Crisis Informatics

doi:10.1017/9781107165250.029

25 - Crisis Informatics

from Part III - Activities in Cyber Behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 December 2024

Christian Reuter and

Marc-André Kaufhold

Edited by

Zheng Yan

Show author details

Zheng Yan: Affiliation:
University at Albany, State University of New York

Book contents

Get access

Summary

1 Introduction and Brief History

2 Usage Patterns – Types of Interaction in Social Media

2.1 Citizens to Citizens (C2C) – Self-Coordination and Help

2.2 Authorities to Citizens (A2C) – Crisis Communication and Public Alerting

2.3 Citizens to Authorities (C2A) – Integration of Citizen-Generated Content

2.4 Authorities to Authorities (A2A) – Inter- and Intra-Organizational Crisis Management

3 Role Patterns – Types of Users in Social Media

3.1 Public Perspective – Emerging, Expanding, and Extending Groups and Virtual and Technical Communities

3.2 Authority Perspective – Incident Management and Virtual Operations Support Teams

4 Information Patterns – Gathering and Analysis of Big Crisis Data

4.1 Channels, Access, and Content in Social Media

4.2 Analysis, Filtering, and Evaluation of Social Data

5 Perception Patterns – Views on Social Media

5.1 Authorities’ Perception of Social Media

5.2 Citizens’ Perception of Social Media

6 Future Directions

Keywords

crisis informatics social media crises emergencies disasters self-coordination crisis communication situational awareness social media analytics

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Cyber Behavior , pp. 737 - 770

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107165250.029 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Akhgar, B., Fortune, D., Hayes, R. E., Guerra, B., & Manso, M. (2013). Social media in crisis events: Open networks and collaboration supporting disaster response and recovery. In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST) (pp. 760–765). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2013.6699099 CrossRef Google Scholar

Alam, F., Ofli, F., & Imran, M. (2018). Processing social media images by combining human and machine computing during crises. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 34(4), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1427831 CrossRef Google Scholar

Alam, F., Ofli, F., & Imran, M. (2019). Descriptive and visual summaries of disaster events using artificial intelligence techniques: Case studies of Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1610908 CrossRef Google Scholar

Allcott, H., Gentzkow, M., & Yu, C. (2019). Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media. Research and Politics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019848554 CrossRef Google Scholar

Allen, C. (2004). Tracing the Evolution of Social Software. www.lifewithalacrity.com/2004/10/tracing_the_evo.html Google Scholar

American Red Cross. (2012). More Americans Using Mobile Apps in Emergencies. Retrieved May 26, 2014, from www.redcross.org/news/press-release/More-Americans-Using-Mobile-Apps-in-Emergencies Google Scholar

Bergstrand, F., Landgren, J., & Green, V. (2013). Authorities don’t tweet, employees do! In Proceedings of the International Conference on Human–Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI). ACM. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3099.2644 Google Scholar

Blei, D. M., Ng, A. Y., & Jordan, M. I. (2003). Latent dirichlet allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3(4–5), 993–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-411519-4.00006-9 Google Scholar

Burnett, M., Kulesza, T., Oleson, A., Ernst, S., Beckwith, L., Cao, J., … & Grigoreanu, V. (2017). Toward theory-based end-user software engineering. In Paternò, F. & Wulf, V. (Eds.), New perspectives in end-user development (pp. 231–268). Springer International. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60291-2_10 CrossRef Google Scholar

Canadian Red Cross. (2012). Social Media during Emergencies. www.redcross.ca/cmslib/general/pub_social_media_in_emergencies_survey_oct2012_en.pdf Google Scholar

Castillo, C. (2016). Big crisis data: Social media in disasters and time-critical situations. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316476840CrossRef Google Scholar

Chauhan, A., & Hughes, A. L. (2017). Providing online crisis information: An analysis of official sources during the 2014 Carlton Complex wildfire. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2017). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025627 Google Scholar

Chrpa, L., & Thórisson, K. R. (2013). On applicability of automated planning for incident management. In The international Scheduling and Planning Applications woRKshop (pp. 1–7). University of Huddersfield. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/24490/Google Scholar

Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C. M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A. L., … & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 Social Media Infodemic, 1–18. http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.05004 Google Scholar

Cobb, C., McCarthy, T., Perkins, A., Bharadwaj, A., Comis, J., Do, B., & Starbird, K. (2014). Designing for the deluge: Understanding & supporting the distributed, collaborative work of crisis volunteers. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (pp. 888–899). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531712 Google Scholar

Delibaši, B., Vuki, M., Jovanovi, M., & Suknovi, M. (2013). White-box or black-box decision tree algorithms: Which to use in education? IEEE Transactions on Education, 56(3), 287–291.10.1109/TE.2012.2217342CrossRef Google Scholar

Denef, S., Bayerl, P. S., & Kaptein, N. (2013). Social media and the police – tweeting practices of British police forces during the August 2011 riots. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 3471–3480). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2466477 Google Scholar

Du, M., Liu, N., & Hu, X. (2020). Techniques for interpretable machine learning. Communications of the ACM, 63(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359786 CrossRef Google Scholar

Eismann, K., Posegga, O., & Fischbach, K. (2016). Collective behaviour, social media, and disasters: A systematic literature review. In European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2016_rp/104/Google Scholar

Fahad, A., Alshatri, N., Tari, Z., Alamri, A., Khalil, I., Zomaya, A. Y., … & Bouras, A. (2014). A survey of clustering algorithms for big data: Taxonomy and empirical analysis. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 2(3), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2014.2330519 CrossRef Google Scholar

Fathi, R., Thom, D., Koch, S., Ertl, T., & Fiedrich, F. (2020). VOST: A case study in voluntary digital participation for collaborative emergency management. Information Processing and Management, 57(4), 102174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102174 CrossRef Google Scholar

Flizikowski, A., Hołubowicz, W., Stachowicz, A., Hokkanen, L., & Delavallade, T. (2014). Social media in crisis management – the iSAR + project survey. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 707–711). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/flizikowski/2014/499_Flizikowski_etal2014.pdf Google Scholar

Goolsby, R. (2010). Social media as crisis platform: The future of community maps/crisis maps. ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology, 1(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/1858948.1858955 CrossRef Google Scholar

Gründer-Fahrer, S., Schlaf, A., Wiedemann, G., & Heyer, G. (2018). Topics and topical phases in German social media communication during a disaster. Natural Language Engineering, 24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1351324918000025 CrossRef Google Scholar

Habdank, M., Rodehutskors, N., & Koch, R. (2017). Relevancy assessment of tweets using supervised learning techniques mining emergency related tweets for automated relevancy classification. In 2017 4th International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2017.8275670 Google Scholar

Hagar, C. (2007). The information needs of farmers and use of ICTs. In Nerlich, B. & Doring, M. (Eds.), From mayhem to meaning: Assessing the social and cultural impact of the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak in the UK. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Harrald, J. R., Egan, D. M., & Jefferson, T. (2002). Web enabled disaster and crisis response: What have we learned from September 11th? In Proceedings of the Bled eConference (pp. 69–83). University of Maribor. https://domino.fov.uni-mb.si/proceedings.nsf/proceedings/d3a6817c6cc6c4b5c1256e9f003bb2bd/$file/harrald.pdf Google Scholar

Hartwig, K., & Reuter, C. (2019). TrustyTweet: An indicator-based browser-plugin to assist users in dealing with fake news on Twitter. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). Siegen.Google Scholar

Haunschild, J., Kaufhold, M.-A., & Reuter, C. (2020). Sticking with landlines? Citizens’ and police social media use and expectation during emergencies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI). GITO. https://doi.org/10.30844/wi_2020_o2-haunschild Google Scholar

Helsloot, I., & Ruitenberg, A. (2004). Citizen response to disasters: A survey of literature and some practical implications. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 12(3), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0966-0879.2004.00440.x CrossRef Google Scholar

Hiltz, S. R., Diaz, P., & Mark, G. (2011). Introduction: Social media and collaborative systems for crisis management. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 18(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/2063231.2063232 CrossRef Google Scholar

Hiltz, S. R., & Plotnick, L. (2013). Dealing with information overload when using social media for emergency management: Emerging solutions. In Comes, T., Fiedrich, F., Fortier, S., Geldermann, J., & Müller, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 823–827). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/hiltz/2013/583_Hiltz+Plotnick2013.pdf Google Scholar

Hughes, A. L., & Palen, L. (2009). Twitter adoption and use in mass convergence and emergency events. International Journal of Emergency Management, 6(3-4), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEM.2009.031564 CrossRef Google Scholar

Hughes, A. L., & Palen, L. (2012). The evolving role of the public information officer: An examination of social media in emergency management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 9(1), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.1515/1547-7355.1976 CrossRef Google Scholar

Hughes, A. L., & Palen, L. (2014). Social media in emergency management: Academic perspective. In Trainor, J. E. & Subbio, T. (Eds.), Critical issues in disaster science and management: A dialogue between scientists and emergency managers. Federal Emergency Management Agency.Google Scholar

Hughes, A. L., St. Denis, L. A., Palen, L., & Anderson, K. M. (2014). Online public communications by police & fire services during the 2012 Hurricane Sandy. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 1505–1514). ACM. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557227 Google Scholar

Hughes, A. L., & Tapia, A. H. (2015). Social media in crisis: When professional responders meet digital volunteers. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 12(3), 679–706. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2014-0080 CrossRef Google Scholar

Imran, M., Castillo, C., Diaz, F., & Vieweg, S. (2015). Processing social media messages in mass emergency: A survey. ACM computing surveys (Vol. 47). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2771588 CrossRef Google Scholar

Imran, M., Castillo, C., Diaz, F., & Vieweg, S. (2018). Processing social media messages in mass emergency: Survey summary. In Companion Proceedings of the The Web Conference 2018 (WWW’18) (pp. 507–511). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3184558.3186242 Google Scholar

Imran, M., Ofli, F., Caragea, D., & Torralba, A. (2020). Using AI and social media multimodal content for disaster response and management: Opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Information Processing and Management, 57(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102261 CrossRef Google Scholar

International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2010). 2010 Social Media Survey Results. www.iacpsocialmedia.org/Portals/1/documents/Survey%20Results%20Document.pdf Google Scholar

International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2015). 2015 Social Media Survey Results. Retrieved from www.iacpsocialmedia.org/Portals/1/documents/FULL%202015%20Social%20Media%20Survey%20Results.pdf Google Scholar

Johansson, F., Brynielsson, J., & Quijano, M. N. (2012). Estimating Citizen Alertness in Crises Using Social Media Monitoring and Analysis. 2012 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1109/EISIC.2012.23 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kaewkitipong, L., Chen, C., & Ractham, P. (2012). Lessons learned from the use of social media in combating a crisis: A case study of 2011 Thailand flooding disaster. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (pp. 1–17). AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2012/proceedings/ProjectManagement/8/Google Scholar

Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A. (2020). Information refinement technologies for crisis informatics: User expectations and design implications for social media and mobile apps in crises. Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Technische Universität Darmstadt.Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., Bayer, M., & Reuter, C. (2020). Rapid relevance classification of social media posts in disasters and emergencies: A system and evaluation featuring active, incremental and online learning. Information Processing and Management, 57(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102132 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., Gizikis, A., Reuter, C., Habdank, M., & Grinko, M. (2019). Avoiding chaotic use of social media before, during, and after emergencies: Design and evaluation of citizens’ guidelines. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27(3), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12249 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., & Reuter, C. (2014). Vernetzte Selbsthilfe in Sozialen Medien am Beispiel des Hochwassers 2013 / Linked self-help in social media using the example of the floods 2013 in Germany. I-Com – Zeitschrift Für Interaktive Und Kooperative Medien, 13(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1515/icom.2014.0004 Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., & Reuter, C. (2016). The self-organization of digital volunteers across social media: The case of the 2013 European floods in Germany. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 13(1), 137–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2015-0063 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., & Reuter, C. (2017). The impact of social media in emergencies: A case study with the fire department of Frankfurt. In Tina, Comes, Bénaben, F., Hanachi, C., & Lauras, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 603–612). ISCRAM. Retrieved from http://idl.iscram.org/files/marc-andrekaufhold/2017/1494_Marc-AndreKaufhold+ChristianReuter2017.pdf Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., & Reuter, C. (2019). Cultural violence and peace in social media. In Reuter, C. (Ed.), Information technology for peace and security – IT applications and infrastructures in conflicts, crises, war, and peace (pp. 361–381). Springer Vieweg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25652-4_17 Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., Rupp, N., Reuter, C., Amelunxen, C., & Cristaldi, M. (2018). 112.SOCIAL: Design and evaluation of a mobile crisis app for bidirectional communication between emergency services and citizens. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2018_rp/81/Google Scholar

Kaufhold, M.-A., Rupp, N., Reuter, C., & Habdank, M. (2020). Mitigating information overload in social media during conflicts and crises: Design and evaluation of a cross-platform alerting system. Behaviour & Information Technology (BIT), 39(3), 319–342.10.1080/0144929X.2019.1620334CrossRef Google Scholar

Keim, D., Andrienko, G., Fekete, J., Carsten, G., & Melan, G. (2008). Visual analytics: Definition, process and challenges. In Kerren, A., Stasko, J. T., Fekete, JD., North, C. (Eds.), Information visualization – Human-centered issues and perspectives (pp. 154–175). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70956-5_7 CrossRef Google Scholar

Kircher, F. (2014). Ungebundene Helfer im Katastrophenschutz – Die Sicht der Behörden und Organisationen mit Sicherheitsaufgaben. BRANDSchutz – Deutsche Feuerwehr-Zeitung, 593–597.Google Scholar

Koch, M. (2008). CSCW and Enterprise 2.0 – Towards an integrated perspective. In Proceedings of the Bled eConference. AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). https://aisel.aisnet.org/bled2008/15/Google Scholar

Kogan, M., Anderson, J., Palen, L., Anderson, K. M., & Soden, R. (2016). Finding the way to OSM mapping practices: Bounding large crisis datasets for qualitative investigation. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2783–2795). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858371 Google Scholar

Landesberger, T. Von, Kuijper, A., Schreck, T., Kohlhammer, J., Wijk, J. Van, Fekete, J.-D., & Fellner, D. (2011). Visual analysis of large graphs: State-of-the-art and future research challenges. Computer Graphics Forum, 30(6), 1719–1749. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01898.x CrossRef Google Scholar

Latonero, M., & Shklovski, I. (2011). Emergency management, Twitter, and social media evangelism. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 3(4), 1–16.10.4018/jiscrm.2011100101CrossRef Google Scholar

Ley, B., Ludwig, T., Pipek, V., Randall, D., Reuter, C., & Wiedenhoefer, T. (2014). Information and expertise sharing in inter-organizational crisis management. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, 23(4–6), 347–387.10.1007/s10606-014-9205-2CrossRef Google Scholar

Ludwig, T., Kotthaus, C., Reuter, C., Dongen, S. Van, Pipek, V., van Dongen, S., & Pipek, V. (2016). Situated crowdsourcing during disasters: Managing the tasks of spontaneous volunteers through public displays. International Journal on Human-Computer Studies. In press.Google Scholar

Mendoza, M., Poblete, B., & Castillo, C. (2010). Twitter under crisis: Can we trust what we RT? In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Social Media Analytics (pp. 71–79). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1964858.1964869 Google Scholar

Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043158 CrossRef Google Scholar

Mirbabaie, M., Bunker, D., Stieglitz, S., & Deubel, A. (2020). Who sets the tone? Determining the impact of convergence behaviour archetypes in social media crisis communication. Information Systems Frontiers, 22(2), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-019-09917-x CrossRef Google Scholar

Mirbabaie, M., Bunker, D., Stieglitz, S., Marx, J., & Ehnis, C. (2020). Social media in times of crisis: Learning from Hurricane Harvey for the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic response. Journal of Information Technology, 35(3), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220929258 CrossRef Google Scholar

Moi, M., Friberg, T., Marterer, R., Reuter, C., Ludwig, T., Markham, D., … & Muddiman, A. (2015). Strategy for processing and analyzing social media data streams in emergencies. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies for Disaster Management (ICT-DM) (pp. 1–7). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT-DM.2015.7402055 Google Scholar

O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is Web 2.0? Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. International Journal of Digital Economics, 65(March), 17–37.Google Scholar

Oliveira, M., & Gama, J. (2012). An overview of social network analysis. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2, 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1048 CrossRef Google Scholar

Olteanu, A., Vieweg, S., & Castillo, C. (2015). What to expect when the unexpected happens: Social media communications across crises. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 994–1009). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675242 Google Scholar

Onorati, T., Díaz, P., & Carrion, B. (2018). From social networks to emergency operation centers: A semantic visualization approach. Future Generation Computer Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.01.052 CrossRef Google Scholar

Palen, L. (2020). Crisis Informatics: Human-Centered Research on Tech & Crises – A Guided Bibliography Developed by Crisis Informatics Researchers. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/document/d/1g6I8Br3vTC04iXVHFTee6arKVld89x9bGvSEeN_NaPU/edit Google Scholar

Palen, L., & Anderson, K. M. (2016). Crisis informatics: New data for extraordinary times. Science, 353(6296), 224–225. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2579 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Palen, L., & Hughes, A. L. (2018). Social media in disaster communication. In Rodríguez, H., Donner, W., & Trainor, J. E. (Eds.), Handbook of disaster research (pp. 497–518). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_24 CrossRef Google Scholar

Palen, L., & Liu, S. B. (2007). Citizen communications in crisis: Anticipating a future of ICT-supported public participation. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 727–736). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1240624.1240736 Google Scholar

Palen, L., Vieweg, S., Liu, S. B., & Hughes, A. L. (2009). Crisis in a networked world: Features of computer-mediated communication in the April 16, 2007, Virginia Tech Event. Social Science Computer Review, 27(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309332302 CrossRef Google Scholar

Pang, B., & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2(1–2), 1–135.10.1561/1500000011CrossRef Google Scholar

Perng, S.-Y., Büscher, M., Wood, L., Halvorsrud, R., Stiso, M., Ramirez, L., & Al-Akkad, A. (2012). Peripheral response: Microblogging during the 22/7/2011 Norway attacks. In Rothkrantz, L., Ristvej, J., & Franco, Z. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 1–11). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/perng/2012/187_Perng_etal2012.pdf Google Scholar

Pipek, V., Liu, S. B., & Kerne, A. (2014). Special issue: Crisis informatics and collaboration. Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 23(4–6).10.1007/s10606-014-9211-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Pipek, V., Reuter, C., Ley, B., Ludwig, T., & Wiedenhoefer, T. (2013). Sicherheitsarena – Ein Ansatz zur Verbesserung des Krisenmanagements durch Kooperation und Vernetzung. Crisis Prevention – Fachmagazin Für Innere Sicherheit, Bevölkerungsschutz Und Katastrophenhilfe, 3(1), 58–59.Google Scholar

Plotnick, L., & Hiltz, S. R. (2016). Barriers to use of social media by emergency managers. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 13(2), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2015-0068 CrossRef Google Scholar

Plotnick, L., Hiltz, S. R., Kushma, J. A., & Tapia, A. (2015). Red tape: Attitudes and issues related to use of social media by U.S. county-level emergency managers. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/lindaplotnick/2015/1225_LindaPlotnick_etal2015.pdf Google Scholar

Pohl, D. (2013). Social Media Analysis for Crisis Management: A Brief Survey. Retrieved May 25, 2014, from http://stcsn.ieee.net/e-letter/vol-2-no-1/social-media-analysis-for-crisis-management-a-brief-survey Google Scholar

Pohl, D., Bouchachia, A., & Hellwagner, H. (2015). Social media for crisis management: Clustering approaches for sub-event detection. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 74(11), 3901–3932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-013-1804-2 CrossRef Google Scholar

Purohit, H., Hampton, A., Bhatt, S., Shalin, V. L., Sheth, A. P., & Flach, J. M. (2014). Identifying seekers and suppliers in social media communities to support crisis coordination. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing, 23(4–6), 513–545.10.1007/s10606-014-9209-yCrossRef Google Scholar

Qu, Y., Huang, C., Zhang, P., & Zhang, J. (2011). Microblogging after a major disaster in China: A case study of the 2010 Yushu earthquake. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (pp. 25–34). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1958824.1958830 Google Scholar

Qu, Y., Wu, P. F., & Wang, X. (2009). Online community response to major disaster: A study of Tianya Forum in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.330 Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1984). Emergent citizen groups in disaster preparedness and recovery activities. Final project report. University of Delaware Press.Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L. (1995). Emergent behaviors and groups in the crisis time of disasters. University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center.Google Scholar

Quarantelli, E. L., & Dynes, R. R. (1977). Response to social crisis and disaster. Annual Review of Sociology, 3(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.03.080177.000323 CrossRef Google Scholar

Rao, R., Plotnick, L., & Hiltz, S. R. (2017). Supporting the use of social media by emergency managers: Software tools to overcome information overload. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). AIS Digital Library (AISel). https://aisel.aisnet.org/hicss-50/cl/crisis_and_disaster_management/9/Google Scholar

Reuter, C. (2014). Emergent collaboration infrastructures: Technology design for inter-organizational crisis management. PhD Thesis. Siegen, Germany.Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Amelunxen, C., & Moi, M. (2016). Semi-automatic alerts and notifications for emergency services based on cross-platform social media data – Evaluation of a prototype. In Mayr, H. C. & Pinzger, M. (Eds.), Informatik 2016: von Menschen für Menschen. GI-Edition-Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI).Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Backfried, G., Kaufhold, M.-A., & Spahr, F. (2018). ISCRAM turns 15: A trend analysis of social media papers 2004–2017. In Boersma, K. & Tomaszewski, B. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM). ISCRAM Digital Library. Retrieved from http://idl.iscram.org/files/christianreuter/2018/2122_ChristianReuter_etal2018.pdf Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Heger, O., & Pipek, V. (2013). Combining real and virtual volunteers through social media. In Comes, T., Fiedrich, F., Fortier, S., Geldermann, J., & Müller, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 780–790). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/reuter/2013/874_Reuter_etal2013.pdf Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Hughes, A. L., & Kaufhold, M.-A. (2018). Social media in crisis management: An evaluation and analysis of crisis informatics research. International Journal on Human–Computer Interaction, 34(4), 280–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2018.1427832 CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., & Kaufhold, M.-A. (2018). Fifteen years of social media in emergencies: A retrospective review and future directions for crisis informatics. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12196 CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Kaufhold, M. A., Schmid, S., Spielhofer, T., & Hahne, A. S. (2019). The impact of risk cultures: Citizens’ perception of social media use in emergencies across Europe. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 148(119724). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119724 CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Kaufhold, M. A., Spahr, F., Spielhofer, T., & Hahne, A. S. (2020). Emergency service staff and social media – A comparative empirical study of the attitude by emergency services staff in Europe in 2014 and 2017. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46(101516). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101516 CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Kaufhold, M.-A., Spielhofer, T., & Hahne, A. S. (2017). Social media in emergencies: A representative study on citizens’ perception in Germany. Proceedings of the ACM: Human–Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 1(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134725 Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Ludwig, T., Kaufhold, M.-A., & Pipek, V. (2015). XHELP: Design of a cross-platform social-media application to support volunteer moderators in disasters. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 4093–4102). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702171 Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Ludwig, T., Kaufhold, M.-A., & Spielhofer, T. (2016). Emergency services attitudes towards social media: A quantitative and qualitative survey across Europe. International Journal on Human-Computer Studies, 95, 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.03.005 CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Marx, A., & Pipek, V. (2011). Social software as an infrastructure for crisis management – A case study about current practice and potential usage. In Santos, M. A., Sousa, L., & Portela, E. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/reuter/2011/876_Reuter_etal2011.pdf Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Marx, A., & Pipek, V. (2012). Crisis management 2.0: Towards a systematization of social software use in crisis situations. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 4(1), 1–16.10.4018/jiscrm.2012010101CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Mentler, T., & Geisler, S. (2015). Special issue on human computer interaction in critical systems I: Citizen and volunteers. International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, 7(2), 1–80.Google Scholar

Reuter, C., & Scholl, S. (2014). Technical limitations for designing applications for social media. In Koch, M., Butz, A., & Schlichter, J. (Eds.), Mensch & Computer: Workshopband (pp. 131–140). Oldenbourg-Verlag.Google Scholar

Reuter, C., & Spielhofer, T. (2017). Towards social resilience: A quantitative and qualitative survey on citizens’ perception of social media in emergencies in Europe. Journal Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 121, 168–180.10.1016/j.techfore.2016.07.038CrossRef Google Scholar

Reuter, C., Stieglitz, S., & Imran, M. (2020). Social media in conflicts and crises. Behaviour and Information Technology, 39(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1629025 CrossRef Google Scholar

Ritter, A., Clark, S., Mausam, & O. E. (2011). Named entity recognition in tweets: An experimental study. In Merlo, P., Barzilay, R., & Johnson, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) (pp. 1524–1534). Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar

Romero, C., Olmo, J. L., & Ventura, S. (2013). A meta-learning approach for recommending a subset of white-box classification algorithms for Moodle datasets. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM) (pp. 268–271). International Educational Data Mining Society. https://educationaldatamining.org/EDM2013/proceedings/paper_3.pdf Google Scholar

Rudra, K., Ganguly, N., Goyal, P., & Ghosh, S. (2018). Extracting and summarizing situational information from the Twitter social media during disasters. ACM Transactions on the Web, 12(3), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178541 CrossRef Google Scholar

Rudra, K., Ghosh, S., Ganguly, N., Goyal, P., & Ghosh, S. (2015). Extracting situational information from microblogs during disaster events: A classification-summarization approach. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (pp. 583–592). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2806416.2806485 CrossRef Google Scholar

Sakaki, T., Okazaki, M., & Matsuo, Y. (2010). Earthquake shakes Twitter users: real-time event detection by social sensors. In WWW’10: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on World Wide Web (851). https://doi.org/10.1145/1772690.1772777 CrossRef Google Scholar

San, Y., Wardell, C. III, & Thorkildsen, Z. (2013). Social Media in the Emergency Management Field: 2012 Survey Results. Retrieved from www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/SocialMedia_EmergencyManagement.pdf Google Scholar

Shneiderman, B. (1996). The eyes have it: A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations. In Proceedings 1996 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages (pp. 1–8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1996.545307 Google Scholar

St. Denis, L. A., Hughes, A. L., & Palen, L. (2012). Trial by fire: The deployment of trusted digital volunteers in the 2011 Shadow Lake Fire. In Rothkrantz, L., Ristvej, J., & Franco, Z. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 1–10). ISCRAM.Google Scholar

Stallings, R. A., & Quarantelli, E. L. (1985). Emergent citizen groups and emergency management. Public Administration Review, 45(Special Issue), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/3135003 CrossRef Google Scholar

Starbird, K., Arif, A., & Wilson, T. (2019). Disinformation as collaborative work: Surfacing the participatory nature of strategic information operations. Proceedings of the ACM on Human–Computer Interaction (CSCW), 3, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359229 CrossRef Google Scholar

Starbird, K., & Palen, L. (2011). Voluntweeters: Self-organizing by digital volunteers in times of crisis. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 1071–1080). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1978942.1979102 Google Scholar

Starbird, K., & Palen, L. (2012). (How) will the revolution be retweeted? Information diffusion and the 2011 Egyptian uprising. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (pp. 7–16). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145212 Google Scholar

Starbird, K., Palen, L., Hughes, A. L., & Vieweg, S. (2010). Chatter on the red: What hazards threat reveals about the social life of microblogged information. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (pp. 241–250). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1718918.1718965 Google Scholar

Statista. (2020). Most popular social networks worldwide as of July 2020, ranked by number of active users. Retrieved August 25, 2020, from www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/Google Scholar

Stieglitz, S., Dang-Xuan, L., Bruns, A., & Neuberger, C. (2014). Social media analytics: An interdisciplinary approach and its implications for information systems. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 6(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-014-0315-7 CrossRef Google Scholar

Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Fromm, J., & Melzer, S. (2018). The adoption of social media analytics for crisis management – Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS). AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2018_rp/4/Google Scholar

Stieglitz, S., Mirbabaie, M., Ross, B., & Neuberger, C. (2018). Social media analytics – Challenges in topic discovery, data collection, and data preparation. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 156–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.002 CrossRef Google Scholar

Sutton, J. (2010). Twittering Tennessee: Distributed networks and collaboration following a technological disaster. In French, S., Tomaszewski, B., & Zobel, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/sutton/2010/987_Sutton2010.pdf Google Scholar

Valecha, R., Oh, O., & Rao, R. (2013). An exploration of collaboration over time in collective crisis response during the Haiti 2010 earthquake. In Baskerville, R. & Chau, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) (pp. 1–10). AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2013/proceedings/ResearchInProgress/96/Google Scholar

van Gorp, A. F. (2014). Integration of volunteer and technical communities into the humanitarian aid sector: Barriers to collaboration. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 620–629). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/vangorp/2014/1042_VanGorp2014.pdf Google Scholar

Vieweg, S., Hughes, A. L., Starbird, K., & Palen, L. (2010). Microblogging during two natural hazards events: What Twitter may contribute to situational awareness. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) (pp. 1079–1088). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753486 Google Scholar

Viviani, M., & Pasi, G. (2017). Credibility in social media: Opinions, news, and health information – A survey. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 7(5), e1209--n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1209 Google Scholar

White, J. I., Palen, L., & Anderson, K. M. (2014). Digital mobilization in disaster response: The work & self – organization of on-line pet advocates in response to Hurricane Sandy. In Fussell, S. R., Lutters, W. G., Morris, M. R., & Reddy, M. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (pp. 866–876). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531633 Google Scholar

White, C., Plotnick, L., Kushma, J., Hiltz, S. R., & Turoff, M. (2009). An online social network for emergency management. International Journal of Emergency Management, 6(3/4), 369–382.10.1504/IJEM.2009.031572CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilensky, H. (2014). Twitter as a navigator for stranded commuters during the Great East Japan earthquake. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (pp. 695–704). ISCRAM Digital Library. http://idl.iscram.org/files/wilensky/2014/1091_Wilensky2014.pdf Google Scholar

Wukich, C. (2015). Social media use in emergency management. Journal of Emergency Management, 13(4), 281–294. https://doi.org/10.5055/jem.2015.0242 CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zade, H., Shah, K., Rangarajan, V., Kshirsagar, P., Imran, M., & Starbird, K. (2018). From situational awareness to actionability: Towards improving the utility of social media data for crisis response. In Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274464 Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Why this information is here

This section outlines the accessibility features of this content - including support for screen readers, full keyboard navigation and high-contrast display options. This may not be relevant for you.

Accessibility Information

Accessibility compliance for the HTML of this chapter is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.