Art, Cultural Intimacy, and Politics

In his book The Republic of Love, Martin Stokes explores the voices of three iconic Turkish musicians, each of whose music he claims captured and contributed something central to mass-mediated popular culture and public life in Istanbul in the 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s respectively: queer nightclub singer Zeki Müren; pioneer of the arabesk genre Orhan Gencebay; and pop diva Sezen Aksu. Interpreting these artists as “voices of cultural intimacy,” Stokes makes a vital connection between music and affective registers of national identity.Footnote ³ Each of these popular figures, he suggests, has helped orchestrate public sentiments that diverge from those manufactured by the Turkish state. By zooming onto the partcular decades in which these artists played an especially significant role, Stokes constructs a cultural timeline that is less a disaggregated account of discrete musical genres, historical moments, and isolated discourses of sentimentality and more an account of complex interconnections between the musical and the political, self and nation, and private and public worlds. Stokes provides us with an alternative history of what he calls the post-1950 liberal period in Turkey, a history that recognizes the constitutive role of popular music and aesthetic musical genres in fashioning intimate and multiple publics, and in generating varieties of citizenly belonging. As we have seen, and more polemically, Tayyip Erdoğan, too, constructs connections between music, cultural intimacy, and historicized identities. Yet unlike Stokes, in his speech Erdoğan identifies and lionizes Neyzen Niyazi Sayın as a musical figure of great national and cultural significance. And unlike Stokes as well, Erdoğan both analyzes and performs politics, manipulating the figure of Sayın to generate an affective politics of Muslim pride and resentment as alive as the music that assembles (or disassembles) publics.

But is the sound of Sayın's ney really best heard as a sonic expression of an essential Turkish-Muslim “we” voiced against those (secularists) who set themselves to stunt the growth of the nation and to alienate “us” from ourselves?

In this article we write about the musical life of Niyazi Sayın, exploring how it relates to both official and alternative ideas of the nation. Adapting elements of Stokes's framework and disregarding others, we examine the complex intertwining of Sayın's life with the politics of the intimate and the everyday, investigating how over the course of his long career his music intersects with new imaginaries of citizenship and citizen relations with the state. Far from being an easy recruit for Erdoğan's polarizing politics, we show that Sayın's life and music opens very different possibilities of self-alteration and self-knowledge for those who engage with it.

In other words, Sayın's musical life provides a different complex of art, cultural intimacy, and politics than those articulated by both Stokes and Erdoğan. For example, the social-artistic field that Sayın has contributed to and actively enlarged is not best described as mass-mediated, commercially oriented, “pop(ular)” music.Footnote ⁴ Indeed, unlike Müren, Gencebay, and Aksu, even when Sayın's ney established itself as a “national institution” in the second half of the 20th century (especially in the 1970s and 1980s), he maintained a principled distanced stance from the commercial music industry. His sole solo album Sada (sound, cry), a compilation of some of his improvisations, was released only in 2001 by an Istanbul-based company called Mega Music, almost a decade after Sayın had withdrawn from public performances. A second album comprising recordings of joint instrumental performances from the 1960s and 1970s with his duo partner, the tanbur (long-necked, plucked lute) musician Necdet Yaşar (1930–2017), came out a few years later in 2005 (produced by Kalan Müzik).Footnote ⁵

This delay reveals that his career encompasses a different temporality than the other three popular artists, both because it extends over five decades and because his emergence as a voice of alternative musical intimacy has been less spectacular, waiting as it were for more propitious cultural and political circumstances. In short, unlike the music and person of Sezen Aksu (for example), whose songs, in the main, became meaningful to segments of Turkey's population in the politically supressed 1980s and 1990s, Sayın's influence has grown in a subtler fashion over decades.

Even so, since the 1970s Sayın has been the most acclaimed sound of an urban art musical tradition dubbed “Ottoman-Turkish classical music (Fig. 1).”Footnote ⁶ We say dubbed because there is a revealing political ambiguity in the naming of the musical enterprise that bears upon the alternative “citizenly belonging” it produces.Footnote ⁷ The term “Ottoman classical music” has been subject to much polemical debate over the 20th century, and a number of other labels have been applied to this music—for example, court music (saray müziği), alla turca, art music (sanat müziği), classical Turkish music (klasik Türk müziği), and traditional music (geleneksel müzik). Sayın himself calls it Istanbul music. Similar to the genre of arabesk music, which was intensely disliked by the Republic's cultural elites in the 1970s and temporarily suspended from public broadcast on state television or radio, the social life of Ottoman classical music was radically interrupted by the music reform project of the Kemalist state in the foundational decades of the Republic. Any creative revival of Ottoman music cannot help but be imbricated within wider cultural and political developments, both since the 1950s and today with the AKP's political practice of neo-Ottomanism.Footnote ⁸

Figure 1.

Niyazi Sayın (left) and Salih Bilgin (right), Galata Mevlevihanesi, 2015. Photograph by Turgut Dalar.

Nevertheless, in spite of clear differences between Sayın and the aforementioned performers, certain shared features make it possible to compare their musical lives. One common element is how their voice or sound produces cultural intimacy in the public sphere. Thus, one of our aims in writing this article is to trace the sentiments that the sound of Sayın's ney elicits from his listeners: his students, his musical peers, the general public, and a recent new generation of Ottoman classical musicians. In what ways has it provided alternative articulations of cultural rapport in Turkish public life, crafting other possible ways of being Turkish—“an intimate, as opposed to official, idea of the nation”?Footnote ⁹

Second, the public narratives that help constitute meaning about these singers (for example, as figures of “civility,” “cosmopolitanism,” or “ideal citizens”) also can be usefully understood as narratives of “intimate citizenship” (as opposed to official constructions of citizenship).Footnote ¹⁰ We show that examination of the affective and embodied dimensions of the “model citizen” narrative directed and inspired by Sayın contributes further answers to a deeper question that runs through The Republic of Love; that is, how to account for the vital connections between music and multiple affective registers of national identity in post-1950s Turkey.

Disentangling Sayın's musical life from Erdoğan's broader political project is easier, despite the president's public praise. In his ceremony speech that recreates the bitter disputes over aesthetic distinctions in Turkey, as well as his assertion of the value, weight, and importance of Islam in the Turkish national character, vindication of Islam's superiority in the external “clash of civilizations” merges with the AKP's resentment of the Republican elite's perceived distaste for Muslim mores and norms. As important as ideology and economy, it is affect—fear, mockery, sentimentality, victimhood, vengefulness, and paranoia—that empowers different visions of politics in Turkey today. In her recent analysis of the public tears shed by AKP politicians, Senem Aslan maintains that their crying dramatizes the party's production of an “antagonistic divide between the people and the elite, the claim to represent the people who are victimized and suffering, and the evocation of crisis and threat.”Footnote ¹¹ Muslim pride against secularist contempt becomes the AKP's rancorous intersubjective mood in the present, politically malleable yet explicable in terms of a particular perception of Republican history.

We demonstrate below that Sayın is unvexed by such emotions. Indeed, Erdoğan's attempted appropriation of Sayın's art to support the AKP and a certain way of being Muslim runs directly counter to Sayın's own understandings of Islam and his musical practice.

A Neyzen in the Making

Who is Niyazi Sayın? Sayın was born in Istanbul's old Bosphorus suburb of Üsküdar in 1927, four years after the founding of the Turkish Republic, in a period of great political, social, and cultural change. Many ney players today describe Üsküdar as a spiritual (maneviyatlı) place as it has been home to a large number of dervish lodges (tekkes), including one of Istanbul's five Mevlevi lodges, as well as numerous old mosques and cemeteries from the Ottoman era.

As has been well established, the public life of Ottoman classical music was particularly vulnerable to the large-scale changes that Kemalist cultural brokers put into place as part of their political project to fashion citizens with new habits, embodied skills, and aesthetic tastes.Footnote ¹² In this context, the ruling cadres’ attitude toward Ottoman music was at best ambivalent, and at worst one of unconcealed hostility. This manifested not only in their positivist, modernist assertions demeaning Ottoman music as a sonic emblem of “backwardness” and “irrationality,” but in their aggressive actions that replaced the institutional sites of this artistic tradition with newly opened Western music schools.Footnote ¹³ The year before Sayın was born, the teaching of Ottoman art music was discontinued at the Darül Elhan (House of Tunes), the only Istanbul conservatory to remain from the Ottoman era. This followed the Republic's proscription of the instruction of Ottoman music in all schools under the Law on Unification of National Education issued in 1925. With the closing of the Sufi lodges in the same year, Ottoman classical music was left with no institutional scaffolding to foster its skilled transmission. To put it another way, Sayın was born into an Istanbul whose “old musiki” had already entered a phase of muffled public life. This is brilliantly shown in Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar's iconic modernist novel Huzur (A Mind at Peace), first published in 1949 and periodically re-appreciated in the present.Footnote ¹⁴ Set in late-1930s Istanbul, the novel captures the anxieties of cosmopolitan Muslim urbanites, disillusioned and uneasy with living in a city estranged from its immediate modern past in the face of its radical spatial and sonic reconstruction. Familiar with the social practices and cultural history of late-Ottoman Istanbul, Tanpınar (1901–62) has his characters listen to and sing discredited Ottoman classical music in house gatherings throughout the novel. In its most revealing scene, it is the sound of the ney that incites its characters’ lack of peace: not just any ney, but the ney of the neyzen-calligrapher and Mevlevi dervish Emin Dede (1883–1945) and his talebe (pupil) Neyzen Halil Dikmen (1906–64; he appears in the novel as Painter Cemil).

Who were Emin Dede and Halil Dikmen? Both were important figures in Niyazi Sayın's life, especially Dikmen.Footnote ¹⁵ At 22, when Sayın developed an interest in learning the ney, the calligrapher Necmeddin Okyay (1883–1976) took him to meet Dikmen, professional painter and director of the Academy of Fine Arts and Sculpture Museum in Istanbul, opened in 1937 upon a directive from Mustafa Kemal. The year was 1949. For the next fifteen years, up until Dikmen's death, Sayın took lessons from him every Thursday in his museum office. “Ney and ahlak (ethics) lessons,” he called them.Footnote ¹⁶ Which ethics? His firsthand account describing the unmatchable tone of his master's sound and respectfully foregrounding his master's superior musicianship reveals an education in modesty:

As these fragments from Sayın's biography show, although the ideological antagonism of the Republic left Ottoman classical music without official support, the musical engineering of the Kemalist elites did not destroy the civil pedagogical domain of apprentice-style learning, or meşk.Footnote ¹⁹ Grounded in the slow learning relationship of master and pupil that continued in Istanbul within the cracks of Kemalist revolutionary modernity, the practice of meşk in the 1950s ensured the informal continuity of the neyzen lineage into which Sayın was grafted, and which his own teaching practice in the second half of the 20th century referenced.Footnote ²⁰

Just as Sayın's relationship with Dikmen formed the cornerstone of his musical and ethical training, other civil practices of musical sociality also contributed to his artistic-ethical self-formation. Among these, the pedagogical function of private musical and sohbet (conversation) gatherings (meclis) should be mentioned.Footnote ²¹ Sayın's biography demonstrates that these informal sites of exchange occupied a crucial place in his musical socialization in these formative years. This is revealed in his exposure to the religious repertoire through his attendance at the communal meşk gatherings held at Mustafa Düzgünman's (1920–90) Üsküdar home in the late 1940s.Footnote ²²

This practice of urban conviviality was important for another reason. It enabled Sayın's personal contact with numerous cultivated and urbane figures from the late Ottoman and early Republic period. Among them were not only master musicians and aficionados of Ottoman music, but knowledgeable sufis who deeply influenced Sayın's religious subjectivity, as well as a circle of skilled people highly trained in Islamic art and craft practices, from calligraphy to marbling (ebru).Footnote ²³ Sayın himself would say that all of these experiences were influential in creating the sound of his ney. As he has famously (and ethically) pronounced on several occasions, sanat muhit işidir (art is the work of one's cultural milieu).Footnote ²⁴

In attributing success in his art to the particular environment of Istanbul's Üsküdar, we see here both a connection as well as a difference between Sayın and Tanpınar that illuminates the urban sensibility and type of intimate citizenship Sayın exemplifies. According to Erdağ Göknar, Tanpınar's Huzur is simultaneously a “literary homage to Istanbul” and a “Republican national anti-epic.”Footnote ²⁵ In it Tanpınar presents an “ambivalent portrayal of commitment to cultural revolution and secular modernity. Instead of advocating a secular teleology, the novel explores the remnants of continuity with Ottoman modernization from a destitute, interwar Istanbul on the margins of the nation-state.”Footnote ²⁶ The result is a description of hüzün (melancholy), a “state of lament that is a symptom of both Ottoman imperial loss and anxiety about future-oriented national-secularism.”Footnote ²⁷ In short, Tanpınar is a writer “who reminds us that the historical rupture between Empire and Republic also divides the self.”Footnote ²⁸

By contrast, Sayın's learning of Ottoman music through meşk and his broad education in Üsküdar combined to make him a person who in his playing, teaching, and living of music appears unvexed by a range of binary oppositions that constituted an intellectual crisis for Tanpınar, and a political opportunity for Tayyip Erdoğan. As will become clear, he is disinterested in associating himself with or disassociating himself from Islamic superiority or inferiority; unfussed about steering Turkey into the club of modern nations, or about its lost Ottoman culture; and not attracted to discourses advocating either “contemporary civilization” or chauvinistic Turkish nationalism. He is free from angst about whether Turkey is of Europe or not, and from dread that Turkey is lagging behind the West. He is neither a political Islamist nor a neo-Ottomanist.

Sayın's artistic self-fashioning was largely enabled in those civil realms that were somewhat autonomous from the encroachments of the institutions of the nation–state. Nevertheless, his professional career began on the radio, the institution central to the dissemination of the state's official cultural policy. Although there were periods when the radio took a hostile attitude toward Ottoman classical music (for example, in the ban on its broadcasting between 1934 and 1936), it was not able to exclude this music entirely from its airwaves. Sayın's career at Istanbul Radio started in the early 1950s with an invitation from ney musician Süleyman Erguner (1902–53) to join him (and his son Ulvi Erguner) in the weekly “Instrumental Pieces on the Ney” program, which encouraged an appreciation of the ney sound for wider audiences. The program repertoires included not only instrumental works in the forms of peşrev (instrumental prelude) and saz semaisi (instrumental postlude), but also the vocal genres of Mevlevi ayini and ilahis (religious hymns), purposefully played without their lyrics. This discretionary tactic enabled ney artists to feature various examples of the religious repertoire in the program, even as it illustrates the continuing pressures upon, and even censorship of, religious music at the time. This despite the election of a supposedly more religion-sympathetic Democrat Party to government in Turkey's first multiparty poll in 1950.

Following thirty years of an influential performance career on the radio, Sayın's institutional life changed its course when he became a ney teacher at the new Conservatory of Turkish Music at Istanbul Technical University in 1975, the first time the republic facilitated the learning of Ottoman music. In the sections to follow, we discuss how both radio and the conservatory enabled Sayın to generate and shape new intimate publics in post-1950s Turkey, as his ney gently asserted a sonic influence over the aesthetic life of what became known as Ottoman-Turkish classical music.

The Ney Before and After Sayın

There is wide consensus among classical musicians in Turkey today that ney history has two parts, before and after Niyazi Sayın.Footnote ²⁹ His intervention in the instrument's biography has been so significant that today the aesthetics of ney playing cannot be imagined without him. How did he restart the ney's timeline?

In the first place, Sayın innovated in central elements of its style, clustered around developments in pitch articulation, melodic structure, and tonal expression. Taken together, these changes transformed the aesthetic parameters of ney playing in the second half of the 20th century. Further, it was through his teaching of the first generation of ney players at the state conservatory that these aesthetic breakthroughs became the new orthodoxy in playing the instrument. Although it is difficult to find and listen to earlier recordings, it seems that before Sayın ney performance aesthetics were artistically less expressive, with a plain melodic style. Given that until 1925 the Sufi tekkes constituted the key sites of ney performance as well as its teaching and learning, it is no surprise that the instrument's prestigious use in ritual musical contexts was influential in shaping its sound aesthetics. Known as “tekke tavrı” (tekke style), this style was characterized by long, sustained sounds and a less ornamented melodic texture.Footnote ³⁰

With the innovations he developed on his instrument (among other things, a new vibrato technique done with the lip, new fingering positions, ornamentation techniques adapted to the ney, and rhythmic manipulation), Sayın not only expanded the technical possibilities of the ney, but also pioneered a new way of playing that featured emotional richness and remarkable intricacy of melodic figuration. As he opted for a more lyrical and technically agile performance style, his sound did not lose its tonal quality. Indeed, a prime aspect of his virtuosity was the extraordinary sense of nuance he crafted in pitch articulation, a skill honed through years of aural discipline, listening to the recordings of the great multi-instrumentalist and composer Tanburi Cemil Bey (1873–1916).Footnote ³¹ The command of pitch subtleties that Sayın accomplished on the notoriously recalcitrant reed—an instrument that defies standardization with respect to both tuning and playing—and the ease with which he interwove pleasurable relationships between pitches across a large terrain of tonal areas have given an extraordinary emotional effect to his renditions.Footnote ³²

These virtuosic elements are easily recognizable in Sayın's improvisatory solos (taksim), the musical form that gives players the greatest freedom to demonstrate their skill in attuning listeners to the mood of a certain melodic mode (makam). The masterful assembly of his improvisations brings listeners into a whole new experience as he creates and resolves tension by means of unpredictable melodic phrasings, brilliantly executed contrapuntal traversing of octaves, and dramatic tonal variations, combined with his unique sonority and unmatched breath control. Even some of his shortest solos performed on radio programs under time pressure reveal a high degree of aesthetic complexity.Footnote ³³ With current circulation via the Internet, today Sayın's historic taksims are regarded as key educational aural “texts” for learning the musical modes of Ottoman classical music.Footnote ³⁴ Their second life testifies to Stokes's insight that “recordings are not simply inert objects of social scientific or historical inquiry. They are energetic and conversational creatures, alive to us in time and in space.”Footnote ³⁵

Second, Sayın's musical contribution goes beyond bringing new breath and breadth to the ney. Along with his long-standing artistic companion tanbur virtuoso Necdet Yaşar, he also radically enlarged the scope of makam music's aesthetic possibilities (Fig. 2).Footnote ³⁶ Over the years, Sayın and Yaşar also performed with the Istanbul Municipal Conservatory ensemble under the directorship of composer-vocalist Münir Nurettin Selçuk (1900–81). The bimonthly concerts of this chorus held at Şan Sineması attracted sellout audiences in the 1960s and 1970s and were broadcast live on the radio. These ensemble concerts were vital in disseminating the remarkable musical understanding that Sayın and Yaşar developed as early as the 1950s. The musical form that was the artistic pinnacle of this shared understanding became “joint taksim” (müşterek taksim).

Figure 2.

Niyazi Sayın (left) and Necdet Yaşar, Toronto, 1980. Image courtesy of Niyazi Sayın.

“We chose to display our compositional skill in the form of taksim performance,” remarks Necdet Yaşar in one interview, tracing their first experiment with joint improvisation back to an informal house gathering they attended in Istanbul in the mid-1950s.Footnote ³⁷ Transforming this form into a sublime art, throughout the 1960s and 1970s the duo made it the highlight of their stage concerts.Footnote ³⁸ As ethnomusicologist Frederick Stubbs emphasizes, their improvised melodies followed “a strategy of conversational phrasing that overlap[ped] progressively to form short moments of polyphony” rather than opting for a typical question-answer format.Footnote ³⁹ The result was a vibrant sound with an intricate tonal texture and distinctive contrapuntal and harmonic effects. The aesthetic complexity and emotional power of their joint improvisations ascended to a new level when the sound of İhsan Özgen's (1942–2021) kemençe (short bowed fiddle) joined them. In the late 1970s, the instrumental performances of this legendary trio aired on Istanbul Radio, and their stage concerts were highly valued among performers and audiences of the “classical” genre.

Musicologist Eleni Kallimopoulou reports that, in the 1980s, the joint voice of these virtuosos also was influential in triggering artistic curiosity in neighboring Greece.Footnote ⁴⁰ Urban musicians there began to innovate with similar musical experiments which, despite the denials of a common Ottoman patrimony in both countries, were similarly enticing and significant for listeners. Stokes tells us that in metaphorizing the nation as a multiethnic “mosaic” in her 1994 breakthrough album Işık Doğudan Yükselir (Light Rises from the East), Sezen Aksu cautiously appealed to an alternative multiethnic history for Anatolia, even if she did not sing in Kurdish or other languages.Footnote ⁴¹ Sayın's music became cosmopolitan in a different and more practical sense. It enabled Greek musicians to re-hear a shared Ottoman aural genre and appropriate elements of it for their own musical tradition, against the official Hellenism of the Greek state. It was not just the virtuosic skill of Sayın and Yaşar that appealed, but their distinct performance and ensemble style that enabled the timbral nuances of each instrument to be heard and appreciated. Like the artists written about by Stokes, Sayın too is part of a “broader history of Turkish music,” given that his music is “listened to outside Turkey, by non-Turks, . . . [making him] part of other people's music history.”Footnote ⁴²

It was precisely this performance style that enabled Sayın, along with his musical partners, to generate a new sense of musical intimacy both at home and abroad. Cem Behar identifies the standardization that the performance practices of Ottoman classical music had been subject to during the Republic.Footnote ⁴³ This is most strikingly seen in the big choruses and ensembles, led by a symphonic music–style conductor, that characterized the sterilized performance world of makam music. The dynamism, spontaneity, and explorative freedom articulated by the chamber music–style aesthetics of Sayın's music fashioned a sonic community that appreciated this distilled re-sounding of Ottoman music. In decluttering sonic space, Sayın shockingly—against the claims of the Kemalist cultural revolution—reminded his listeners of this music's adaptability and openness.Footnote ⁴⁴

Against official Republican arrangements, this new musical style facilitated at the same time a different historical consciousness. Neither a restoration of an “authentic” Ottoman-Islamic tradition, nor a tradition-free, modernist creation that rejected continuity with the past, Sayın's musical work is even today characterized by the artist as creative engagement with Ottoman music, as well as bringing it into contact with other music traditions. Indeed, Sayın greatly esteemed the music of Johann Sebastian Bach and Amadeus Mozart and had pictures of both in his conservatory room.Footnote ⁴⁵

An Exemplary Teacher

But the significance of Sayın's musical projects further than his artistic excellence as a music performer and innovator. Sayın's role as a model teacher is often noted in describing him as the greatest neyzen of the age, and the term “service” (hizmet) is commonly used to describe his teaching. The musical self he crafted as a teacher contributed to changing representations of the Turkish musical past, generated through his educating and inspiring of a new generation of ney musicians in Istanbul. This is revealed in the narratives of “exemplary figure” that publicly circulate and create meaning about Sayın's work. There is a citizenly dimension to these narratives.

Take, for example, the following remark by Nevzat Atlığ (1925–), the founder and longtime director of the State Choir for Classical Turkish Music (now the Presidential Choir). After recounting how Sayın transformed ney artistry, Atlığ says: “For many years Niyazi Sayın has imbued hundreds of students with enthusiasm for the magical instrument of our music. To me, this feature of Sayın is one of the greatest and most significant services ever done to our musiki. We have so few artists like him who have set themselves to be a guide (rehber) of their instrument and who have managed to make their instrument loved by many.”Footnote ⁴⁶

Multiple elements contribute to this narrative of service. First, one might note the timing of Sayın's conservatory career. Sayın took up the invitation to become the first ney teacher at the newly founded state conservatory in Istanbul in 1975, at the height of his fame as a performer and when he had built a rare international reputation for a classical musician. In 1980, after returning from the US where together with his duo partner, Necdet Yaşar, he had spent a year as a visiting teacher at the University of Washington in Seattle, he withdrew from public performances and reconfigured his professional life as a teacher. He taught there for twenty-five years.

Even years after his official retirement from his teaching position in 2005, he continued to visit the conservatory, dedicating time to listen to the playing of willing students. It was during one of his occasional visits, in 2012, that we first met Sayın. Banu ran into him crossing the quadrangle. Gathering up her courage she told him that she was taking lessons from one of his former students, and they went inside to chat. Halfway through their conversation, which typically spanned every topic but the ney, a student knocked on the door. Upon learning that he had come from France to spend a semester at the conservatory, Sayın nodded his head, giving him permission to play. After listening to the young man's playing of a long instrumental piece from beginning to end, rather than damning or praising his performance, Sayın said: “Music is the spiritual (manevi) relationship between any two notes, at least, that's how I describe it to my talebes. Put the score away and spend time listening to Tanburi Cemil Bey.”

But the conservatory was not the only place where Sayın taught. Indeed, long before he became an employed teacher there, he had opened up his house in Üsküdar to talebes who wanted to learn from him. The personal narratives of these pupils, some of whom are leading ney artists today, provide us with a variety of examples that testify to Sayın's musical self and go beyond the communitarian meaning embedded in the public narrative of hizmet. For example, in the following comment Sayın's most senior student, Neyzen Ömer Erdoğdular (1949–), underscores how the virtue of his master's generosity established him as a model to emulate:

Erdoğdular is not alone in giving us an intimate account of how Sayın influenced his students beyond mere musical development. Neyzen Bülent Özbek, another acclaimed artist who had become a student of Sayın in the late 1970s, remarked: “Even the way Hoca walks on the stage is a source of morals for us. He enters the stage in complete humility (tevazu). His body says to his audience: ‘I take you seriously’ (Bir muhatabım var).”Footnote ⁴⁸

These insights provide us with firsthand testimony of the exemplary role Sayın played in the lives of his students, becoming a model for their own social relationships. Moreover, in taking his students around Istanbul as an aspect of mastering the ney, his classroom extended beyond the house to the city. “Hoca would want us to know where to eat the best kurufasulye (white beans) or where to find the best coffee in the city,” says Neyzen Salih Bilgin, who was not only one of Sayın's first students at the conservatory but in the 1980s and 1990s also worked with him for years at his Üsküdar home. “We had great lessons with him walking around Tahtakale and Beyazıt,” he remembers, recounting how Sayın would involve students in his visits to secondhand markets in and around the city.Footnote ⁴⁹ Discovering where to find the best ebru paint or calligraphy pen were things that one would learn as part of the musical apprenticeship. For these young musicians, becoming a neyzen also involved learning how to cook, how to sew, how to make prayer beads, how to repair old objects, and how to make a ney and its mouthpiece (başpare).

Equally importantly, these joint activities and lessons in attention enabled students to inhabit Istanbul in a certain way, to constitute a significance in its parts and to shape its meanings for themselves. Students were encouraged to constitute and use the city as a workshop, where purchasing the right goods for the right purposes was an intrinsic aspect of developing artistic mastery. Here, we suggest, was an education in an alternative citizenship of craft-skill, one that helped students become makers of objects themselves, inhabiting Istanbul through its artisanal affordances and by appreciating the use value of its things. As in Sufism more generally, pleasure (keyif) and discovery (keşif) were closely related, as teacher and students purposefully navigated the densely ordered urban conglomeration to make practical use of its possibilities, its artisans and material qualities.

A Gendered Pedagogy

What type of sponsored familiarity with the city is this? Is it that of the flaneur, a “new figure of intimacy that made an appearance in Turkish popular culture in the mid-1990s: a melancholic wanderer contemplating the cityscape”?Footnote ⁵⁰ Stokes notes how the Greater Istanbul Municipality under the AKP recruited the melancholic wanderer as “exemplary citizen and urbanite” in its neoliberal transformation of Istanbul's cityscape.Footnote ⁵¹ One of its initiatives was to inscribe on newly placed benches overlooking Istanbul's famous beauty spots equally well-known poems and songs written about the city from those very perspectives. The poems present the point of view of a male flaneur, who in his pleasurable strolling in the modern city watches a feminized Istanbul alongside his encounters with the sights and sounds of a rapidly changing cityscape.Footnote ⁵²

Is there any correspondence between the civility of the masculine flaneur encouraged by the AKP and the urban pedagogy of Niyazi Sayın?

Clearly there is a gendered dimension to Sayın's teaching of an artisanal citizenship, given that in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s it was overwhelmingly young men who attended both the conservatory and his home classroom. Nevertheless, we do not think that the practical engagement with the city modeled by his own exemplary dwelling overlaps with the romantic masculine intimacy that attends to Istanbul and its districts as a feminized and often lost love object. Neither does Sayın seek to foster in pious students an Islamic melancholy that would constitute and animate the heterogenous Kemalist city as Muslim space by “foregrounding Muslim elements and backgrounding other elements, by designating certain elements as significant and others as unimportant, and by visiting felicitous Muslim spaces.”Footnote ⁵³

By contrast, Sayın's lessons to his young male students in “domestic” skills fostered a different more pragmatic and practical way of being an urbane citizen and perhaps, also, a different, less romantic or alienated, mood of urban habitation. A core dimension of the ethical values embodied by Sayın himself involves more expansive understandings of masculinity. In valuing the competences performed in everyday practices like cooking or sewing that are often associated with women's work in Turkey, and in offering a firsthand model for cultivating such skills, Sayın presented an alternative way of becoming a man (adam olmak) in Istanbul, where subjects’ gendered dispositions and natural attitudes also are powerfully shaped by compulsory male military conscription, the nationalist education system, a privileging patriarchy, and mass media.

Did these perceptual modifications sponsored in ney players through participation in Sayın's lessons have a long-term effect on students? The continuation of many of his practices in the teaching of his senior students is testimony that they did. “No matter whether you are a man or a woman, a neyzen should know how to cook,” Neyzen Bilgin instructs his students. The musical apprenticeship offered to a new generation of ney students at his Üsküdar-based Hezarfen Ney School goes through the kitchen.Footnote ⁵⁴ Teaching both men and women, Bilgin's skillful integration of cooking and commensality in the daily life of his school is itself a consequence of an earlier ethical transformation that he went through during two decades of an intense learning relationship with Sayın (Fig. 3).

Figure 3.

Cooking preparations at Hezarfen. Neyzen Salih Bilgin is second on the right. Photograph by Turgut Dalar, 2017.

The observations of Denise Gill in her study of Ottoman classical musicians in present-day Istanbul offers further insight into the extended influence of Sayın. Gill discusses her fieldwork with a particular circle of musicians and Islamic artisans in Üsküdar, who gather to enact the social practice of muhabbet (intimate companionship-in-conversation), involving pleasurable conversing, playing music, and listening. Niyazi Sayın is not only deeply familiar to this circle of people, but occasionally participates in the impromptu muhabbet events that take place in a pedestrian side street not far from where he lives. According to Gill, for these men “Sayın embodies an archetypal model of self-fashioning.”Footnote ⁵⁵ The point she develops is worth quoting:

This observation is striking for a number of reasons. First of all, it affirms that Sayın's exemplary masculinity is integral to the narrative of an alternative citizenship that surrounds him. According to Gill, this alternative masculinity, practiced through muhabbet, desires and values the virtues of subordination and humility, as well as the ability to be sensitive and vulnerable before others. What we find here, Gills says, is a type of masculinity “perceived by the men as a viable alternative to the options of being a man offered by the Turkish state, formations of secularism, or political Islamisms.”Footnote ⁵⁷

Second, as we noted earlier, Sayın's emergence as a voice of cultural intimacy has involved a different temporality than the musical figures, and their historical eras, analyzed by Stokes. Gill's observation reveals the continuing force of Sayın's constitution of an alternative citizenship—and alternative masculinity—among a new generation of classical musicians in present-day Istanbul, a circle that extends far beyond those ney artists educated firsthand by Sayın. His particular urban civility finds explicit articulation in the Islamic honorific title insan-i kamil, collectively bestowed upon him by his musical peers, literally, a “complete person” or “perfect human.” Shahab Ahmed notes the deep-rooted religious and spiritual Sufi overtones that inhere in this phrase.Footnote ⁵⁸ insan-i kamil is not the only honorific title used to talk about Sayın. He also is only the second neyzen in Ottoman-Turkish history (after the 18th-century Mevlevi ney player Osman Dede, d. 1730) to earn the title kutb-ı nayi, meaning “the musical spiritual axis of his time.”Footnote ⁵⁹ Both of these Sufi titles of recognition confirm that there is more to his artistry than musical excellence, given that they acknowledge his mastery of the religious art of living.

The Spiritual Ney?

Even in his nineties Sayın still occasionally meets with ney students. One Saturday morning we were invited to a social breakfast at a tea garden in Istanbul's Küçük Çamlıca, where an older neyzen taught by Sayın organized his own class to meet his mentor face-to-face. There were twenty or so young men and women in their early twenties, mostly students at various Istanbul universities. After breakfast, these young ney enthusiasts were given permission to ask questions of Sayın.

“Hocam, is it possible to think of the ney as a musical instrument only?” asked one. “Isn't the ney different from other instruments in some way?”

“What is our religion's position on music?” asked another.

“Could you say a few words on the relationship between spirituality (maneviyat) and the ney?” a third wanted to know.

Each of the questions were concerned with the extramusical meanings of the ney, presuming its possession of an authentic Islamic “spiritual” cache. Indeed, since the 2000s (and even earlier) a sonic and sentimental connection between the ney, sufi Islam, world music, and spirituality has flourished both globally and in Turkey, all contributing to the popularity of the instrument and new musical genres (e.g., sufi music) connected to it.Footnote ⁶⁰

Uneasy with his audience's hyper-spiritualization and Islamization of the instrument, Sayın answered each supposition negatively:

In deliberately downplaying the significance of the “spiritual ney,” Sayın challenged his listeners by shifting emphasis from the “instrument ney” to the “real ney,” the human being. One has to work first on oneself to achieve a forceful sound in life. Then one can play the ney. The language Sayın uses here seeks to integrate the sound of the ney with the “sound” of the human. In keeping with a consistent theme in his life, Sayın incorporates skilled competence in music, or in arts more generally, with how one lives one's life as a whole.

This connection exists beyond his spoken words. His life performs this artistic-ethical understanding that links excellence in arts with one's labors in life. Over and beyond the exceptional standard he created in music, Sayın was skilled in a large array of craft practices, from water marbling to carving wood, from bookbinding to making prayer beads, from growing roses to caring for pigeons, to photography, and inlaid pearl shells. All of these earned him a third honorific title of respect and admiration from his peers, a title that gestures to the defining characteristics of his musically intimate citizenship: hezarfen, or “master of a thousand arts.”

Typically, the title does not stop Sayın from describing himself or subjectively perceiving his own position in the world as a talebe. Talebes submit to their teachers. This is how he put it to us during an interview: “If you plant a flower and watch it grow each day, that too teaches you something. We have to constantly work on ourselves. I am eighty-seven years old now, but I am still learning. I am a talebe. ‘From cradle to grave’ (beşikten mezara), says our Prophet. I will continue to learn from cradle to grave.”Footnote ⁶¹

Here, in prioritizing becoming and learning over being and position, he not only makes a claim about how “to live a pleasurable life,” but demonstrates an ethos that values doing the best one can do, an ethos that applies to living in the city and taking pleasure from its affordances, as well as from the qualities of its material craft objects.Footnote ⁶² This ethos also applies to Sayın's fashioning of himself as a Muslim. In the intentions that constitute his religion, working on oneself, striving to get a good sound from the “human” ney, is an obligation that comes with being a Divine creation. “We must work hard to explore why we (insan) are precious (kıymetli),” he remarked during our interview. “Insan are precious because God created us in his own image.” His emphasis is on the endeavor of self-exploration and self-alteration as a means for attaining Divine knowledge. Thus, when Sayın says to his pious young audience that “you [not the ney] are the instrument,” he is creating meaning about what it means to be a Muslim in the world.