2 Categories

We assume familiarity with basic notions of category theory, including, e.g., limits, colimits, and adjoint functors (see, e.g., [Reference Borceux3, Reference Mac Lane21]). Categories will be denoted with sans-serif symbols like $\mathsf {C}$ . Hom-sets will be denoted $\mathsf {C}(X, Y)$ for $X, Y \in \mathsf {C}$ ; identity morphisms will be denoted $1_X : X \to X$ . The category of sets will be denoted $\mathsf {Set}$ . The terminal category has a single object and single (identity) morphism.

Fix throughout the paper an infinite regular cardinal $\kappa $ ; the case $\kappa = \omega _1$ will be typical. By $\kappa $ -ary, we mean of size ${<}\kappa $ . Let $\mathsf {Set}_{\kappa } \subseteq \mathsf {Set}$ be the full subcategory of $\kappa $ -ary sets. Also fix some set $\mathbb {U}$ of size ${\ge} \kappa $ (e.g., $\mathbb {U} := \kappa $ ), for convenience assuming $\mathbb {N} \subseteq \mathbb {U}$ , and let $\mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa } \subseteq \mathsf {Set}_{\kappa }$ be the full subcategory of $\kappa $ -ary subsets of $\mathbb {U}$ ; thus $\mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa } \subseteq \mathsf {Set}_{\kappa }$ is a small full subcategory containing a set of each cardinality ${<}\kappa $ , hence equivalent to $\mathsf {Set}_{\kappa }$ .

Recall that a subobject of an object $X \in \mathsf {C}$ of a category $\mathsf {C}$ is an equivalence class of monomorphisms $f : A \hookrightarrow X \in \mathsf {C}$ with respect to the preorder

$$ \begin{align*} (f : A \hookrightarrow X) \subseteq (g : B \hookrightarrow X) \;:\Longleftrightarrow\; \exists h : A \to B\, (f = g \circ h) \end{align*} $$

(such an h is necessarily unique). As is common, we will often abuse terminology regarding subobjects: we also refer to single monomorphisms as subobjects, identified with their equivalence classes; we sometimes write a subobject $f : A \hookrightarrow X$ (i.e., its equivalence class) simply as $A \subseteq X$ ; and we generally use familiar notations for subsets with the obvious meanings (e.g., $\cup , \cap $ ). Let

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Sub}(X) = \mathrm{Sub}_{\mathsf{C}}(X) := \{\text{subobjects of } X \text{ in } \mathsf{C}\}, \end{align*} $$

partially ordered by (the partial order induced on equivalence classes by) $\subseteq $ .

A category $\mathsf {C}$ is $\kappa $ -complete if it has all $\kappa $ -ary limits; a functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ between two $\kappa $ -complete categories is $\kappa $ -continuous if it preserves all $\kappa $ -ary limits. In a $\kappa $ -complete category, each subobject poset $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ has $\kappa $ -ary meets given by (wide) pullback; we denote meets of $A_i \subseteq X$ by either $\bigcap _i A_i$ , or $\bigwedge\nolimits _i A_i$ , or (as pullbacks) $\prod _X (A_i)_i$ . For each $f : X \to Y$ , the pullback map

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Sub}(f) = f^* : \mathrm{Sub}(Y) \to \mathrm{Sub}(X) \end{align*} $$

between subobject posets preserves $\kappa $ -ary meets; we thus get a functor

$$ \begin{align*} \mathrm{Sub} : \mathsf{C}^{\mathrm{op}} \longrightarrow \mathsf{\kappa{\bigwedge}Lat} \end{align*} $$

to the category $\mathsf {\kappa {\bigwedge }Lat}$ of $\kappa $ -complete meet semilattices. A $\kappa $ -continuous functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ between $\kappa $ -complete categories preserves monomorphisms, and hence induces a map between subobject posets

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{F}|\mathrm{Sub}_{\mathsf{C}}(X) : \mathrm{Sub}_{\mathsf{C}}(X) \to \mathrm{Sub}_{\mathsf{D}}(\mathcal{F}(X)) \end{align*} $$

for each $X \in \mathsf {C}$ , which also preserves $\kappa $ -ary meets.

A finitely complete category $\mathsf {C}$ is extensive (see [Reference Carboni, Lack and Walters5]) if it has finite coproducts which are pullback-stable and disjoint, defined as follows. A coproduct $\bigsqcup\nolimits _{i \in I} X_i$ of objects $X_i \in \mathsf {C}$ with cocone $(\iota _i : X_i \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _{i \in I} X_i)_{i \in I}$ is pullback-stable if for any morphism $f : Y \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _{i \in I} X_i \in \mathsf {C}$ , the pullbacks $f^*(\iota _i) : f^*(X_i) \to Y$ of the morphisms $\iota _i$ along f, as in the diagram

together form a cocone which exhibits Y as the coproduct $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i f^*(X_i)$ . In particular, when $I = \emptyset $ , this means we have an initial object $0 \in \mathsf {C}$ which is strict, meaning any $f : Y \to 0$ is an isomorphism. A coproduct $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i$ is disjoint if each of the cocone morphisms $\iota _i : X_i \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _{i \in I} X_i$ is monic, and for any $i \ne j$ , the pullback of $\iota _i, \iota _j$ is the initial object. For extensivity, it is enough to consider nullary and binary coproducts, i.e., for there to be a strict initial object, as well as pullback-stable and disjoint binary coproducts. More generally, we say that $\mathsf {C}$ is $\kappa $ -extensive if it has pullback-stable and disjoint $\kappa $ -ary coproducts (disjointness needs only be checked for binary coproducts). A finitely continuous functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ between finitely complete ( $\kappa $ -)extensive categories is ( $\kappa $ -)extensive if it preserves finite (resp. $\kappa $ -ary) coproducts.

A finitely complete category $\mathsf {C}$ is subextensive if it has a strict initial object $0$ , which implies that every subobject poset $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ has a least element $0 \hookrightarrow X$ , and any two subobjects $A, B \subseteq X$ which are disjoint (meaning their meet is $0$ ) have a pullback-stable join in $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ . (This notion is part of the definition of coherent category [see, e.g., [Reference Johnstone17, Section A1.4]], as well as an instance of Barr’s effective unions [Reference Barr and Borceux1].) We will denote the pairwise disjoint joins by $A \sqcup B$ (this is consistent with the above usage by Lemmas 2.1 and 2.2). More generally, we say that $\mathsf {C}$ is $\kappa $ -subextensive if any $\kappa $ -ary family of pairwise disjoint $A_i \subseteq X$ has a pullback-stable join $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ in $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ . A finitely continuous functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ between finitely complete ( $\kappa $ -)subextensive categories is ( $\kappa $ -)subextensive if it preserves the initial object and finite (resp. $\kappa $ -ary) joins of disjoint subobjects.

The subobject posets $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ in a finitely complete $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {C}$ have a partial algebraic structure which we will refer to as a $\kappa $ -disjunctive frame Footnote ³ (or distributive disjunctive lattice when $\kappa = \omega $ ), meaning a meet-semilattice with (greatest and) least element and joins of pairwise disjoint $\kappa $ -ary families, over which finite meets distribute; distributivity in $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ follows from pullback-stability. The pullback maps $f^* : \mathrm {Sub}(Y) \to \mathrm {Sub}(X)$ are $\kappa $ -disjunctive frame homomorphisms (giving a functor $\mathrm {Sub} : \mathsf {C}^{\mathrm {op}} \to \mathsf {\kappa DisjFrm}$ to the category of $\kappa $ -disjunctive frames), as are the maps $\mathcal {F}|\mathrm {Sub}_{\mathsf {C}}(X) : \mathrm {Sub}_{\mathsf {C}}(X) \to \mathrm {Sub}_{\mathsf {D}}(\mathcal {F}(X))$ induced by $\kappa $ -subextensive functors $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ .

The following facts are standard (see [Reference Johnstone17, Section A1.4]):

Proof Let $A_i \subseteq X \in \mathsf {C}$ for $i \in I$ , ${\lvert }{I}{\rvert } < \kappa $ , be pairwise disjoint. It is enough to show that the morphism $h : \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i \to X$ induced by the $A_i \hookrightarrow X$ via the universal property of the coproduct is monic, for then the universal property easily implies that $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ is the join in $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ , and this join is pullback-stable since the coproduct $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ is. For this, consider the lower-right pullback square in

By pullback-stability of $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ , we may write $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times _X (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i)$ as the coproduct

$$ \begin{align*} \Big(\bigsqcup\nolimits_i A_i\Big) \times_X \Big(\bigsqcup\nolimits_i A_i\Big) = \bigsqcup\nolimits_i p^*(A_i) = \bigsqcup\nolimits_{i,j} (p^*(A_i) \cap q^*(A_j)). \end{align*} $$

For each $i, j$ , $p^*(A_i) \cap q^*(A_j)$ is the pullback of the composites $A_i, A_j \subseteq \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i \xrightarrow {h} X$ , i.e., the inclusions $A_i, A_j \hookrightarrow X$ , hence is either the diagonal $A_i \hookrightarrow (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times _X (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i)$ if $i = j$ , or $0$ if $i \ne j$ . So $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times _X (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ , i.e., h is monic.

Proof Let $f_i : A_i \to Y \in \mathsf {C}$ ; we must find a unique $f : \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i \to Y$ such that $f|A_i = f_i$ for each i. In any finitely complete category, morphisms $f : X \to Y$ are in bijection with their graphs $(1_X, f) : X \hookrightarrow X \times Y$ , which are subobjects $G \subseteq X \times Y$ whose composite with the first projection $X \times Y \to X$ is an isomorphism. For our desired $f : \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i \to Y$ , letting $G \subseteq (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y$ be its graph, the condition $f|A_i = f_i$ is easily seen to be equivalent to $G \cap (A_i \times Y)$ being the graph $G_i$ of $f_i$ for each i. Since $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i (A_i \times Y)$ by pullback-stability of the join $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ (under the projection $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ ), we must have (by distributivity) $G = G \cap \bigsqcup\nolimits _i (A_i \times Y) = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i (G \cap (A_i \times Y)) = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i G_i$ , which determines G as a subobject of $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y$ . It remains only to check that G is a graph. The composite $G \hookrightarrow (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ is monic, since its pullback with itself is the subobject $p^*(G) \cap q^*(G) \subseteq (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y \times Y$ in the pullback diagram

and we have $p^*(G) \cap q^*(G) = \bigsqcup\nolimits _{i,j} (p^*(G_i) \cap q^*(G_j))$ (by pullback-stability of the join $G = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i G_i$ and distributivity) which is easily seen to be the diagonal of $G = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i G_i$ using that each $G_i$ is a graph and their domains $A_i \subseteq \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ are disjoint. And the composite $G \hookrightarrow (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i) \times Y \to \bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ as a subobject is all of $\bigsqcup\nolimits _i A_i$ , since it contains each $A_i$ , since G contains $G_i$ and $G_i$ is a graph.

In a distributive disjunctive lattice A, with least and greatest elements $\bot , \top $ and meets and disjoint joins denoted $\wedge , \vee $ , we may already define the familiar (in distributive lattices) notion of complement of $a \in A$ , i.e., any $b \in A$ such that $a \wedge b = \bot $ and $a \vee b = \top $ . Complements are unique, since if $b, c$ are complements of a, then $b = b \wedge (a \vee c) = (b \wedge a) \vee (b \wedge c) = b \wedge c \le c$ . So we may denote the complement of a, if it exists, by $\neg a$ , and complements are automatically preserved by distributive disjunctive lattice homomorphisms.

We call a finitely complete $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {C}$ Boolean if each of its subobject $\kappa $ -disjunctive frames $\mathrm {Sub}(X)$ is a ( $\kappa $ -complete) Boolean algebra. (We will discuss $\kappa $ -complete Boolean algebras in more detail in the next section.) For such $\mathsf {C}$ , the pullback maps between subobject lattices are ( $\kappa $ -)Boolean homomorphisms, and a finitely continuous $\kappa $ -(sub)extensive functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ between two such $\mathsf {C}, \mathsf {D}$ preserves complements of subobjects. Note also that if $\mathsf {C}$ is $\kappa $ -complete Boolean subextensive, then it is $\kappa $ -subextensive, since its subobject Boolean algebras have $\kappa $ -ary meets, hence $\kappa $ -ary joins (which are pullback-stable, since $\kappa $ -ary meets and complements are).

Proof Since $\mathsf {C}$ is $\kappa $ -subextensive, by Corollary 2.3, it is enough to show that any $\kappa $ -ary family of objects $X_i \in \mathsf {C}$ can be jointly embedded as pairwise disjoint subobjects of some other object. Consider $f_i := (f_{ij})_j : X_i \to \prod _j (X_j \sqcup 1)$ for each i, where $f_{ii} : X_i \hookrightarrow X_i \sqcup 1$ is the coproduct injection and $f_{ij} : X_i \to 1 \hookrightarrow X_j \sqcup 1$ for $j \ne i$ . Each $f_i$ is monic, since its composition with the ith projection $\pi _i : \prod _j (X_j \sqcup 1) \to X_i \sqcup 1$ is $f_{ii} : X_i \hookrightarrow X_i \sqcup 1$ , and for $i \ne j$ , we have a commutative diagram

whence the pullback of the top row maps into the pullback of the bottom row which is $0$ .

The natural framework for studying categories equipped with algebraic structure (e.g., extensive categories and the above variations) is that of 2-categories. We will quickly review the basic notions needed in this paper (see [Reference Borceux3, I Chapter 7], [Reference Johnstone17, Section B1.1] for more comprehensive background).

A 2-category, denoted by a Fraktur symbol like $\mathfrak {C}$ , consists of objects $\mathsf {X} \in \mathfrak {C}$ , together with for each pair of objects $\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y} \in \mathfrak {C}$ a hom-category $\mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y})$ , whose objects $\mathcal {F} \in \mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y})$ are called morphisms $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {X} \to \mathsf {Y}$ of $\mathfrak {C}$ and morphisms $\theta : \mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {G} \in \mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y})$ are called 2-cells $\theta : \mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {G} : \mathsf {X} \to \mathsf {Y}$ of $\mathfrak {C}$ , together with for each $\mathsf {X} \in \mathfrak {C}$ an identity morphism $1_{\mathsf {X}} \in \mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {X})$ and for each $\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y}, \mathsf {Z} \in \mathfrak {C}$ a composition functor $\mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {Y}, \mathsf {Z}) \times \mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y}) \to \mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Z})$ , obeying the usual associativity and unitality laws (on the nose, not just up to natural isomorphism of functors). A (strict) 2-functor between 2-categories is a map taking objects to objects, morphisms to morphisms, and 2-cells to 2-cells (with the obvious endpoint compatibility conditions), which is a functor on each hom-category and also preserves the global composition and identity.

The quintessential example of a 2-category is $\mathfrak {Cat}$ , whose objects are (small)Footnote ⁴ categories, morphisms are functors, and 2-cells are natural transformations; that is, each hom-category $\mathfrak {Cat}(\mathsf {C}, \mathsf {D})$ is the functor category $\mathsf {D}^{\mathsf {C}}$ . We will consider the following sub-2-categories of $\mathfrak {Cat}$ , consisting of categories with algebraic structure and functors preserving said structure. Let $\kappa \mathfrak {LimCat} \subseteq \mathfrak {Cat}$ be the sub-2-category of $\kappa $ -complete categories, $\kappa $ -continuous functors, and (all) natural transformations. Let

$$ \begin{align*} \kappa\mathfrak{Lim(B)(\kappa)(S)ExtCat} \subseteq \kappa\mathfrak{LimCat} \subseteq \mathfrak{Cat} \end{align*} $$

be the further sub-2-categories of $\kappa $ -complete (Boolean) ( $\kappa $ -)(sub)extensive categories, $\kappa $ -continuous ( $\kappa $ -)(sub)extensive functors, and natural transformations. For example, $\kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ is the 2-category of $\kappa $ -complete Boolean subextensive categories and $\kappa $ -continuous subextensive functors. These are related as follows:

The $\rightarrowtail $ ’s denote full sub-2-categories, i.e., the sub-2-category includes all functors in the bigger 2-category between two objects in the sub-2-category. For the horizontal $\rightarrowtail $ ’s, fullness is by Lemma 2.1. For the vertical $\rightarrowtail $ ’s, fullness is by definition (subextensive functors automatically preserve complements of subobjects). The diagonal equalities in the top layer are by Lemma 2.5 and the sentence preceding it; we will use the shorter names for these two 2-categories, which are the focus of this paper.

Because categorical structure (e.g., limits) is often only defined up to canonical isomorphism, the “correct” 2-categorical analog of a (1-)categorical notion often involves weakening a naive analog by replacing some equalities with coherent isomorphisms. For example, the notion of (strict) 2-functor from above, while useful, is not general enough to include many naturally occurring examples, and must be weakened to the notion of pseudofunctor (where composition is preserved only up to coherent isomorphism; see [Reference Borceux3, Section I 7.5], [Reference Johnstone17, Section B1.1]). Similarly, the universal property of limits and colimits must be weakened by relaxing the uniqueness condition in order to arrive at what are commonly called bi(co)limits (see [Reference Borceux3, Section I 7.4]). Indeed, it is known that 2-categories of categories with “nice” algebraic structure (such as those above) generally lack colimits in the naive (strict) sense, although they admit all bicolimits (see [Reference Blackwell, Kelly and Power2]).

In this paper, we will only need one simple instance of a non-strict 2-categorical notion: that of a (bi-)initial object (we henceforth drop the “bi” prefix) $\mathsf {X}$ in a 2-category $\mathfrak {C}$ , which is an object such that for any other $\mathsf {Y} \in \mathfrak {C}$ , the hom-category $\mathfrak {C}(\mathsf {X}, \mathsf {Y})$ is equivalent to the terminal category. This means that for any other $\mathsf {Y}$ , there is a morphism $\mathsf {X} \to \mathsf {Y}$ , and for any two such morphisms $\mathcal {F}, \mathcal {G} : \mathsf {X} \to \mathsf {Y}$ , there is a unique 2-cell $\mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {G}$ (which must thus be an isomorphism). Equivalently, this means $\mathsf {X}$ admits a morphism to any other object, and this morphism is unique up to unique (2-cell) isomorphism and has no non-identity 2-cells to itself. In particular, an initial object $\mathsf {X} \in \mathfrak {C}$ is unique up to equivalence in $\mathfrak {C}$ (with the equivalence being itself unique up to unique isomorphism).

For example, an initial object in $\kappa \mathfrak {LimBExtCat}$ , as provided by Theorem 1.2, is a $\kappa $ -complete Boolean extensive category $\mathsf {C}$ , such that for any other $\kappa $ -complete Boolean extensive category $\mathsf {D}$ , there is a $\kappa $ -continuous extensive functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ , which is unique up to unique natural isomorphism, and admits no non-identity natural transformations $\mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {F}$ . Such $\mathsf {C}$ , if it exists, is unique up to (unique-up-to-unique-isomorphism) equivalence of categories.

3 $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras

For general background on Boolean algebras, see, e.g., [Reference Sikorski27]. We denote Boolean operations by $\wedge , \vee , \neg , \top , \bot $ , and also use the implication operation $a \to b := \neg a \vee b$ and bi-implication $a \leftrightarrow b := (a \to b) \wedge (b \to a)$ . We will never denote $\top , \bot $ by $1, 0$ (which are reserved for generating elements of free algebras over finite cardinals).

A $\kappa $ -(complete)Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra with $\kappa $ -ary joins (hence $\kappa $ -ary meets). Let $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ denote the category of $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras and ( $\kappa $ -join-preserving) homomorphisms. $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras are defined by a $\kappa $ -ary (infinitary) algebraic theory, whence $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ is a well-behaved “algebraic” (i.e., monadic over $\mathsf {Set}$ ) category, in particular having all small limits and colimits (see, e.g., [Reference Borceux3, II Section 4.3]). We will denote binary coproducts in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ by $A \otimes B$ , and more generally, the pushout of $B, C$ over A by $B \otimes _A C$ .Footnote ⁵

For each set X, let $\mathcal {K}(X)$ denote the free $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra generated by X. We identify the elements of X with the generators in $\mathcal {K}(X)$ , so that $X \subseteq \mathcal {K}(X)$ . For a map $f : X \to Y$ , let $\mathcal {K}(f) = f_* : \mathcal {K}(X) \to \mathcal {K}(Y)$ be the $\kappa $ -Boolean extension of f. Thus $\mathcal {K} : \mathsf {Set} \to \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ is the free $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra functor, left adjoint to the forgetful functor $\kappa \mathsf {Bool} \to \mathsf {Set}$ .

Let $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa } \subseteq \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ denote the full subcategory of $\kappa $ -presented $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras, i.e., $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras (isomorphic to ones) of the form $\mathcal {K}(X)/{\sim }$ for some $X \in \mathsf {Set}_{\kappa }$ and some $\kappa $ -generated $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra congruence relation ${\sim } \subseteq \mathcal {K}(X)^2$ .

The following algebraic fact is standard:

It is a standard fact that a congruence ${\sim }$ on a $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra A is determined by the congruence class $[\top ]_{\sim } \subseteq A$ , which is an arbitrary $\kappa $ -filter on A, and $\sim $ is $\kappa $ -generated iff $[\top ]_{\sim }$ is a principal filter ${\uparrow } a$ (in which case $\sim $ is generated by the single pair $\top \sim a$ , and we can take $a := \bigwedge\nolimits_i (b_i \leftrightarrow c_i)$ for some $\kappa $ -ary family of generators $b_i \sim c_i$ of $\sim $ ). For $a \in A$ , we denote by $A/a$ the quotient by the congruence ${\langle }{(\top , a)}{\rangle }\subseteq A^2$ corresponding to the principal filter ${\uparrow } a$ . Note that $A/a$ can be identified with the principal ideal ${\downarrow } a \subseteq A$ via the isomorphism ${\downarrow } a \hookrightarrow A \twoheadrightarrow A/a$ ; the quotient map is then identified with $a \wedge (-) : A \twoheadrightarrow {\downarrow } a$ . Thus for $\kappa $ -presented A, we have bijections

$$ \begin{align*} A &\cong \{\kappa\text{-generated congruences on } A\} \hspace{-20pt}&&\cong \{\kappa\text{-presented quotients of } A\} \\ a &\mapsto {\langle}{(\top, a)}{\rangle} &&\mapsto A/a \cong {\downarrow} a\,, \end{align*} $$

where the second $\cong $ is by Lemma 3.1, and the first $\cong $ is order-reversing. Note, furthermore, that these bijections are compatible with homomorphisms, in the sense that for $f : A \to B \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ and $a \in A$ , $B/f(a)$ is the pushout of f and $A/a$ :

Recall that in algebraic categories such as $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ , surjective homomorphisms are precisely the regular epimorphisms (epimorphisms which are the coequalizer of some parallel pair of morphisms; see, e.g., [Reference Borceux3, II Theorem 4.3.5]). Lagrange [Reference Lagrange19] showed that in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ , all epimorphisms are regular. A consequence of his proof is the following key result, in some sense the main technical ingredient of this paper:

Theorem 3.2 (Lagrange interpolation theorem)

Let

be a pushout in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ . Then for any $b \in B$ and $c \in C$ such that $g'(b) \le f'(c)$ , there is $a \in A$ such that $b \le f(a)$ and $g(a) \le c$ .

Proof Lagrange [Reference Lagrange19] proves that $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ has the (strong) amalgamation property, i.e., that if $f, g$ above are injective, then so are $f', g'$ (and the diagram is a pullback). While his argument can easily be adapted to yield the above statement, we can also deduce it abstractly, as follows. Let

$$ \begin{align*} U &:= \{a_1 \wedge \neg a_2 \mid b \le f(a_1) \mathrel{\,\&\,} g(a_2) \le c\} \subseteq A, \\ V &:= \{b_1 \wedge \neg f(a_2) \mid b \le b_1 \mathrel{\,\&\,} g(a_2) \le c\} \subseteq B, \\ W &:= \{g(a_1) \wedge \neg c_2 \mid b \le f(a_1) \mathrel{\,\&\,} c_2 \le c\} \subseteq C; \end{align*} $$

these are $\kappa $ -filters. It is easily seen that $U = f^{-1}(V) = g^{-1}(W)$ , whence replacing $A, B, C$ with $A/U, B/V, C/W$ respectively in the diagram above renders $f, g$ injective. Clearly $b \in V$ and $\neg c \in W$ , i.e., $b, c$ become $\top , \bot $ in $B/V, C/W$ respectively; thus $g'(b) \le f'(c) \in B \otimes _A C$ implies that $B/V \otimes _{A/U} C/W$ is trivial. Now by amalgamation, $A/U$ must be trivial, i.e., $\bot \in U$ , i.e., there are $a_1 \le a_2 \in A$ such that $b \le f(a_1)$ and $g(a_2) \le c$ . Taking $a := a_1$ works.

Corollary 3.4. For any $\kappa $ -presented $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra A, we have an order-isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} A &\cong \mathrm{Sub}_{\kappa\mathsf{Bool}_{\kappa}^{\mathrm{op}}}(A) \\ a &\mapsto A/a \cong {\downarrow} a, \end{align*} $$

which as A varies is a natural transformation $1_{\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }} \to \mathrm {Sub}_{\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}} : \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa } \to \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ , i.e., a homomorphism $f : A \to B \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ corresponds to pullback of subobjects $\mathrm {Sub}_{\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}}(A) \to \mathrm {Sub}_{\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}}(B)$ along $f : B \to A \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ .

We will also need the following more technical consequence of Theorem 3.2:

Lemma 3.5. Let $Z \subseteq X$ be $\kappa $ -ary sets, let

be a pushout in $\mathsf {Set}_{\kappa }$ , where i is the inclusion, and consider the induced pushout

in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ . For any $b \in \mathcal {K}(X)$ such that

(*) $$ \begin{align} f_*(b) \wedge g_*(b) \le \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X \setminus Z} (f(y) \leftrightarrow g(y)) \in \mathcal{K}(X \sqcup_Z X), \end{align} $$

there is a retraction $h : \mathcal {K}(X) \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal {K}(Z) \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ of $i_* : \mathcal {K}(Z) \hookrightarrow \mathcal {K}(X)$ such that

(†) $$ \begin{align} b = i_*(h(b)) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X \setminus Z} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y) \in \mathcal{K}(X). \end{align} $$

Proof On generators $z \in Z \subseteq X \subseteq \mathcal {K}(X)$ , we must put $h(z) := z \in \mathcal {K}(Z)$ to guarantee that h is a retraction of $i_*$ . For $y \in X \setminus Z$ , by ( $*$ ), we have

$$ \begin{align*} f_*(b \wedge y) \le g_*(b \to y), \end{align*} $$

whence by Theorem 3.2 there is some $h(y) \in \mathcal {K}(Z)$ such that

(‡) $$ \begin{align} b \wedge y \le i_*(h(y)) \le b \to y, \qquad\text{or equivalently,}\qquad b \wedge y = b \wedge i_*(h(y)). \end{align} $$

This defines h on generators $X \subseteq \mathcal {K}(X)$ .

Note that ( $\ddagger $ ), which also trivially holds for $y \in Z$ , says precisely that the homomorphism $i_* \circ h : \mathcal {K}(X) \to \mathcal {K}(X)$ becomes equal (on generators $y \in X$ ) to the identity after projecting to the quotient $\mathcal {K}(X)/b \cong {\downarrow } b$ . Thus, ( $\ddagger $ ) holds more generally for all $y \in \mathcal {K}(X)$ .

We now verify ( $\dagger $ ). For $\le $ : $b \le i_*(h(b))$ follows from ( $\ddagger $ ) by taking $y := b$ , while $b \le i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y$ is a restatement of ( $\ddagger $ ). For $\ge $ : the right-hand side is the projection of $i_*(h(b))$ to the quotient $\mathcal {K}(X)/\bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X/Z} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y) \cong {\downarrow } \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X/Z} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y)$ identifying each $y \in X \setminus Z$ with $i_*(h(y))$ ; clearly $y \in Z$ is also identified with $i_*(h(y)) = y$ , whence again $i_* \circ h$ becomes equal to the identity after projecting to this quotient, whence

$$ \begin{align*} i_*(h(b)) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X/Z} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y) = b \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in X/Z} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y) \le b. \end{align*} $$

In the rest of this section, we verify that $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ is $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -extensive. Clearly $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa } \subseteq \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ is closed under $\kappa $ -ary colimits, whence $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ is $\kappa $ -complete. Booleanness follows from Corollary 3.4. Thus, it remains to show $\kappa $ -extensivity.Footnote ⁶

Proof It is standard that when ${<} \kappa $ -many elements $c_i \in A$ of a $\kappa $ -ary Boolean algebra A form a partition, i.e., $\bigvee _i c_i = \top $ and $c_i \wedge c_j = \bot $ for $i \ne j$ , then we have an isomorphism

$$ \begin{align*} A &\cong \prod_i {\downarrow} c_i \cong \prod_i A/c_i \\ a &\mapsto (c_i \wedge a)_i. \end{align*} $$

Now let $A_i = \mathcal {K}(X_i)/r_i$ with ${\lvert }X_i{\rvert } < \kappa $ and $r_i \in \mathcal {K}(X_i)$ for each $i \in I$ , ${\lvert }{I}{\rvert } < \kappa $ , be $\kappa $ -presented $\kappa $ -Boolean algebras. Then we claim

$$ \begin{align*} &\prod_i A_i \cong \mathcal{K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits_i X_i)/s \quad \text{where}\\ & \quad s := \bigwedge\nolimits_{i \ne j} \neg(i \wedge j) \wedge (\bigvee\nolimits_i i) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_i \bigwedge\nolimits_{x \in X_i} (x \to i) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_i (i \to r_i). \end{align*} $$

Indeed, the relations in s ensure that the generators $i \in I \subseteq \mathcal {K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits _j X_j)$ form a partition in $\mathcal {K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits _j X_j)/s$ , and that for each $i \in I$ we have

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits_j X_j)/s/i &\cong \mathcal{K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits_j X_j)/(s \wedge i) \\ &= \mathcal{K}(I \sqcup \bigsqcup\nolimits_j X_j)/(i \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{j \ne i} (\neg j \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{x \in X_j} \neg x) \wedge r_i) \\ &\cong \mathcal{K}(X_i)/r_i = A_i. \end{align*} $$

Proof Clearly, product projections in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ are surjective, and for a product $\prod _k A_k$ and $i \ne j$ , the pushout of the projections $\pi _i : \prod _k A_k \to A_i$ and $\pi _j : \prod _k A_k \to A_j$ is trivial, as witnessed by any $\vec {a} \in \prod _k A_k$ with $a_i = \bot $ and $a_j = \top $ . Thus, $\kappa $ -ary coproducts in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}^{\mathrm {op}}$ are disjoint.

It remains to verify pullback-stability. Let $A_i \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ for $i \in I$ , ${\lvert }{I}{\rvert } < \kappa $ , and $f : \prod _i A_i \to B \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ , let $\pi _i : \prod _k A_k \to A_i$ be the projections, and let

be pushouts; we must show that the $g_i$ exhibit B as the product

$$ \begin{align*} B = \prod\nolimits_i (A_i \otimes_{\prod_k A_k} B). \end{align*} $$

For each $a \in A_i$ , let $\delta _i(a) \in \prod _k A_k$ be given by $\delta _i(a)_i := a$ and $\delta _i(a)_j := \bot $ for all $j \ne i$ . Then $(\delta _i(\top ))_i$ form a partition in $\prod _k A_k$ , whence $(f(\delta _i(\top )))_i$ form a partition in B. Each $g_i(f(\delta _i(\top ))) = f_i(\pi _i(\delta _i(\top ))) = f_i(\top ) = \top $ , whence $g_i$ factors through $B/f(\delta _i(\top )) {\kern-1.2pt}\cong{\kern-1pt} {\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top ))$ as the restriction $g_i|{\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top )){\kern-1.2pt} :{\kern-1.2pt} {\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top )) {\kern-1.2pt}\to{\kern-1.2pt} A_i \otimes _{\prod _k A_k} B$ . So it is enough to show that each $g_i|{\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top ))$ is an isomorphism, since then g factors as $B \cong \prod _i {\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top )) \cong \prod _i (A_i \otimes _{\prod _k A_k} B)$ . We claim that $g_i|{\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top ))$ has inverse defined via the universal property of the pushout by

$$ \begin{align*} h_i : A_i \otimes_{\prod_k A_k} B &\longrightarrow {\downarrow} f(\delta_i(\top)) \\ f_i(a) &\longmapsto f(\delta_i(a)) \\ g_i(b) &\longmapsto f(\delta_i(\top)) \wedge b. \end{align*} $$

$h_i$ is well-defined, since for $\vec {a} \in \prod _k A_k$ we have

$$ \begin{align*} h_i(f_i(\pi_i(\vec{a}))) &:= f(\delta_i(\pi_i(\vec{a}))) \\ &= f(\delta_i(a_i)) \\ &= f(\delta_i(\top) \wedge \vec{a}) \\ &= f(\delta_i(\top)) \wedge f(\vec{a}) =: h_i(g_i(f(\vec{a}))). \end{align*} $$

For all $b \in {\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top ))$ , we have $h_i(g_i(b)) = f(\delta _i(\top )) \wedge b = b$ ; thus $h_i \circ g_i|{\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top )) = 1_{{\downarrow } f(\delta _i(\top ))}$ . For all generators $f_i(a) \in A_i \otimes _{\prod _k A_k} B$ and $g_i(b) \in A_i \otimes _{\prod _k A_k} B$ , we have

$$ \begin{align*} g_i(h_i(f_i(a))) &= g_i(f(\delta_i(a))) \\ &= f_i(\pi_i(\delta_i(a))) \\ &= f_i(a), \\ g_i(h_i(g_i(b))) &= g_i(f(\delta_i(\top)) \wedge b) \\ &= g_i(f(\delta_i(\top))) \wedge g_i(b) \\ &= f_i(\pi_i(\delta_i(\top))) \wedge g_i(b) \\ &= f_i(\top) \wedge g_i(b) \\ &= g_i(b); \end{align*} $$

thus $g_i \circ h_i = 1_{A_i \otimes _{\prod _k A_k} B}$ .

4 Loomis–Sikorski duality

In this section, we review the Stone-type duality between standard Borel spaces and countably presented Boolean $\sigma $ -algebras. This duality is essentially a reformulation of the Loomis–Sikorski representation theorem for Boolean $\sigma $ -algebras, of which we include a self-contained proof. This section is the only part of the paper that uses classical descriptive set theory (for which see [Reference Kechris18]).

An $\omega _1$ -Boolean algebra is conventionally called a Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra. In this context, we generally replace $\kappa $ with $\sigma $ in the notation and terminology of the preceding section; for example, we have the category $\sigma \mathsf {Bool}_{\sigma } := \omega _1\mathsf {Bool}_{\omega _1}$ of countably presented Boolean $\sigma $ -algebras, the notion of $\sigma $ -filter, etc.

A Borel space (or measurable space) is a set X equipped with a (concrete) $\sigma $ -algebra $\mathcal {B}(X)$ , i.e., a Boolean $\sigma $ -subalgebra $\mathcal {B}(X) \subseteq \mathcal {P}(X)$ of the powerset, whose elements are called Borel sets in X. A Borel map (or measurable map) $f : X \to Y$ between two Borel spaces is a map such that for every Borel set $B \in \mathcal {B}(Y)$ , the preimage $f^{-1}(B)$ is in $\mathcal {B}(X)$ . Letting $\mathsf {Bor}$ denote the category of Borel spaces and Borel maps, we thus have a functor $\mathcal {B} : \mathsf {Bor}^{\mathrm {op}} \to \sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ , where $\mathcal {B}(f) := f^{-1} : \mathcal {B}(Y) \to \mathcal {B}(X)$ for a Borel map $f : X \to Y \in \mathsf {Bor}$ .

For an arbitrary Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra A, let $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ denote the set of $\sigma $ -ultrafilters on A, i.e., $\sigma $ -filters $U \subseteq A$ whose complements are $\sigma $ -ideals. These are equivalently the preimages of $\top \in 2$ under ( $\sigma $ -)homomorphisms $A \to 2$ . We equip $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ with the Borel $\sigma $ -algebra consisting of the sets

$$ \begin{align*} [a] := \{U \in \mathcal{S}_{\sigma}(A) \mid a \in U\} \end{align*} $$

for all $a \in A$ . In other words, the map $[-] : A \to \mathcal {P}(\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A))$ is easily seen to be a $\sigma $ -homomorphism; $\mathcal {B}(\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A))$ is by definition its image. For a homomorphism $f : A \to B \in \sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ , taking preimage under f takes $\sigma $ -ultrafilters on B to $\sigma $ -ultrafilters on A, yielding a map $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(f) := f^{-1} : \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(B) \to \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ ; we have $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(f)^{-1}([a]) = [f(a)]$ , whence $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(f)$ is a Borel map. We thus have a functor $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma } : \sigma \mathsf {Bool}^{\mathrm {op}} \to \mathsf {Bor}$ .

The preceding two paragraphs are part of the general setup of a Stone-type duality between the categories $\sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ and $\mathsf {Bor}$ , induced by the Borel structure and Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra structure on the set $2$ which “commute” with each other (see [Reference Johnstone16, VI Section 4] for the general theory of such dualities). For an arbitrary Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra A and Borel space X, a Boolean $\sigma $ -homomorphism $f : A \to \mathcal {B}(X)$ is determined by the set

$$ \begin{align*} \Gamma_f := \{(a, x) \in A \times X \mid x \in f(a)\}, \end{align*} $$

which is required to have vertical fibers which are Borel subsets of X and horizontal fibers which are $\sigma $ -ultrafilters on A, which are the same conditions on the set

$$ \begin{align*} \Gamma^g := \{(a, x) \in A \times X \mid a \in g(x)\} \end{align*} $$

determining a Borel map $g : X \to \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ . Thus we have a bijection

which is easily seen to be natural in $A, X$ , yielding a contravariant adjunction between the functors $\mathcal {B} : \mathsf {Bor}^{\mathrm {op}} \to \sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ and $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma } : \sigma \mathsf {Bool}^{\mathrm {op}} \to \mathsf {Bor}$ .

The adjunction unit on the $\mathsf {Bor}$ side consists of the Borel maps

$$ \begin{align*} \eta_X : X &\longrightarrow \mathcal{S}_{\sigma}(\mathcal{B}(X)) = \{\sigma\text{-ultrafilters of Borel sets on } X\} \\ x &\longmapsto \{B \in \mathcal{B}(X) \mid x \in B\} \end{align*} $$

for each Borel space X, taking points to principal ultrafilters; $\eta _X$ is neither injective nor surjective in general.Footnote ⁷ On the $\sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ side, the unit consists of the homomorphisms from above

$$ \begin{align*} [-] = [-]_A : A \to \mathcal{B}(\mathcal{S}_{\sigma}(A)) \end{align*} $$

for each $A \in \sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ . $[-]_A$ is surjective by definition, and injective iff A admits enough $\sigma $ -ultrafilters to separate points, or equivalently (by considering implications $a \to b$ ) every $a < \top \in A$ is outside of some $\sigma $ -ultrafilter; such A are precisely (isomorphic copies of) the concrete $\sigma $ -algebras of sets, i.e., $\mathcal {B}(X)$ for $X \in \mathsf {Bor}$ . In other words, the adjunction between $\mathcal {B}, \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }$ is idempotent (see, e.g., [Reference Johnstone16, VI Proposition 4.5]), and hence restricts to an adjoint equivalence

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma\mathsf{Alg}^{\mathrm{op}} \cong \mathsf{Bor}' \end{align*} $$

between the full subcategories $\sigma \mathsf {Alg} \subseteq \sigma \mathsf {Bool}$ of (isomorphic copies of) concrete $\sigma $ -algebras, and $\mathsf {Bor}' \subseteq \mathsf {Bor}$ of Borel spaces X such that $\eta _X$ is an isomorphism.

The classical Loomis–Sikorski representation theorem (see, e.g., [Reference Sikorski27, 29.1]) states that every Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra is a quotient of a concrete $\sigma $ -algebra. By standard universal algebra,Footnote ⁸ this is equivalent to the following formulation, which is more relevant for our purposes. We include a self-contained proof for the reader’s convenience.Footnote ⁹

Hence, the above equivalence $\sigma \mathsf {Alg}^{\mathrm {op}} \cong \mathsf {Bor}'$ restricts to an equivalence between $\sigma \mathsf {Bool}_{\sigma }^{\mathrm {op}}$ and the full subcategory of $\mathsf {Bor}$ consisting of those Borel spaces (isomorphic to ones) of the form $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ for some countably presented Boolean $\sigma $ -algebra A. For a free algebra $\mathcal {K}(X)$ , X countable, $\sigma $ -ultrafilters $U \in \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(\mathcal {K}(X))$ are determined by their restrictions to X, i.e., $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(\mathcal {K}(X)) \cong 2^X$ , with Borel $\sigma $ -algebra generated by the subbasic Borel sets $[x] := \{U \in 2^X \mid x \in U\}$ for $x \in X$ , i.e., the standard Borel $\sigma $ -algebra induced by the product topology. Passing to a countably presented quotient $\mathcal {K}(X)/r \cong {\downarrow } r$ amounts to restricting to a Borel subspace $[r] \subseteq 2^X$ . Thus the spaces $\mathcal {S}_{\sigma }(A)$ for $A \in \sigma \mathsf {Bool}_{\sigma }$ are exactly the standard Borel spaces (isomorphic copies of Borel subspaces of Cantor space $2^{\mathbb {N}}$ ). Letting $\mathsf {SBor} \subseteq \mathsf {Bor}$ denote the full subcategory of standard Borel spaces, we have

Corollary 4.2 (Loomis–Sikorski duality)

The functors $\mathcal {B}, \mathcal {S}_{\sigma }$ restrict to an adjoint equivalence

$$ \begin{align*} \sigma\mathsf{Bool}_{\sigma}^{\mathrm{op}} \cong \mathsf{SBor}. \end{align*} $$

This reduces Theorem 1.1 to Theorem 1.2 for $\kappa = \omega _1$ .

5 Almost universal $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -theories

In this section, we introduce the infinitary first-order logic whose theories present $\kappa $ -complete Boolean subextensive categories via the standard “syntactic category” construction from categorical logic. See [Reference Makkai and Reyes23] and [Reference Johnstone17, Chapter D1] for general background on categorical logic and syntactic categories (also [Reference Chen7] for a treatment of the logic $\mathcal {L}_{\omega _1\omega }$ similar to that given here). We then give a presentation of $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ via such a theory, thereby characterizing $\kappa $ -continuous extensive functors $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}} \to \mathsf {C}$ for arbitrary $\mathsf {C} \in \kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ , which we use to prove Theorem 1.2.

The logic in question is the fragment of the full $\kappa $ -ary first order logic $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ consisting of formulas which do not contain $\forall $ and only contain $\exists $ when the existential is already provably unique relative to the background theory. We call such formulas almost quantifier-free, and the corresponding theories (inductively built from sentences which are universally quantified almost quantifier-free formulas relative to the predecessor theory) almost universal. This “provably unique $\exists $ ” is well-known in categorical logic as an essential part of finite-limit logic or Cartesian logic, the fragment of finitary first-order logic $\mathcal {L}_{\omega \omega }$ (due to Coste [Reference Coste, Fourman, Mulvey and Scott10]; see also [Reference Johnstone17, Definition D1.3.4]) used to present finitely complete categories. The combination with arbitrary quantifier-free Boolean formulas seems to be new (although it contains Johnstone’s [Reference Johnstone, Fourman, Mulvey and Scott15] disjunctive logic, used to present extensive categories without Booleanness). Because of this, and because of the somewhat delicate inductions involving the “provably unique $\exists $ ” which may not be well-known outside categorical logic, we will develop the syntactic category in some detail, even though all the ideas involved are essentially standard.

5.1 Formulas and theories

Recall from Section 2 our standing assumption that $\mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ is the full subcategory of $\mathsf {Set}$ consisting of all $\kappa $ -ary subsets of a fixed set $\mathbb {U}$ of size $\ge \kappa $ .

Let $\mathcal {L}$ be a (single-sorted) Footnote ¹⁰ $\kappa $ -ary first-order relational language, consisting of, for each $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , a set $\mathcal {L}(X)$ of X-ary relation symbols.Footnote ¹¹

The $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -formulas are defined inductively as follows. The variables of formulas will be elements of the sets $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ ; we only consider formulas whose free variables all belong to some $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ . We will keep track of free variables of formulas; for $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , we write $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ for the set of $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -formulas $\phi $ with free variables from X (X is called the context of $\phi $ ).

• • For $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , a Y-ary tuple of variables $\vec {x} \in X^Y$ where $Y \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , and a Y-ary relational symbol $R \in \mathcal {L}(Y)$ , we have an atomic formula $R(\vec {x}) \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ .

• • For $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ and $x, y \in X$ , we have an atomic formula $(x = y) \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ .

• • For $X, I \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ and $\phi , \phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ for each $i \in I$ , we have $\neg \phi , \bigvee _{i \in I} \phi _i, \bigwedge _{i \in I} \phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ (when $I = \emptyset $ , we write $\bot := \bigvee _{i \in \emptyset } \phi _i$ and $\top := \bigwedge\nolimits_{i \in \emptyset } \phi _i$ ; when $I = n \in \mathbb {N}$ , we write $\phi _0 \vee \dotsb \vee \phi _{n-1} := \bigvee _{i \in n} \phi _i$ , and similarly for $\wedge $ ).

• • For $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ , and $X = Y \cup Z$ , we have $(\exists Y) \phi , (\forall Y) \phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Z)$ .Footnote ¹²

We identify as usual two formulas $\phi , \psi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ in the same context if they differ only in change of bound variables. We denote variable substitution by

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}(Y) \ni \phi \longmapsto [f]\phi \in \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}(X) \end{align*} $$

for $f : Y \to X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ ; we automatically extend f in the notation $[f]\phi $ by the identity map if necessary (so that, e.g., $[x \mapsto y]\phi $ makes sense even if $\phi $ has free variables besides x). An $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -theory $\mathcal {T}$ is a set of $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -sentences $\mathcal {T} \subseteq \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(\emptyset )$ .

We use a Gentzen sequent calculus-type proof system for $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ . We will not give the full details, for which see, e.g., [Reference Johnstone17, Section D1.3]; however, we will mention some of the key features. Sentences being proved are always universally quantified implications or sequents $(\forall X) (\phi \Rightarrow \psi )$ (sometimes written $\phi \vdash _X \psi $ ) between two formulas $\phi , \psi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ in the same context. Since we are dealing with an infinitary logic, it is important to note that we do not include any “complete distributivity” or “axiom of choice”-type inference rules connecting $\bigwedge , \bigvee $ or $\bigwedge , \exists $ (as would be required to make the proof system complete with respect to the usual semantics in set-based models), except for (AC) below. The actual inference rules are the obvious infinitary generalizations of [Reference Johnstone17, Definition D1.3.1(a–h)] (where the rules (f) and (g) must allow quantifiers over multiple variables) and the law of excluded middle, together with the following axiom schema:Footnote ¹³

(AC) $$ \begin{align} (\forall Z) \left(\bigwedge\nolimits_{i \in I} (\exists Y_i) \phi_i \Rightarrow (\exists \bigcup\nolimits_i Y_i) (\bigwedge\nolimits_i \phi_i)\right) \end{align} $$

for $X = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i Y_i \sqcup Z \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ (note the disjoint union) and $\phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Y_i \sqcup Z)$ . We write as usual $\mathcal {T} \vdash \sigma $ for a sequent $\sigma $ if it is provable from the theory $\mathcal {T}$ . We also slightly abuse terminology by referring to provability of certain sentences which are not sequents, with the obvious meanings: a universally quantified bi-implication $(\forall X) (\phi \Leftrightarrow \psi )$ is provable iff both implications are; a general universally quantified formula $(\forall X) \phi $ is provable iff $(\forall X) (\top \Rightarrow \phi )$ is; etc.

Given a theory $\mathcal {T}$ , we inductively define the class of $\mathcal {T}$ -almost quantifier-free (or $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf) $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -formulas as follows, where by a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf sequent we mean one between two $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formulas: a formula $\phi $ is $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf if $\phi $ does not contain $\forall $ , and every existential subformula $(\exists Y) \psi $ occurring in the construction of $\phi $ , where $\psi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ with $X = Y \cup Z \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , is $\mathcal {T}$ -provably unique, meaning

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{T} \vdash (\forall X \sqcup Y') (\psi \wedge [Y \to Y']\psi \Rightarrow \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (y = f(y))), \end{align*} $$

where $Y \cong Y' \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ is a copy of Y disjoint from X, and moreover this proof itself only involves $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf sequents. A theory $\mathcal {T}$ is itself almost universal if there is a well-founded relation $\prec $ on $\mathcal {T}$ such that each sentence in $\mathcal {T}$ is an aqf sequent with respect to its $\prec $ -predecessors. In other words, $\mathcal {T}$ can be constructed by repeatedly adding aqf sequents with respect to the preexisting theory.

We will only be considering aqf formulas and almost universal theories. Thus, we henceforth restrict the proof system to proofs involving only aqf sequents; in particular, we drop the inference rules for $\forall $ [Reference Johnstone17, Definition D1.3.1(g)]. When we say $\mathcal {T}$ -provable, we mean using only $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf sequents.

Let $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X) \subseteq \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ denote the subset of $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formulas. For $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ , let $[\phi ] = [\phi ]_{\mathcal {T}}$ denote its $\mathcal {T}$ -provable equivalence class, i.e.,

$$ \begin{align*} [\phi] = [\psi] \;:\Longleftrightarrow\; \mathcal{T} \vdash (\forall X) (\phi \Leftrightarrow \psi) \end{align*} $$

(using only $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf sequents). Let

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}\mathrm{-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal{T} \in \kappa\mathsf{Bool} \end{align*} $$

denote the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra of $\mathcal {T}$ -equivalence classes of $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formulas, partially ordered by $\mathcal {T}$ -provable implication:

$$ \begin{align*} [\phi] \le [\psi] \;:\Longleftrightarrow\; \mathcal{T} \vdash (\forall X) (\phi \Rightarrow \psi), \end{align*} $$

and with $\kappa $ -Boolean operations given by the logical connectives (which are easily seen to satisfy the $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra axioms mod $\mathcal {T}$ -provability).

As X varies, these algebras are related via the variable substitution homomorphisms

$$ \begin{align*} [f] : \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}\mathrm{-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal{T} \longrightarrow \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}\mathrm{-aqf}}(Y)/\mathcal{T} \in \kappa\mathsf{Bool} \end{align*} $$

for $f : X \to Y \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ . We thus have a functorFootnote ¹⁴

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{L}_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}\mathrm{-aqf}}/\mathcal{T} : \mathsf{Set}^{\prime}_{\kappa} \longrightarrow \kappa\mathsf{Bool}. \end{align*} $$

5.2 Syntactic categories and models

Let $\mathcal {T}$ be an almost universal $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -theory over a language $\mathcal {L}$ . The syntactic category ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ has:

• • objects: pairs $(X, \alpha )$ where $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ and $\alpha \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ ;

• • morphisms $(X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta )$ : $\mathcal {T}$ -provable equivalence classes $[\phi ] \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X \sqcup Y)/\mathcal {T}$ ,Footnote ¹⁵ such that “ $\mathcal {T}$ proves that $\phi $ is the graph of a function $\alpha \to \beta $ ”, i.e.,

  $$ \begin{align*} \kern-6pt\mathcal{T} \vdash (\forall X \sqcup Y \sqcup Y') \Big( \phi \wedge [Y \to Y']\phi \Rightarrow \alpha \wedge \beta \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{Y \ni y \mapsto y' \in Y'} (y = y') \Big) &=: \sigma, \\\mathcal{T} \cup \{\sigma\} \vdash (\forall X) \Big( \alpha \Rightarrow (\exists Y) \phi \Big) &=: \tau, \end{align*} $$
  where $Y' \cong Y$ is a disjoint copy of Y (note that $\tau $ is $(\mathcal {T} \cup \{\sigma \})$ -aqf).

Proposition 5.1. ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ is a $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category, with:

• • identity $1_{(X, \alpha )} : (X, \alpha ) \to (X, \alpha )$ given by $[\alpha \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits _{X \ni x \mapsto x' \in X'} (x = x')]$ (where $X'$ is a disjoint copy of X);

• • composition of $[\phi ] : (X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta )$ and $[\psi ] : (Y, \beta ) \to (Z, \gamma )$ given by $[(\exists Y) (\phi \wedge \psi )]$ ;

• • product of $(X_i, \alpha _i)$ , for $i \in I \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , given by $(\bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \alpha _i)$ ;

• • equalizer of $[\phi ], [\psi ] : (X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta )$ given by $(X, (\exists Y) (\phi \wedge \psi ))$ ;

• • a morphism $[\phi ] : (X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta )$ monic iff $(\exists X) \phi $ is $\mathcal {T}$ -provably unique;

• • subobjects of $(X, \alpha )$ given by

  

• • join of a $\kappa $ -ary family of $(X, \phi _i) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ given by $(X, \bigvee _i \phi _i) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ ;

• • nonempty meet of $(X, \phi _i) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ given by $(X, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \phi _i) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ ;

• • complement of $(X, \phi ) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ given by $(X, \alpha \wedge \neg \phi ) \hookrightarrow (X, \alpha )$ ;

• • pullback of a subobject $(X, \phi ) \hookrightarrow (X, \top )$ corresponding to $[\phi ] \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal {T}$ along a morphism of the form $(\pi _{f(x)})_{x \in X} : (Y, \top ) \cong (1, \top )^Y \to (1, \top )^X \cong (X, \top )$ for some $f : X \to Y$ , where $\pi _y : \prod _{y \in Y} (1, \top ) \to (1, \top )$ is the yth projection, given by the variable substitution $[f] : \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal {T} \to \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(Y)/\mathcal {T}$ .

Proof By straightforward constructions of explicit proofs witnessing the necessary conditions; see [Reference Johnstone17, Section D1.4] and [Reference Makkai and Reyes23, Proposition 8.2.1] for details (in the finitary case; the $\kappa $ -ary case is analogous). We only comment on the role of (AC), which is used to check the universal property of the product $\prod _i (X_i, \alpha _i) = (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \alpha _i)$ : given a cone $([\phi _i] : (Y, \beta ) \to (X_i, \alpha _i))_i$ , the induced morphism $(Y, \beta ) \to (\bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \alpha _i)$ is given by $[\bigwedge\nolimits _i \phi _i]$ ; to check the totality condition in the definition of morphism, we need $\beta \Rightarrow (\exists \bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i) (\bigwedge\nolimits _i \phi _i)$ , which follows from $\beta \Rightarrow \bigwedge\nolimits _i (\exists X_i) \phi _i$ (because each $[\phi _i]$ is a morphism) and $\bigwedge\nolimits _i (\exists X_i) \phi _i \Rightarrow (\exists \bigsqcup\nolimits _i X_i) (\bigwedge\nolimits _i \phi _i)$ by (AC).

We have a distinguished object $H := (1, \top ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ , whose $\kappa $ -ary powers are by Proposition 5.1 given by $H^X = (X, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \top ) \cong (X, \top )$ for each $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , and each relation symbol $R \in \mathcal {L}(X)$ yields a subobject $R^{\mathcal {H}} := (X, R(1_X)) \hookrightarrow (X, \top ) = H^X \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ . We next show that ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ is the $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category “freely generated by an object H, together with subobjects $R^{\mathcal {H}} \subseteq H^X$ for each $R \in \mathcal {L}(X)$ , satisfying the relations in $\mathcal {T}$ ”. This requires defining the category of all such data in an arbitrary $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {C}$ , i.e., the notion of a model of $\mathcal {T}$ in $\mathsf {C}$ ; see [Reference Johnstone17, Section D1.2] and [Reference Makkai and Reyes23, Section 2.3] for the finitary case.

Let $\mathcal {L}$ be a language and $\mathsf {C}$ be a $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category. An $\mathcal {L}$ -structure $\mathcal {M} = (M, R^{\mathcal {M}})_{R \in \mathcal {L}}$ in $\mathsf {C}$ consists of:

• • an underlying object $M \in \mathsf {C}$ ;

• • for each relation symbol $R \in \mathcal {L}(X)$ , a subobject $R^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq \prod M^X\kern-1pt $ , called the interpretation of R in $\mathcal {M}$ .

Given an $\mathcal {L}$ -structure $\mathcal {M}$ in $\mathsf {C}$ , we inductively define for certain $\forall $ -free $\mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }$ -formulas $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ an interpretation $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq H^X$ of $\phi $ in $\mathcal {M}$ , as follows; we say that $\phi $ is interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ if it has an interpretation.

• • An atomic formula $R(\vec {x}) \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ , where $\vec {x} \in X^Y$ and $R \in \mathcal {L}(Y)$ , is interpreted as the pullback of $R^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^Y$ along $(\pi _{x_y})_{y \in Y} : M^X \to M^Y$ (where $\pi _x : M^X \to M$ is the xth projection).

• • An atomic formula $(x = y) \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ , where $x, y \in X$ , is interpreted as the equalizer of the projections $\pi _x, \pi _y : M^X \to M$ .

• • If $\phi , \phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ ( $I \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ ) are interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ , then so are $\neg \phi , \bigvee _i \phi _i, \bigwedge\nolimits _i \phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ , given by applying the corresponding $\kappa $ -Boolean operations in $\mathrm {Sub}_{\mathsf {C}}(M^X)$ .

• • If $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ is interpretable, where $X = Y \cup Z$ , and the composite

  $$ \begin{align*} \phi^{\mathcal{M}} \hookrightarrow M^X \xrightarrow{\pi_{X \setminus Y}} M^{X \setminus Y} \end{align*} $$
  (where $\pi _{X \setminus Y}$ is the projection) is monic, then $(\exists Y) \phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Z)$ is interpreted as the pullback of this composite along the projection $M^Z \to M^{X \setminus Y}$ .

A sentence $\sigma = (\forall X) \phi $ with $\phi \, \forall $ -free is interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ if $\phi $ is, and satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ , written $\mathcal {M} \models \sigma $ , if $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} = M^X$ (thus if $\sigma = (\forall X) (\phi \Rightarrow \psi )$ is a sequent, this is equivalent to $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq \psi ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^X$ ). For a theory $\mathcal {T}$ , $\mathcal {M}$ is a model of $\mathcal {T}$ , written $\mathcal {M} \models \mathcal {T}$ , if every $\sigma \in \mathcal {T}$ is satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ .

Proposition 5.2 (Soundness)

If $\mathcal {M} \models \mathcal {T}$ , then every $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formula is interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ , and every $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf sequent $(\forall X) (\phi \Rightarrow \psi )$ proved by $\mathcal {T}$ is satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ .

Proof First, one proves by an easy induction that interpretation of formulas in $\mathcal {M}$ is preserved under variable substitutions: for $f : Y \to X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , if $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Y)$ is interpretable, then so is $[f]\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ , given by the pullback of $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^Y$ along $(\pi _{f(y)})_{y \in Y} : M^X \to M^Y$ .

Next, one proves by induction that if a sequent interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ (but not yet known to be $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf) is proved by $\mathcal {T}$ using only other sequents interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ , then it must be satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ . This is again straightforward (see [Reference Johnstone17, Proposition D1.3.2]). Again, we only verify (AC). Let $X = \bigsqcup\nolimits _i Y_i \sqcup Z \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ and $\phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Y_i \sqcup Z)$ ; we must show that

$$ \begin{align*} \Big(\bigwedge\nolimits_i (\exists Y_i) \phi_i\Big)^{\mathcal{M}} \subseteq \Big(\Big(\exists \bigcup\nolimits_i Y_i\Big) \Big(\bigwedge\nolimits_i \phi_i\Big)\Big)^{\mathcal{M}} \subseteq M^Z, \end{align*} $$

assuming that the left (and right) interpretation is defined. Interpretability of $(\exists Y_i) \phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Z)$ means that $\phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Y_i \sqcup Z)$ is interpretable, and the composite

$$ \begin{align*} \phi_i^{\mathcal{M}} \hookrightarrow M^{Y_i \sqcup Z} \to M^Z \end{align*} $$

(the second map is the projection) is monic; this composite is then $((\exists Y_i) \phi _i)^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^Z$ . The wide pullback of all these composites is then $(\bigwedge\nolimits _i (\exists Y_i) \phi _i)^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^Z$ . By standard facts about pullbacks (e.g., do the calculation in $\mathsf {Set}$ using Yoneda), this wide pullback is the composite of the wide pullback of the pullbacks of $\phi _i^{\mathcal {M}} \hookrightarrow M^{Y_i \sqcup Z}$ along the projections $M^X \to M^{Y_i \sqcup Z}$ , with the projection $M^X \to M^Z$ , which is exactly $((\exists \bigcup\nolimits _i Y_i) (\bigwedge\nolimits_i \phi _i))^{\mathcal {M}}$ (this uses the first part of the proof to relate the interpretations of $\phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(Y_i \sqcup Z)$ and $\phi _i \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ ).

Finally, one proves that every $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formula is interpretable in $\mathcal {M}$ , by induction on the definition of $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf. This uses a nested induction on the formula in question, using that the “ $\mathcal {T}$ -provably unique” condition in the definition of $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf (which is satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ by the previous part of the proof and the outer induction hypothesis) exactly translates to the condition for an existential quantifier to be interpretable.

Corollary 5.3. If $\mathcal {T}$ is almost universal, then either $\mathcal {M} \models \mathcal {T}$ , or there is a sequent in $\mathcal {T}$ which is interpretable but not satisfied in $\mathcal {M}$ .

Proof By induction on the well-founded relation witnessing that $\mathcal {T}$ is almost universal.

Let $\mathcal {T}$ be an almost universal theory. For two models $\mathcal {M}, \mathcal {N} \models \mathcal {T}$ in $\mathsf {C}$ , a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding $f : \mathcal {M} \to \mathcal {N}$ is a morphism $f : M \to N \in \mathsf {C}$ such that for every $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formula $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ , the induced morphism $f^X : M^X \to N^X$ restricts to a (necessarily unique) morphism $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} \to \phi ^{\mathcal {N}}$ :Footnote ¹⁶

Let $\mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ be the category of models of $\mathcal {T}$ in $\mathsf {C}$ and $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embeddings.

Since the definition of $\mathcal {L}$ -structure in $\mathsf {C}$ and the interpretation of $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf formulas only use the $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive structure of $\mathsf {C}$ , we may push forward a model $\mathcal {M} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ across a $\kappa $ -continuous $\kappa $ -subextensive functor $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D}$ , for another $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {D}$ , to obtain a model

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathcal{F})(\mathcal{M}) := \mathcal{F}(\mathcal{M}) := (\mathcal{F}(M), \mathcal{F}(R^{\mathcal{M}}))_{R \in \mathcal{L}} \in \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{D}), \end{align*} $$

which has the property that $\mathcal {F}(\phi ^{\mathcal {M}}) = \phi ^{\mathcal {F}(\mathcal {M})} \subseteq \mathcal {F}(M)^X \cong \mathcal {F}(M^X)$ for any $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ . Thus, for every $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding $f : \mathcal {M} \to \mathcal {N} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ , its $\mathcal {F}$ -image $\mathcal {F}(f) : \mathcal {F}(M) \to \mathcal {F}(N) \in \mathsf {D}$ is a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding $\mathcal {F}(\mathcal {M}) \to \mathcal {F}(N) \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {D})$ . So $\mathcal {F} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D} \in \kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ induces a functor

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathcal{F}) : \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{C}) \to \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{D}) \in \mathfrak{Cat}. \end{align*} $$

For a natural transformation $\xi : \mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {G} : \mathsf {C} \to \mathsf {D} \in \kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ , for any model $\mathcal {M} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ , the component $\xi _M : \mathcal {F}(M) \to \mathcal {G}(M)$ is a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding $\mathcal {F}(\mathcal {M}) \to \mathcal {G}(\mathcal {M})$ , since for any $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ , by naturality of $\xi $ we have a commutative square

thus $\xi $ lifts to a natural transformation

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\xi) : \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathcal{F}) \to \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathcal{G}) : \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{C}) \to \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{D}) \end{align*} $$

with components $\mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\xi )_{\mathcal {M}} := \xi _{\mathcal {M}} := \xi _M$ for $\mathcal {M} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ . So we have a (strict) 2-functor

$$ \begin{align*} \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod} : \kappa\mathfrak{LimBSExtCat} &\longrightarrow \mathfrak{Cat}. \end{align*} $$

Returning to the syntactic category ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ , the object $H = (1, \top ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ together with the subobjects $R^{\mathcal {H}} = (X, R(1_X)) \subseteq H^X$ forms an $\mathcal {L}$ -structure $\mathcal {H} = \mathcal {H}_{\mathcal {T}}$ in ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ , for which it is easily seen by induction that $\phi ^{\mathcal {H}} = (X, \phi ) \subseteq H^X$ for any $\phi \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ , whence $\mathcal {H}$ is a model of $\mathcal {T}$ , called the universal model. We may finally state the universal property of ${\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ :

Proposition 5.4. For any other $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {C}$ , we have an equivalence of categories

$$ \begin{align*} \kappa\mathfrak{LimBSExtCat}({\langle}{\mathcal{L} \mid \mathcal{T}}{\rangle}, \mathsf{C}) &\longrightarrow \mathsf{\mathcal{T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf{C}) \\ \mathcal{F} &\longmapsto \mathcal{F}(\mathcal{H}) \\ (\xi : \mathcal{F} \to \mathcal{G}) &\longmapsto \xi_{\mathcal{H}}. \end{align*} $$

(In other words, $\mathcal {H} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}({\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle })$ is a (non-strict) representation of the 2-presheaf $\mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}$ .)

Proof This is again standard (see [Reference Johnstone17, Theorem D1.4.7], [Reference Makkai and Reyes23, Proposition 8.2.4]). The above functor is clearly faithful. For fullness, given $\kappa $ -continuous $\kappa $ -subextensive $\mathcal {F}, \mathcal {G} : {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle } \to \mathsf {C} \in \kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ and a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding $f : \mathcal {F}(\mathcal {H}) \to \mathcal {G}(\mathcal {H})$ , for each $\alpha \in \mathcal {L}_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ , define $\xi _{(X, \alpha )} : \mathcal {F}(X, \alpha ) = \mathcal {F}(\alpha ^{\mathcal {H}}) = \alpha ^{\mathcal {F}(\mathcal {H})} \to \alpha ^{\mathcal {G}(\mathcal {H})} = \mathcal {G}(\alpha ^{\mathcal {M}}) = \mathcal {G}(X, \alpha )$ to be the restriction of $f^X : \mathcal {F}(H)^X \to \mathcal {G}(H)^X$ (using that f is a $\mathcal {T}$ -aqf embedding). These form the components of a natural transformation $\xi : \mathcal {F} \to \mathcal {G}$ : naturality with respect to the product projections $H^X = (X, \top ) \to (1, \top ) = H$ and the canonical inclusions $(X, \alpha ) \hookrightarrow (X, \top ) = H^X$ is by definition; this implies naturality with respect to an arbitrary $[\phi ] : (X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ , by considering the factorization of $[\phi ]$ through its graph $(X \sqcup Y, \phi )$ :

For essential surjectivity, given a model $\mathcal {M} \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ , define $\mathcal {F} : {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle } \to \mathsf {C}$ by sending each object $(X, \alpha )$ to (the domain of any monomorphism representative of the subobject) $\alpha ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^X$ , and each morphism $[\phi ] : (X, \alpha ) \to (Y, \beta )$ to the unique $\alpha ^{\mathcal {M}} \to \beta ^{\mathcal {M}} \in \mathsf {C}$ whose graph is $\phi ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq \alpha ^{\mathcal {M}} \times \beta ^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M^X \times M^Y = M^{X \sqcup Y}$ ; it is straightforward to check, using the explicit constructions in Proposition 5.1, that $\mathcal {F}$ is a $\kappa $ -continuous $\kappa $ -subextensive functor such that $\mathcal {F}(\mathcal {H}) \cong \mathcal {M}$ .

5.3 The theory of 2

Let $\mathcal {L}_2$ be the language with a single unary relation symbol $R_{\top } \in \mathcal {L}_2(1)$ . Let $\mathcal {T}_2$ be the $(\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }$ -theory consisting of the sequents (where $x, y$ are distinct variables)

$$ \begin{align*} &(\forall \{x, y\}) & (R_{\top}(x) \wedge R_{\top}(y) &\Rightarrow (x = y)), \\ &(\forall \{x, y\}) & (\neg R_{\top}(x) \wedge \neg R_{\top}(y) &\Rightarrow (x = y)), \\ &(\forall \emptyset) & (\top &\Rightarrow (\exists x) R_{\top}(x)), \\ &(\forall \emptyset) & (\top &\Rightarrow (\exists x) \neg R_{\top}(x) ). \end{align*} $$

The last two sequents are aqf relative to the first two, whence $\mathcal {T}_2$ is almost universal. It is easily seen that a model $\mathcal {M}$ of $\mathcal {T}_2$ in $\mathsf {C} \in \kappa \mathfrak {LimBSExtCat}$ consists of an object $M \in \mathsf {C}$ together with a subobject $R_{\top }^{\mathcal {M}} \subseteq M$ which is a terminal object and whose complement is also a terminal object; in other words,

Proposition 5.5. For any $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -subextensive category $\mathsf {C}$ , $\mathsf {\mathcal {T}_2\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ is the category of binary coproducts $1 \sqcup 1$ (equipped with cocone $u, v : 1 \to 1 \sqcup 1$ ) of the terminal object $1 \in \mathsf {C}$ .

Corollary 5.6. If $\mathsf {C}$ is extensive, then $\mathsf {\mathcal {T}_2\text{-}Mod}(\mathsf {C})$ is equivalent to the terminal category.

Now take $\mathsf {C} := \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ (which is $\kappa $ -complete Boolean $\kappa $ -extensive by Corollary 3.9). By Corollary 3.4, we may identify subobjects of $A \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ with their elements $a \in A$ . The binary coproduct of the terminal object in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ is the binary product of the initial $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra $2 = \{\bot , \top \} \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ , which is the free algebra $\mathcal {K}(1) = \{\bot , 0, \neg 0, \top \}$ on one generator $0 \in \mathcal {K}(1)$ ; the two product projections $\mathcal {K}(1) \twoheadrightarrow 2 \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ take $0$ to $\top $ and $\bot $ respectively, which, when seen as subobjects of $\mathcal {K}(1)$ in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ , correspond via Corollary 3.4 to the elements $0, \neg 0 \in \mathcal {K}(1)$ . Thus, the model $\mathcal {M}_2 \in \mathsf {\mathcal {T}_2\text{-}Mod}(\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}})$ given by Corollary 5.6 may be taken as (again using Corollary 3.4)

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{M}_2 := (\mathcal{K}(1), 0) \in \mathsf{\mathcal{T}_2\text{-}Mod}(\kappa\mathsf{Bool}_{\kappa}^{\mathrm{op}}). \end{align*} $$

Theorem 5.7 ( $\mathcal {T}_2$ presents $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ )

The $\kappa $ -continuous subextensive functor $\mathcal {F}_2 : {\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle } \to \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ corresponding to $\mathcal {M}_2$ via Proposition 5.4 is an equivalence of categories.

Proof Since $\mathcal {F}_2$ takes the universal model $\mathcal {H} = ((1, \top ), (1, R_{\top }(0)))$ to an isomorphic copy of $\mathcal {M}_2 = (\mathcal {K}(1), 0)$ , we may assume that $\mathcal {F}_2(1, \top ) = \mathcal {K}(1)$ and $\mathcal {F}_2(1, R_{\top }(0)) = 0 \in \mathcal {K}(1)$ (again identifying subobjects in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ with elements using Corollary 3.4). Since $\mathcal {F}_2$ preserves $\kappa $ -ary products, we may further assume that $\mathcal {F}_2(X, \top ) = \mathcal {F}_2((1, \top )^X) = \mathcal {K}(1)^X = \mathcal {K}(X) \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ for each $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , and that $\mathcal {F}_2$ takes the product projections $\pi _x : (X, \top ) \to (1, \top ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L} \mid \mathcal {T}}{\rangle }$ to the corresponding projections in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ , i.e., the coproduct injections $\mathcal {K}(x) : \mathcal {K}(1) \to \mathcal {K}(X) \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ taking the generator $0 \in \mathcal {K}(1)$ to $x \in \mathcal {K}(X)$ .

Let us say that a formula $\phi \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ is quantifier-and-equality-free (qef) if it contains neither quantifiers nor $=$ . In particular, such a formula is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -aqf (indeed $\emptyset $ -aqf). Note that such a formula is essentially a $\kappa $ -Boolean algebra term in the generators X, except with each generator $x \in X$ replaced by the atomic formula $R_{\top }(x)$ . For each such atomic formula, the corresponding subobject $(X, R_{\top }(x)) \subseteq (X, \top ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle }$ is (by Proposition 5.1) the pullback along the projection $\pi _x : (X, \top ) \to (1, \top )$ of $(1, R_{\top }(0)) \subseteq (1, \top )$ ; since $\mathcal {F}_2$ preserves pullbacks, $\mathcal {F}_2(X, R_{\top }(x)) \subseteq \mathcal {F}_2(X, \top ) = \mathcal {K}(X) \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ must be the pushout in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ of the quotient $\mathcal {K}(1) \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal {K}(1)/0$ along $\iota _x : \mathcal {K}(1) \to \mathcal {K}(X)$ , which is the quotient $\mathcal {K}(X) \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal {K}(X)/x$ , i.e., the subobject (via Corollary 3.4) $x \in \mathcal {K}(X)$ . So for each $(X, \top ) \in {\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle }$ , the $\kappa $ -Boolean homomorphism

(the first $\cong $ by Proposition 5.1) maps

$$ \begin{align*} (\mathcal{L}_2)_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}_2\mathrm{-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal{T}_2 \ni [R_{\top}(x)] &\longmapsto x \in \mathcal{K}(X). \end{align*} $$

By freeness of $\mathcal {K}(X)$ , $r_X$ has a section

whose image clearly consists of the equivalence classes of qef formulas. Also, clearly, the $s_X$ form a natural transformation $\mathcal {K} \to (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}_2\mathrm {-aqf}}/\mathcal {T}_2 : \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa } \to \kappa \mathsf {Bool}$ , i.e., for any $f : X \to Y \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ ,

(*) $$ \begin{align} s_Y(f_*(a)) = [f]s_X(a) \qquad\text{for any } a \in \mathcal{K}(X) \end{align} $$

(this clearly holds on generators $a = x \in X$ ); it follows that

(†) $$ \begin{align} r_Y([f][\phi]) = f_*(r_X[\phi]) \qquad\text{for qef } \phi \in (\mathcal{L}_2)_{\kappa\kappa}(X) \end{align} $$

(since $[\phi ] \in \mathrm {im}(s_X)$ , so $r_Y([f][\phi ]) = r_Y([f]s_X(r_X[\phi ])) = r_Y(s_Y(f_*(r_X[\phi ]))) = f_*(r_X[\phi ])$ ).

Lemma 5.8 (Quantifier and equality elimination for $\mathcal {T}_2$ )

Every $\phi \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }^{\mathcal {T}_2\mathrm {-aqf}}(X)$ is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -provably equivalent to a qef formula. Thus, the homomorphisms $r_X, s_X$ above are inverse isomorphisms.

Proof An equality $(x = y)$ is easily $\mathcal {T}_2$ -equivalent to the qef formula $R_{\top }(x) \leftrightarrow R_{\top }(y)$ . Thus by induction, it is enough to prove that for any qef $\phi \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ and $X = Y \sqcup Z$ , if the existential $(\exists Y) \phi \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }(Z)$ is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -provably unique, then it is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -equivalent to a qef formula.

That $(\exists Y) \phi $ is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -provably unique means

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{T}_2 \vdash (\forall X \sqcup Y') \left([f]\phi \wedge [g]\phi \Rightarrow \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (f(y) = g(y))\right), \end{align*} $$

where $Y'$ is a copy of Y disjoint from X, with bijection $g : Y \cong Y'$ extending to $g : X = Y \sqcup Z \cong Y' \sqcup Z \subseteq X \sqcup Y'$ , and $f : X \hookrightarrow X \sqcup Y'$ is the inclusion. Eliminating the equalities $f(y) = g(y)$ as above yields

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{T}_2 \vdash (\forall X \sqcup Y') \left([f]\phi \wedge [g]\phi \Rightarrow \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (R_{\top}(f(y)) \leftrightarrow R_{\top}(g(y)))\right), \end{align*} $$

i.e.,

$$ \begin{align*} [f][\phi] \wedge [g][\phi] \le \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} ([R_{\top}(f(y))] \leftrightarrow [R_{\top}(g(y))]) \in (\mathcal{L}_2)_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}_2\mathrm{-aqf}}(X \sqcup Y')/\mathcal{T}_2. \end{align*} $$

Applying $r_{X \sqcup Y'}$ and ( $\dagger $ ) yields

$$ \begin{align*} f_*(r_X[\phi]) \wedge g_*(r_X[\phi]) \le \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (f(y) \leftrightarrow g(y)) \in \mathcal{K}(X \sqcup Y'). \end{align*} $$

By Lemma 3.5, there is a retraction $h : \mathcal {K}(X) \twoheadrightarrow \mathcal {K}(Z) \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ of $i_*$ , where $i : Z \hookrightarrow X$ is the inclusion, such that

$$ \begin{align*} r_X[\phi] = i_*(h(r_X[\phi])) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (i_*(h(y)) \leftrightarrow y) \in \mathcal{K}(X). \end{align*} $$

Applying $s_X$ and ( $*$ ) yields

$$ \begin{align*} [\phi] = [i]s_X(h(r_X[\phi])) \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} ([i]s_X(h(y)) \leftrightarrow [R_{\top}(y)]) \in (\mathcal{L}_2)_{\kappa\kappa}^{\mathcal{T}_2\mathrm{-aqf}}(X)/\mathcal{T}_2. \end{align*} $$

So letting $s_X(h(r_X[\phi ])) = [\psi ]$ and $s_X(h(y)) = [\psi _y]$ for some qef $\psi , \psi _y \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }(Z)$ , we have

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{T}_2 \vdash (\forall X) \left(\phi \Leftrightarrow \psi \wedge \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (\psi_i \leftrightarrow R_{\top}(y))\right). \end{align*} $$

This easily yields

$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{T}_2 \vdash (\forall Z) \left((\exists Y) \phi \Leftrightarrow \psi \wedge (\exists Y) \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (\psi_i \leftrightarrow R_{\top}(y))\right), \end{align*} $$

where $(\exists Y) \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (\psi _i \leftrightarrow R_{\top }(y))$ is $\mathcal {T}_2$ -provably unique by the first two axioms of $\mathcal {T}_2$ ; but then the last two axioms of $\mathcal {T}_2$ easily prove $\bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (\exists y) (\psi _i \leftrightarrow R_{\top }(y))$ , which implies $(\exists Y) \bigwedge\nolimits_{y \in Y} (\psi _i \leftrightarrow R_{\top }(y))$ by (AC). So $\mathcal {T}_2 \vdash (\forall Z) ((\exists Y) \phi \Leftrightarrow \psi )$ .

So $\mathcal {F}_2 : {\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle } \to \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ is an isomorphism on each subobject poset $\mathrm {Sub}_{{\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle }}(X, \top )$ . It follows easily that it restricts to an isomorphism on every subobject poset $\mathrm {Sub}_{{\langle }{\mathcal {L}_2 \mid \mathcal {T}_2}{\rangle }}(X, \alpha )$ , where we may assume $\alpha $ is qef by Lemma 5.8, by considering the commutative diagram

where the vertical arrows are inclusions (note: not $\kappa $ -Boolean homomorphisms): injectivity of $\mathcal {F}_2|\mathrm {Sub}(X, \alpha )$ follows immediately from that of $\mathcal {F}_2|\mathrm {Sub}(X, \top )$ ; for surjectivity, for $b \in {\downarrow } r_X[\alpha ]$ , letting $\beta \in (\mathcal {L}_2)_{\kappa \kappa }(X)$ be qef with $[\beta ] = s_X(b) \le s_X(r_X[\alpha ]) = [\alpha ]$ , we have $(X, \beta ) \in \mathrm {Sub}(X, \alpha )$ with $\mathcal {F}_2(X, \beta ) = r_X[\beta ] = r_X(s_X(b)) = b$ .

Finally, every $A \in \kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }$ is (up to isomorphism) a quotient of a free algebra $\mathcal {K}(X)$ for some $X \in \mathsf {Set}^{\prime }_{\kappa }$ , i.e., a subobject in $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ of some $\mathcal {K}(X) = \mathcal {F}_2(X, \top )$ ; so $\mathcal {F}_2$ is essentially surjective. So $\mathcal {F}_2$ is a finitely continuous functor between finitely complete categories which is a bijection on each subobject poset (in the usual terminology, conservative and full on subobjects) as well as essentially surjective, hence an equivalence (see, e.g., [Reference Johnstone17, Lemma D3.5.6]).

Theorem 5.9. $\kappa \mathsf {Bool}_{\kappa }^{\mathrm {op}}$ is an initial object in $\kappa \mathfrak {LimBExtCat}$ .

Proof By Corollary 3.9, Theorem 5.7, Proposition 5.4, and Corollary 5.6.