Succession of New States to International Treaties (1972)Google Scholar; Verzijl, J.H., International Law in Historical Perspective, vol. VII (1974)Google Scholar; Jennings, R.Y., ‘General Course on Principles of International Law’, 121 Hague Recueil (1967) p. 437Google Scholar. As regards the position of African States in particular, see Okoye, , op. cit. n. 2, pp. 62–80Google Scholar; see also the extensive literature cited by D.P. O'Connell and I. Brownlie, ibid.

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53. Cmnd. No. 1214; see also, 384 UNTS (1961) p. 209.

54. O'Connell, , op. cit. n. 31, p. 371Google Scholar; but see also the views of Lauterpacht, E., ‘State Succession and Agreements for the Inheritance of Treaties’, 7 ICLQ (1956) p. 514CrossRefGoogle Scholar;Panhuys, H.F. van, ‘La succession de l'lndonél'Indonésie aux accords internationaux conclus par les Pays-Bas avant l'indépendence de rindon&ie’, 2 NILR (1955) p. 67Google Scholar.

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57. See U.D. Doc. A/CN.4/150 p. 31 para. 87.

58. Ibid., p. 114.

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87. It may be noted in passing that some writers on the subject are of the mistaken view that the abrogation of the Convention of St. Germain and the other pre-1963 treaties is contained in Art. 9 of the Act of Niamey. See, for example, Fisseha, F., ‘State Succession and the Legal Status of International Rivers’, in Caflisch, L. and Zacklin, R., eds., The Legal Regime of International Rivers and Lakes (1981) pp. 177–202Google Scholar at p. 191 and pp. 175–200. These writers would appear to mistake Art. 9 of the proposed statute, which originally contained the provision abrogating these treaties, for the actual Art. 9 finally adopted in the Act of Niamey on 26 October 1963. The present Art. 9 of the 1963 Act in fact concerns the registration of the treaty with the Secretary General of the United Nations in accordance with Art. 102 of the UN Charter.

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91. Although this area of the law is still both uncertain and controversial, the various United Nations Resolutions on the matter can be said to provide a reasonable guide. The starting point is General Assembly Resolution 523 (VI) of 12 January 1952 which was followed by Resolution 626 (VII) of 21 December 1952. Later resolutions relating to this matter include Resolutions 1314 (XIII) of 12 December 1958 and 1515 (XV) of December 1960. See also resolution entitled ‘Right to Exploit Freely Natural Wealth and Resources’ (Resolution 626 (VII) of 14 December 1962).

92. E/C. 7/2/add.6.

93. See, for example, Official Records of ECOSOC, 52nd sess., Supp. No. 5 (E/5097 and corr. 1) para. 20; also 54th sess., supp. No. 4 (E/5247) paras. 114, 129–137; and see further, 44th sess., supp. No. 3 (E/4177) part III. See also an early statement by the UN Secretary-General to this end: Survey of International Law, document A/CN.4/1/Rev. 1 (UN Pub. Sales No. 1948. V.I.(l)) p. 34 para. 57.

94. 8 ILM (1969) p. 679.

95. O'Connell, D.P., ‘Independence and Problems of State Succession’, in O'Brien, W.V., ed., The New Nations in International Law and Diplomacy (1965) p. 14Google Scholar.

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98. See Elias, loc. cit. n. 88.