Index

Carmen Draghici

doi:10.1017/9781009443982.011

Index

A.L. v. France 94–96, 257

A.M. v. Norway 137–142, 274–275

Abortion

therapeutic 175–186, 192–198, 296, 307–308

Adoption, step-parent 91–92, 105–106, 134–135, 139, 161–162, 243–244, 274–275, 281–282, 285–286

Advisory Opinion, Child born through a gestational surrogacy arrangement abroad and the intended mother 90–91, 129–132, 261–262, 264

American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) 4–5, 26–27, 48–50, 185, 277, 284

Artavia Murillo et al. (‘In Vitro Fertilisation’) v. Costa Rica 48–50

Assisted fertilisation 29–31, 46–48, 123–125, 241–247, 284

heterologous, 67–74

homologous, 50–51, 284

Assisted reproduction See Assisted reproductive treatment (ART)

Assisted reproductive technologies See Assisted reproductive treatment (ART)

Assisted reproductive treatment (ART) 1–9, 45–51, 72–74, 102–109, 161–165, 236–238, 253–255, 268–277, 308–309

eligibility for 36, 50–51, 67–68, 123–125, 287–288

prisoners and 44–48, 169

public funding for 36, 107–108, 171, 288–289, 308–309

Best interests of the child 88–90, 99, 106, 129–131, 135–137, 141–142, 153–154, 157–158, 166–167, 254, 262–263, 293–295, 300–303

Bioethics 4, 13–21, 103–104, 172–173, 175–178, 201–203, 207–208, 219–229, 231–232, 255–256, 290–291

Birth

wrongful 186–191, 227, 296

C. and E. v. France 132–134, 137, 263–264

C.E. and Others v. France 38–39, 135, 247–255, 264

Callamand v. France 31, 119–120

Child(ren)

ART-born, 36–37, 123–124, 135–137, 167, 239–240, 242–244, 247–255, 265–268, 270, 302–303

donor-conceived 120–123, 242–245, 295–296

surrogacy-born, 34–36, 86–102, 104–106, 129–131, 143–144, 156–158, 164, 166–167, 261–265, 272, 293–295, 297–298

Consent

withdrawal of, See Cryopreserved embryos, and use for procreative purposes

Contraception

involuntary 25–26

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine 16–19

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 48–49, 194–195

Convention on the Rights of the Child 48, 90, 156–157, 229, 294–295

Costa and Pavan v. Italy 199–203

Cross-border surrogacy See Surrogacy, cross-border, See also Procreative tourism

Cryopreserved embryos

and right to donate to research or others 62–67

and use for procreative purposes 53–62

Cryopreserved gametes

and posthumous insemination 77–80

and right to become a grandparent 81–82

D.B. and Others v. Switzerland 262–265, 284–285

Designer babies/baby 8, 220–221, 308

Dickson v. The United Kingdom 29–30, 45–48

Diminishment, intentional 226–230

Disability, selection against See Abortion, therapeutic; Eugenic selection

Discrimination

on the grounds of age 50–51

on the grounds of civil (single) status 269–270, 275–277, 308–309

on the grounds of disability (infertility) 48–50, 57–58

on the grounds of economic status 308

on the grounds of gender 48–49, 197, 285–286

on the grounds of parents’ sexual orientation 260–261, 264–265

on the grounds of sexual orientation 244, 253, 286

Donor(s) See Insemination, donor

Douglas, Gillian 3–4, 43–81, 113, 123, 268–269, 270

Ectogenesis 287–289

Egg donation See Oocytes

Embryo(s)

and property rights 62–63

consent to the use of, See Cryopreserved embryos, and use for procreative purposes

cryopreservation of, See Cryopreserved embryos

diagnosis See Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

donation 125–128, See also Cryopreserved embryos

moral and legal status of, 13, 52–53, 125–126

negative selection See Eugenic selection

screening See Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Enhancement

genetic 219–226

Equality See Discrimination, See also Enhancement, genetic

Eugenic selection 3–4, 72, 177, 199–206, 220–226, 307–308, See also Designer babies; Trait selection

Evans v. The United Kingdom 31, 45, 53–60, 103, 173–174, 232

Family life

as close personal ties 114–115, 146, 150–151, 247–248, 283

de facto, 124, 131, 147–148, 149, 154–155, 158–159, 163–164, 241, 250–252, 266–268, 295–296, 302–303, 306–307 See also Family life as close personal ties

potential, 93, 151, 165

respect for, 20, 27–28, 34, 37, 102, 115, 120, 133–134, 153–154, 170–171, 243–244, 249, 250, 272, 275–276, 279–280

Father(s)

genetic 34, 48, 86–89, 98–99, 258–260, 293–294, 297–298

intended See Parents, intended

Foetus

abnormality See Abortion, therapeutic

moral and legal status of, 13–14, 21, 51–53, 176–178, 208–209

Foulon and Bovet v. France 272, 285

Frozen embryos See Cryopreserved embryos

Frozen gametes See Cryopreserved gametes

Gamete(s)

and gamete providers’ rights over resulting embryos 51–62

cryopreservation of, See Cryopreserved gametes

donation 120–125, See also Insemination, donor

posthumous use of, See Posthumous conception

Gas and Dubois v. France 118–119, 120, 242–245, 287

Gay couples See Parents, same-sex; see also Discrimination, on the grounds of sexual orientation

Genetic manipulation 207–210 See also Eugenic selection

Glover, Jonathan 172–173, 195, 205, 206, 207, 210, 222, 225, 227

Grandparent

right to become a, 75, 81–82

H. v. The United Kingdom 96–101

Harris, John 215, 216

HLA-matching See Saviour siblings

Human dignity 16, 17–18, 23–29, 52–53, 72, 197, 207–210

Human Rights Committee 4–5, 22, 287

Identity rights 88–90, 96–100, 106, 146–147, 164, 167, 259, 279–281, 284–285, 293–295, 302–303 See also Private life

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) 1, 33–34, 48–51, 63, 168–169, 236, 292

Infertility 3–4, 7, 36, 49–50, 102, 104, 123, 161, 165–166, 204, 244–245, 269, 292

Insemination

donor, 31, 38, 118–120, 123–125, 140–141, 160–161, 167, 238–255, 283–284, 295–296, 303–304, 306–307 See also Assisted fertilisation, heterologous

posthumous, See Posthumous conception

Inter-American Commission of Human Rights 50, 185, 277

Inter-American Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities 49

Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women 26–27

Inter-American Court of Human Rights 26–27, 174, 277, 292

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 15, 184–185, 287

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 169–171

J.R.M. v. The Netherlands 115

Jackson, Emily 43, 83, 175–176, 193–198, 209, 213–214, 219–220

Labassee v. France 86–90

Margin of appreciation, See also Public policy

and bioethics 20–21, 55, 203

and the precautionary principle 70, 266

European consensus and, 39, 51, 64, 71–72, 100, 123–124, 130–131, 253, 293, 310

identity rights and, 39, 45–46, 88, 129–130, 250

medically assisted procreation and, 44, 78, 297–298

Medical professionals

and conscientious objection to abortion 181–184

and negligence claims 186–192

Medically assisted procreation See Assisted reproductive treatment (ART)

Mennesson v. France 86–90

Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) 203–204

Mother(s)

genetic commissioning, 90–93, 112–114

intended, 129–142

non-genetic commissioning, See Mother(s), intended

social, See Mother(s), intended

surrogate, 43–44, 91–92, 106, 112–113, 136, 279, See also Surrogacy, ethical concerns raised by

Mulligan, Andrea 20, 105–106, 164, 303–306

Negative obligations 21–36

Negligence, medical See Medical professionals, negligence of, See also Birth, wrongful

Non-discrimination See Discrimination

Non-identity problem 227–230

Oocyte(s) 1, 7, 54, 56, 59–60, 69–70, 106–107, 113, 117, 255–256, 271

Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography 84–86

Ova donation See Oocyte(s) See also Gamete(s) donation

Paradiso and Campanelli v. Italy 144–158, 162–164

Parent(s)

adoptive, 68, 93, 110–111, 148, 150–151, 153–154, 157–158, 173

commissioning See Parent(s), intended

intended, 86–102, 112–114, 297–300, See also Surrogacy

posthumous, See Posthumous conception

same-sex, 234–236, 238–265

single aspiring, 111–112, 236–237, 238, 255–256, 268–277, 282, 283–284, 285, 308–309

social, See Parenthood, intentional

transgender, 265–268

Parenthood

intentional, 110–120, 160–167, 299–300, 306–307

intentional, and marriage to the genetic parent 128–142

intentional, in couples with no genetic ties to the child 142–159

Parfit, Derek 227–228 See also Non-identity problem

Parrillo v. Italy 62–67

Paternity proceedings 94–96, 98–99, 106, 297–298

Pejřilová v. the Czech Republic 77–80

Personhood 174, 208–209

Petithory Lanzmann v. France 75–77, 81–82

PGD See Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Positive obligations 37–40

Posthumous conception 74–80, 107

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 1, 168–171, 198–204

Prenatal diagnosis See Prenatal tests

Prenatal tests 175–183, 196, 296

Presumption(s) of parenthood 98–101, 122–123, 131, 278–280, 297–299

Private life 25, 28–29, 33–36, 60–62, 63, 87–92, 94–95, 105, 129–131, 135–136, 138–140, 146–153, 179–180, 251–252 See also Identity rights

Procreative autonomy 2–4, 32–33, 174–175, 194–195, 215, 219–220, 299–300, 308, See also Negative obligations

Procreative choice(s) 29–30, 82, 117–118, 168, 169, 175–176, 229, 231–232, 276, 291–292, 296

Procreative rights

right to make use of medically assisted procreation 20, 32–34, 46–47, 60–61, 67–75, 102–103, 123–124, 149–150, 291–292

right to pursue a healthy child 8, 32, 168–175, 191, 199–203, 230–233, 296, 307–308

right to respect for the decision (not) to become a genetic parent 20, 31, 45–46, 54–55, 60–61, 78, 102, 103, 284, 291–292

Procreative tourism 72, 145–146, 303–306

Proportionality, principle of 16, 47, 88–89, 139, 146–147, 156–158, 178, 187–188, 195–198, 200, 201–202, 230–231, 260–261, 266–267

Public policy 5–6, 87, 151–152, 160, 167, 263, 297–298, 300–303

Reproduction

human, 114–118, 123, 221–222, 302, 304–305

third-party, 1–2, 5–6, 7, 32–33, 43–44, 84–86, 103–105, 110–114, 117–118, 121–125, 164–165, 167, 203–204, 284

Reproductive capacity 22–29

Reproductive health 3–4, 23, 26–31, 48–50, 70–71, 104, 169–171, 194–195, 202, 255–256, 292

Reproductive justice 276–277, 308–309

Robertson, John 176, 178, 198–199, 207, 213, 218–219, 223–224, 225, 228–229, 232

S.H. and Others v. Austria 30–31, 46, 68–74, 103–104, 121–122, 149–150

Saviour sibling(s) 217–219

Self-determination 5–6, 63, 64–65, 66, 67, 77, 169–172, 176–177, 179–180, 196, 197

Sex selection 213–217

Sterilisation, forced 21–28

Subsidiarity, principle of 9, 188–189, 246

Surrogacy

and genetic intended parents 86–102, 297–299

and no genetic parent in the commissioning couple 142–159

cross-border, 151–155, 164–166

domestic lawful, 96–101

domestic unlawful, 94–96

ethical concerns raised by, 82–86

gestational, 85–86, 96–98, 108–109, 141

traditional, 7–8, 96

Trait selection 219–226

UNESCO 15–19

Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights 15–19, 207–208

Valdís Fjölnisdóttir and Others v. Iceland 101–102, 143–144, 158–159, 257–258

Wilkinson, Stephen 172, 195, 211–212, 217–218, 222, 225, 232

X, Y and Z v. The United Kingdom 265–268

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